Discovery BoxRevelation 4:6
Context4:6 and in front of the throne was something like a sea of glass, like crystal. 1
In 2 the middle of the throne 3 and around the throne were four living creatures 4 full of eyes in front and in back.
Genesis 49:9
Context49:9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah,
from the prey, my son, you have gone up.
He crouches and lies down like a lion;
like a lioness – who will rouse him?
Numbers 2:2-34
Context2:2 “Every one 5 of the Israelites must camp 6 under his standard with the emblems of his family; 7 they must camp at some distance 8 around the tent of meeting. 9
2:3 “Now those who will be camping 10 on the east, toward the sunrise, 11 are the divisions 12 of the camp of Judah under their standard. The leader of the people of Judah is 13 Nahshon son of Amminadab. 2:4 Those numbered in his division 14 are 74,600. 2:5 Those who will be camping next to them 15 are the tribe of Issachar. The leader of the people of Issachar is Nethanel son of Zuar. 2:6 Those numbered in his division are 54,400. 2:7 Next will be 16 the tribe of Zebulun. The leader of the people of Zebulun is Eliab son of Helon. 2:8 Those numbered in his division are 57,400. 2:9 All those numbered of the camp of Judah, according to their divisions, are 186,400. They will travel 17 at the front.
2:10 “On the south will be the divisions of the camp of Reuben under their standard. 18 The leader of the people of Reuben is Elizur son of Shedeur. 2:11 Those numbered in his division are 46,500. 2:12 Those who will be camping next to them are the tribe of Simeon. The leader of the people of Simeon is Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai. 2:13 Those numbered in his division are 59,300. 2:14 Next will be 19 the tribe of Gad. The leader of the people of Gad is Eliasaph son of Deuel. 20 2:15 Those numbered in his division are 45,650. 2:16 All those numbered of the camp of Reuben, according to their divisions, are 151,450. They will travel second.
2:17 “Then the tent of meeting with the camp of the Levites will travel in the middle of the camps. They will travel in the same order as they camped, each in his own place 21 under his standard.
2:18 “On the west will be the divisions of the camp of Ephraim under their standard. The leader of the people of Ephraim is Elishama son of Amihud. 2:19 Those numbered in his division are 40,500. 2:20 Next to them will be the tribe of Manasseh. The leader of the people of Manasseh is Gamaliel son of Pedahzur. 2:21 Those numbered in his division are 32,200. 2:22 Next will be 22 the tribe of Benjamin. The leader of the people of Benjamin is Abidan son of Gideoni. 2:23 Those numbered in his division are 35,400. 2:24 All those numbered of the camp of Ephraim, according to their divisions, are 108,100. They will travel third.
2:25 “On the north will be the divisions of the camp of Dan, under their standards. The leader of the people of Dan is Ahiezer son of Ammishaddai. 2:26 Those numbered in his division are 62,700. 2:27 Those who will be camping next to them are the tribe of Asher. The leader of the people of Asher is Pagiel son of Ocran. 2:28 Those numbered in his division are 41,500. 2:29 Next will be 23 the tribe of Naphtali. The leader of the people of Naphtali is Ahira son of Enan. 2:30 Those numbered in his division are 53,400. 2:31 All those numbered of the camp of Dan are 157,600. They will travel last, under their standards.”
2:32 These are the Israelites, numbered according to their families. 24 All those numbered in the camps, by their divisions, are 603,550. 2:33 But the Levites were not numbered among the other Israelites, as the Lord commanded Moses.
2:34 So the Israelites did according to all that the Lord commanded Moses; that is the way 25 they camped under their standards, and that is the way they traveled, each with his clan and family.
Numbers 23:24
Context23:24 Indeed, the people will rise up like a lioness,
and like a lion raises himself up;
they will not lie down until they eat their 26 prey,
and drink the blood of the slain.” 27
Numbers 24:9
Context24:9 They crouch and lie down like a lion,
and as a lioness, 28 who can stir him?
Blessed is the one who blesses you,
and cursed is the one who curses you!’”
Proverbs 28:2
Context28:2 When a country is rebellious 29 it has many princes, 30
but by someone who is discerning and knowledgeable 31 order is maintained. 32
Ezekiel 1:10
Context1:10 Their faces had this appearance: Each of the four had the face of a man, with the face of a lion on the right, the face of an ox on the left and also the face of an eagle. 33
Ezekiel 10:14
Context10:14 Each of the cherubim 34 had four faces: The first was the face of a cherub, 35 the second that of a man, the third that of a lion, and the fourth that of an eagle.
Ezekiel 10:21
Context10:21 Each had four faces; each had four wings and the form of human hands under the wings.
[4:6] 1 tn This could refer to rock crystal, but it is possible this refers to ice (an older meaning). See BDAG 571 s.v. κρύσταλλος.
[4:6] 2 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[4:6] 3 tn Perhaps, “in the middle of the throne area” (see L&N 83.10).
[4:6] 4 tn On the meaning of ζῴον (zwon) BDAG 431 s.v. 2 states, “Of the four peculiar beings at God’s throne, whose description Rv 4:6-9 reminds one of the ζῷα in Ezk 1:5ff, the cherubim. S. also Rv 5:6, 8, 11, 14; 6:1, 3, 5-7; 7:11; 14:3; 15:7; 19:4.”
