Revelation 11:19
Context11:19 Then 1 the temple of God in heaven was opened and the ark of his covenant was visible within his temple. And there were flashes of lightning, roaring, 2 crashes of thunder, an earthquake, and a great hailstorm. 3
Revelation 12:17
Context12:17 So 4 the dragon became enraged at the woman and went away to make war on the rest of her children, 5 those who keep 6 God’s commandments and hold to 7 the testimony about Jesus. 8 (12:18) And the dragon 9 stood 10 on the sand 11 of the seashore. 12


[11:19] 1 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence on events within the vision.
[11:19] 2 tn Or “sounds,” “voices.” It is not entirely clear what this refers to. BDAG 1071 s.v. φωνή 1 states, “In Rv we have ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταί (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm?…).”
[11:19] 3 tn Although BDAG 1075 s.v. χάλαζα gives the meaning “hail” here, it is not clear whether the adjective μεγάλη (megalh) refers to the intensity of the storm or the size of the individual hailstones, or both.
[12:17] 4 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the woman’s escape.
[12:17] 5 tn Grk “her seed” (an idiom for offspring, children, or descendants).
[12:17] 7 tn Grk “and having.”
[12:17] 8 tn Grk “the testimony of Jesus,” which may involve a subjective genitive (“Jesus’ testimony”) or, more likely, an objective genitive (“testimony about Jesus”).
[12:17] 9 tn Grk “he”; the referent (the dragon) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[12:17] 10 tc Grk ἐστάθη (estaqh, “he stood”). The reading followed by the translation is attested by the better
[12:17] 11 tn Or “sandy beach” (L&N 1.64).
[12:17] 12 sn The standard critical texts of the Greek NT, NA27 and UBS4, both include this sentence as 12:18, as do the RSV and NRSV. Other modern translations like the NASB and NIV include the sentence at the beginning of 13:1; in these versions chap. 12 has only 17 verses.