God did not just condemn forms of worship that were inappropriate, but He instructed the Israelites positively how they were to worship Him.
This pericope serves as an introduction to 42 judgments in 21:1-23:12. A similar section repeats the emphases of the introduction and forms a conclusion to the judgments (23:13-19).350
20:22-23 Verse 22 is a preamble and historical background for what follows. On the basis of God's revelation on the mountain, the Israelites were to obey Him as follows.
The Israelites were not to make idols representing gods other than Yahweh nor were they to represent Yahweh by making idols to help them worship Him (v. 23).
20:24-26 Yahweh permitted His people to build altars where He granted special theophanies, that is, manifestations of His presence.351These were in addition to the altars at Israel's central sanctuary (the tabernacle and later the temple; cf. Judg. 6:25-27; 13:15-20; 1 Sam. 9:11-14; 16:1-5; 1 Kings 18:30-40). They were to build these altars for formal worship and for special occasions (e.g., Josh. 8:30; Judg. 6:25-26) out of earth or uncut stone. The Canaanites used cut or "dressed"stone for their altars, and it was probably to distinguish the two that God directed Israel as He did.
Israel's altars were not to have steps, as many Canaanite altars did, so the naked flesh of the priests might not appear as they mounted them to make their offerings.
"Possibly the verse intends to oppose the practice of certain peoples in the ancient East, like the Sumerians for instance, whose priests . . . used to perform every ritual ceremony in a state of nakedness. Likewise the Egyptian priests . . . used to wear only a linen ephod, a kind of short, primative apron."352
"This simple description of true worship is intended to portray the essence of the Sinai covenant in terms that are virtually identical to that of the religion of the patriarchs--earthen altars, burnt offerings, and simple devotion rather than elaborate rituals. A simple earthen altar is sufficient. If more is desired (e.g., a stone altar), then it should not be defiled with carved stones and elaborate steps. The ultimate purpose of any such ritual is the covering of human nakedness that stems from the Fall (Ex 20:26b; cf. Ge 3:7). The implication is that all ritual is only a reflection of that first gracious act of God in covering human nakedness with garments of skin (Ge 3:21)."353