[2:2] 5 tn Heb “a man by his own standard.”
[2:2] 6 tn The imperfect tense is to be taken in the nuance of instruction.
[2:2] 7 tn Heb “of/for the house of their fathers.”
[2:2] 8 tn The Hebrew expression מִנֶּגֶד (minneged) means “from before” or “opposite; facing” and “at some distance” or “away from the front of” (see BDB 617 s.v. נֶגֶד 2.c.a; DCH 5:603-4 s.v. 3.b).
[2:2] 9 sn The Israelites were camping as a military camp, each tribe with the standards and emblems of the family. The standard was the symbol fastened to the end of a pole and carried to battle. It served to rally the tribe to the battle. The Bible nowhere describes these, although the serpent emblem of Numbers 21:8-9 may give a clue. But they probably did not have shapes of animals in view of the prohibition in the Decalogue. The standards may have been smaller for the families than the ones for the tribes. See further K. A. Kitchen, “Some Egyptian Background to the Old Testament,” TynBul 5 (1960): 11; and T. W. Mann, Divine Presence and Guidance in Israelite Tradition, 169-73.
[2:3] 10 tn The sentence begins with a vav (ו) on a word that is not a finite verb, indicating a new section begins here. The verbal form is a participle with the article used substantivally, with the meaning “and/now those camping.” Many English versions employ a finite verb; cf. KJV “on the east side…shall they of the standard of the camp of Judah pitch.”
[2:3] 11 tc The two synonyms might seem to be tautological, but this is fairly common and therefore acceptable in Hebrew prose (cf. Exod 26:18; 38:13; etc.).
[2:3] 12 tn The sentence actually has “[those camping…are] the standard of the camp of Judah according to their divisions.”
[2:4] 14 tc The expression “and his divisions and those numbered of them” is somewhat tautological. The words are synonyms used for statistical purposes, and so neither should be simply deleted.
[2:5] 15 tn Heb “by him” [i.e., Judah].
[2:7] 16 tn This part has been supplied; the text simply has “the tribe of Zebulun.”
[2:9] 17 tn The verb is נָסָע (nasa’): “to journey, travel, set out,” and here, “to move camp.” Judah will go first, or, literally, at the head of the nation, when they begin to travel.
[2:10] 18 tn Here and throughout the line is literally “[under] the standard of the camp of Reuben…according to their divisions.”
[2:14] 19 tn The Hebrew text simply has “and the tribe of Gad.”
[2:14] 20 tc The Leningrad codex, upon which BHS is based, has “Reuel” here. In reading “Deuel” the translation presented above follows many medieval Hebrew manuscripts, Smr, and the Latin Vulgate. Cf. Num 1:14.
[2:17] 21 tn The Hebrew expression is עַל־יָדוֹ (’al-yado, “upon his hand”). This clearly refers to a specifically designated place for each man.
[2:22] 22 tn Here too the Hebrew text simply has “and the tribe of Benjamin.”
[2:29] 23 tn The Hebrew text has “and the tribe of Naphtali.”
[2:32] 24 tn Heb “the house of their fathers.” So also in v. 34.
[2:34] 25 tn The Hebrew word is כֵּן (ken, “thus, so”).
[23:24] 26 tn The pronoun “their” has been supplied for clarity; it is not present in the Hebrew text.
[23:24] 27 sn The oracle compares Israel first to a lion, or better, lioness, because she does the tracking and hunting of food while the lion moves up and down roaring and distracting the prey. But the lion is also the traditional emblem of Judah, Dan and Gad, as well as the symbol of royalty. So this also supports the motif of royalty as well as power for Israel.
[24:9] 28 tn On the usage of this word see HALOT 517 s.v. לָבִיא.
[28:2] 29 sn The Hebrew word translated “rebellious” has rebellion as its basic meaning, and that is the idea here. The proverb is describing a time when sinfulness brings about social and political unrest.
[28:2] 30 tn Heb “many are its princes” (so NASB).
[28:2] 31 tn Heb “a man who understands [and] knows”; NRSV “an intelligent ruler”; NLT “wise and knowledgeable leaders.”
[28:2] 32 tc The LXX reads (probably from a different underlying Hebrew text): “It is the fault of a violent man that quarrels start, but they are settled by a man of discernment.” For a survey of suggestions, see C. H. Toy, Proverbs (ICC), 495, and W. McKane, Proverbs (OTL), 630.
[1:10] 33 tc The MT has an additional word at the beginning of v. 11, וּפְנֵיהֶם (ufÿnehem, “and their faces”), which is missing from the LXX. As the rest of the verse only applies to wings, “their faces” would have to somehow be understood in the previous clause. But this would be very awkward and is doubly problematic since “their faces” are already introduced as the topic at the beginning of v. 10. The Hebrew scribe appears to have copied the phrase “and their faces and their wings” from v. 8, where it introduces the content of 9-11. Only “and (as for) their wings” belongs here.
[10:14] 34 tn Heb “each one”; the referent (the cherubim) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[10:14] 35 sn The living creature described here is thus slightly different from the one described in Ezek 1:10, where a bull’s face appeared instead of a cherub’s. Note that some English versions harmonize the two descriptions and read the same here as in 1:10 (cf. NAB, NLT “an ox”; TEV, CEV “a bull”). This may be justified based on v. 22, which states the creatures’ appearance was the same.
