Romans 1:25

1:25 They ¹  exchanged the truth of God for a lie ²  and worshiped and served the creation ³  rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever! Amen.

Romans 4:17

4:17 (as it is written, “I have made you the father of many nations”). ⁴  He is our father ⁵  in the presence of God whom he believed – the God who ⁶  makes the dead alive and summons the things that do not yet exist as though they already do. ⁷ 

Romans 5:14

5:14 Yet death reigned from Adam until Moses even over those who did not sin in the same way that Adam (who is a type ⁸  of the coming one) transgressed. ⁹ 

Romans 11:22

11:22 Notice therefore the kindness and harshness of God – harshness toward those who have fallen, but ¹⁰  God’s kindness toward you, provided you continue in his kindness; ¹¹  otherwise you also will be cut off.

Romans 16:7

16:7 Greet Andronicus and Junia, ¹²  my compatriots ¹³  and my fellow prisoners. They are well known ¹⁴  to the apostles, ¹⁵  and they were in Christ before me.

[1:25]  ¹ tn Grk “who.” The relative pronoun was converted to a personal pronoun and, because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.

[1:25]  ² tn Grk “the lie.”

[1:25]  ³ tn Or “creature, created things.”

[4:17]  ⁴ tn Verses 16-17 comprise one sentence in Greek, but this has been divided into two sentences due to English requirements.

[4:17]  ⁵ tn The words “He is our father” are not in the Greek text but are supplied to show that they resume Paul’s argument from 16b. (It is also possible to supply “Abraham had faith” here [so REB], taking the relative clause [“who is the father of us all”] as part of the parenthesis, and making the connection back to “the faith of Abraham,” but such an option is not as likely [C. E. B. Cranfield, Romans [ICC], 1:243].)

[4:17]  ⁶ tn “The God” is not in the Greek text but is supplied for clarity.

[4:17]  ⁷ tn Or “calls into existence the things that do not exist.” The translation of ὡς ὄντα (Jw" onta) allows for two different interpretations. If it has the force of result, then creatio ex nihilo is in view and the variant rendering is to be accepted (so C. E. B. Cranfield, Romans [ICC], 1:244). A problem with this view is the scarcity of ὡς plus participle to indicate result (though for the telic idea with ὡς plus participle, cf. Rom 15:15; 1 Thess 2:4). If it has a comparative force, then the translation given in the text is to be accepted: “this interpretation fits the immediate context better than a reference to God’s creative power, for it explains the assurance with which God can speak of the ‘many nations’ that will be descended from Abraham” (D. Moo, Romans [NICNT], 282; so also W. Sanday and A. C. Headlam, Romans [ICC], 113). Further, this view is in line with a Pauline idiom, viz., verb followed by ὡς plus participle (of the same verb or, in certain contexts, its antonym) to compare present reality with what is not a present reality (cf. 1 Cor 4:7; 5:3; 7:29, 30 (three times), 31; Col 2:20 [similarly, 2 Cor 6:9, 10]).

[5:14]  ⁷ tn Or “pattern.”

[5:14]  ⁸ tn Or “disobeyed”; Grk “in the likeness of Adam’s transgression.”

[11:22]  ¹⁰ tn Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two clauses more than can be easily expressed in English.

[11:22]  ¹¹ tn Grk “if you continue in (the) kindness.”

[16:7]  ¹³ tn Or “Junias.”

[16:7]  ¹⁴ tn Or “kinsmen,” “relatives,” “fellow countrymen.”

[16:7]  ¹⁵ tn Or “prominent, outstanding, famous.” The term ἐπίσημος (epishmo") is used either in an implied comparative sense (“prominent, outstanding”) or in an elative sense (“famous, well known”). The key to determining the meaning of the term in any given passage is both the general context and the specific collocation of this word with its adjuncts. When a comparative notion is seen, that to which ἐπίσημος is compared is frequently, if not usually, put in the genitive case (cf., e.g., 3 Macc 6:1 [Ελεαζαρος δέ τις ἀνὴρ ἐπίσημος τῶν ἀπὸ τής χώρας ἱερέων “Eleazar, a man prominent among the priests of the country”]; cf. also Pss. Sol. 17:30). When, however, an elative notion is found, ἐν (en) plus a personal plural dative is not uncommon (cf. Pss. Sol. 2:6). Although ἐν plus a personal dative does not indicate agency, in collocation with words of perception, (ἐν plus) dative personal nouns are often used to show the recipients. In this instance, the idea would then be “well known to the apostles.” See M. H. Burer and D. B. Wallace, “Was Junia Really an Apostle? A Re-examination of Rom 16.7,” NTS 47 (2001): 76-91, who argue for the elative notion here.

[16:7]  ¹⁶ tn Or “among the apostles.” See discussion in the note on “well known” for these options.