David reviewed God's dealings with Israel to memorialize God's faithfulness to His people. He traced Israel's history from the wilderness wanderings to his own capture of Jerusalem. As a mighty commander God led His oppressed people into the glorious future He had promised them. In the process He overcame many strong foes.
68:1-3 David asked God to manifest His awesome power. The words he used recall Moses' prayer whenever the cloudy pillar moved (Num. 10:35). When God leads His people to fulfill His purposes, His enemies disappear as smoke and melt like hot wax. His people also rejoice greatly.
68:4-6 The psalmist pictured Yahweh as a majestic warrior riding His chariot through the desert wilderness. The native Canaanites described Baal as riding a chariot through the sky. David may have intended his description of the Lord to be a polemic against Baal.
God's special care for the weak and vulnerable is praiseworthy. He led Israel, a nation of prisoners, into the prosperity of the Promised Land. Those who failed to follow His lead ended up dying in the wilderness. This group included Israel's enemies who opposed the nation during the wilderness march and the unbelieving Israelites who refused to follow Caleb and Joshua into the land.
68:7-10 The Canaanites also credited Baal with lightning, thunder, rain, and earthquakes. However Yahweh sent these to confirm His presence among His people in their wilderness wanderings and to provide for them. In the Pentateuch Moses did not record God sending rain in the desert. Nevertheless Deborah as well as David revealed that this was one way He met His people's needs (cf. Judg. 5:4). The Lord's inheritance (v. 9) was His people (cf. Deut. 4:20).
68:11-14 This section of the psalm describes the extended conquest of the Promised Land that continued into the period of the judges. Many people testified to God's great acts of deliverance during those years. God's supernatural power was at work indisputably for Israel. God defeated many Canaanite kings, and He gave His people much spoil. Verse 13 may refer to those Israelites who as peaceful doves refused to go into war against the Canaanites but who still enjoyed the spoils God gave the whole nation (cf. Judg. 5:16). In verse 14 the snowing on Mt. Zalmon (Black Mountain) may be a figurative description of God's blessings, or David may have been referring to Jephthah's victory on Mt. Zalmon (Judg. 9:48).
68:15-18 The NIV rendering of verse 15 is preferable: "The mountains of Bashan are majestic mountains, rugged are the mountains of Bashan."As impressive as the mountains of Bashan were, namely Mt. Hermon and its peaked neighbors, the mountain God had chosen for His special habitation was even more grand, namely Mt. Zion. Topographically Mt. Zion is not as impressive but because God chose to dwell among His people there it was most significant. David described God accompanied by His angelic army escorting Israel from Mt. Sinai to Mt. Zion.
The Canaanites believed Baal lived on Mt. Carmel. In describing Yahweh this way David was using imagery common among his pagan ancient Near Eastern neighbors. He did so to portray Yahweh's greatness.
The historical events that most closely correspond to God's figurative ascension up Mt. Zion were David's capture of Jerusalem from the Jebusites (2 Sam. 5:6-8) and his bringing the ark into that city (2 Sam. 6). When David defeated the Jebusites he led a host of them captive and undoubtedly took much spoil from them. The spoil was a kind of gift they gave him. Even the rebellious Jebusites gave gifts to David. Of course God was the real commander in chief who took the mountain for His people, led the captives captive, and received the gifts from them.
The Apostle Paul referred to verse 18 in Ephesians 4:8. However he quoted it very loosely and even changed the receiving of gifts to giving gifts. One explanation for this difference is that Paul may have been following a popular Jewish interpretation of his day, the Targum, that attributed these actions to Moses. According to the Targum, Moses ascended into the firmament, led captivity captive, and gave gifts to the sons of men.125Another explanation is that Paul used this verse as a basis for what he said but went beyond it to make another point he wanted to stress. After all he did not claim to quote this verse. He just cast his own words in the mold of this verse.126Paul used this verse to illustrate Jesus' ascension into the heavenly Mt. Zion after His resurrection. He too ascended on high, led His enemies captive, and received gifts from men. These gifts may be praise or more tangible gifts. They may have already come to Him, or His receiving them may be primarily future. Paul went on to say Jesus also gave gifts to men something God definitely did and David may have done but which this psalm does not say they did. This point was the one Paul stressed in his following explanation, but God and David's giving gifts to men was not important to David when he wrote this psalm.
68:19-23 David moved from a historical review of God's giving Israel victory to confidence that He would continue to do so daily. Any who resist Yahweh can count on His powerful opposition and their own inevitable defeat. Additional references to victories over Og, the king of Bashan, the crossing of the Red Sea, numerous victories in battle, and the slaying of Jezebel (1 Kings 2:38) would have encouraged the Israelites further. The same God who gave them success in the past was ready to do so still.
68:24-27 The Israelites witnessed Yahweh's glorious entrance into His sanctuary on Mt. Zion. David described the scene as what would have accompanied an earthly monarch and may have accompanied his own entrance into Jerusalem. The "fountain of Israel"(v. 26, NASB) pictures the nation of Israel as a fountain of blessing. Benjamin was the smallest tribe in the South but a leader nonetheless. Judah was the largest tribe in the South. Zebulun and Naphtali were northern tribes that David may have chosen because of their prominence in Deborah's song (Judg. 5:18).
68:28-31 David next called on God to manifest His strength afresh. He foresaw that foreign kings would fear Yahweh when they heard about all the powerful victories He had won for His people and when they saw His magnificent temple. This is really what happened during Solomon's reign as attested by the Queen of Sheba's testimony (1 King 10:1-13). The beasts, bulls, and calves to which David referred probably represent foreign rulers. He saw them bringing tribute. This also happened when Solomon reigned. David predicted that the Lord would defuse rebellions and cause potential enemies to make peace with Israel out of respect for her God.
In conclusion David called on the nations to praise Yahweh, the sovereign ruler over all. His display of power and majesty so beautifully set forth in this psalm is ample reason to do so.
In view of God's dealings with Israel every nation under heaven should learn who the true God is and should submit to His sovereignty. His record of prospering those who trust in Him and destroying those who oppose Him should move any people to bow before Him.
