68:7-10 The Canaanites also credited Baal with lightning, thunder, rain, and earthquakes. However Yahweh sent these to confirm His presence among His people in their wilderness wanderings and to provide for them. In the Pentateuch Moses did not record God sending rain in the desert. Nevertheless Deborah as well as David revealed that this was one way He met His people's needs (cf. Judg. 5:4). The Lord's inheritance (v. 9) was His people (cf. Deut. 4:20).
68:11-14 This section of the psalm describes the extended conquest of the Promised Land that continued into the period of the judges. Many people testified to God's great acts of deliverance during those years. God's supernatural power was at work indisputably for Israel. God defeated many Canaanite kings, and He gave His people much spoil. Verse 13 may refer to those Israelites who as peaceful doves refused to go into war against the Canaanites but who still enjoyed the spoils God gave the whole nation (cf. Judg. 5:16). In verse 14 the snowing on Mt. Zalmon (Black Mountain) may be a figurative description of God's blessings, or David may have been referring to Jephthah's victory on Mt. Zalmon (Judg. 9:48).
68:15-18 The NIV rendering of verse 15 is preferable: "The mountains of Bashan are majestic mountains, rugged are the mountains of Bashan."As impressive as the mountains of Bashan were, namely Mt. Hermon and its peaked neighbors, the mountain God had chosen for His special habitation was even more grand, namely Mt. Zion. Topographically Mt. Zion is not as impressive but because God chose to dwell among His people there it was most significant. David described God accompanied by His angelic army escorting Israel from Mt. Sinai to Mt. Zion.
The Canaanites believed Baal lived on Mt. Carmel. In describing Yahweh this way David was using imagery common among his pagan ancient Near Eastern neighbors. He did so to portray Yahweh's greatness.
The historical events that most closely correspond to God's figurative ascension up Mt. Zion were David's capture of Jerusalem from the Jebusites (2 Sam. 5:6-8) and his bringing the ark into that city (2 Sam. 6). When David defeated the Jebusites he led a host of them captive and undoubtedly took much spoil from them. The spoil was a kind of gift they gave him. Even the rebellious Jebusites gave gifts to David. Of course God was the real commander in chief who took the mountain for His people, led the captives captive, and received the gifts from them.
The Apostle Paul referred to verse 18 in Ephesians 4:8. However he quoted it very loosely and even changed the receiving of gifts to giving gifts. One explanation for this difference is that Paul may have been following a popular Jewish interpretation of his day, the Targum, that attributed these actions to Moses. According to the Targum, Moses ascended into the firmament, led captivity captive, and gave gifts to the sons of men.125Another explanation is that Paul used this verse as a basis for what he said but went beyond it to make another point he wanted to stress. After all he did not claim to quote this verse. He just cast his own words in the mold of this verse.126Paul used this verse to illustrate Jesus' ascension into the heavenly Mt. Zion after His resurrection. He too ascended on high, led His enemies captive, and received gifts from men. These gifts may be praise or more tangible gifts. They may have already come to Him, or His receiving them may be primarily future. Paul went on to say Jesus also gave gifts to men something God definitely did and David may have done but which this psalm does not say they did. This point was the one Paul stressed in his following explanation, but God and David's giving gifts to men was not important to David when he wrote this psalm.
