3:8 Paul had regarded his advantages over other people as what put him in a specially good position with God. However, he had come to realize that absolutely nothing apart from Jesus Christ's work on the cross was of any value in his gaining God's acceptance. No good works improve our standing before God. They are all as filthy rags (Isa. 64:6). Consequently Paul came to regard them as "rubbish."From then on he continued to take this view of things.
The Greek word translated "rubbish"(skybalon) occurs only here in the New Testament. Its derivation is uncertain, but it appears to have referred to excrement, food gone bad, scraps left over after a meal, and refuse. In extrabiblical Greek it describes a half-eaten corpse and lumps of manure.113Thus Paul meant that his former advantages were not only worthless but strongly offensive and potentially dangerous.
What he had learned to value was Christ Jesus his Lord. Consequently coming to know Christ, entering into a deeper and fuller appreciation of His person and work, was of primary importance to Paul. This knowledge (Gr. gnosis) is the kind that one obtains only by personal relationship. It is different from the knowledge we gain through objective academic study (Gr. oida), though information is part of our growing personal knowledge of Christ. To gain this fuller knowledge of Christ Paul had let everything else in life go. To use the language of 2:6, Paul did not regard anything else in life worthy of retaining. All he wanted was a fuller and deeper experiential appreciation of his Savior.
"You and I know aboutmany people, even people who lived centuries ago, but we know personally very few."114
3:9 Paul's vision turned again to the future and the judgment seat of Christ. He had made his choices in life since his conversion because of the essential value of getting to know Christ better and because God would evaluate his life one day. On that day Paul wanted to be found "in Him,"namely standing in the merit of Christ rather than in his own merit. His own merit rested on his own righteousness as the Mosaic Law defined it. The merit of Christ is His righteousness that God credits to the believer's account when we place our trust in Him (cf. Rom. 3:20-23). This righteousness comes to us "through faith"in Christ, and it comes to us "on the basis of"(or "by,"NIV) "faith"from God.
"Faith' is the very opposite of human works; it is the reception of God's work by those who acknowledge the futility of their own efforts to attain righteousness."115
3:10 This verse resumes the thought of knowing Christ in verse 8. The tense of the Greek infinitive tou gnonai("to know") is aorist, probably an ingressive aorist, which sums up the action of the verb at the point where it begins.
"It suggests that for Paul just the comingto know Christ outweighs all other values, that for him the significance of Christ, in whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge' (Col 2:3), is so vast that even to beginto know him is more important than anything else in all the world."116
Among all the other things that Paul wanted to learn in His relationship with Christ, he mentioned first the power of Christ's resurrection. Paul probably did not mean that he wanted to experience resurrection supernaturally as Jesus Christ had done. He knew that if he died he would experience such a resurrection. He probably meant that he wanted the power that resurrected His Savior and was within himself because of the indwelling Christ to manifest itself in his life for God's glory (cf. Rom 6:4; Col. 3:1; Eph. 2:5-6).
Paul also wanted to grow in his experiential knowledge of the fellowship of Christ's sufferings. He did not mean that by suffering in the service of His Lord he could add to the merit of Christ's sufferings. Such an idea is completely foreign to biblical teaching (cf. Heb. 10:14). Rather he saw suffering for the sake of Christ as only fair since the Savior had suffered so much for him. The Christian who suffers because of his or her faithful testimony for Christ can enter into Jesus' feelings when He suffered for faithfully obeying His Father. There is a fellowship in that kind of suffering (cf. Rom. 6:8; Gal. 2:19-20). A believer who never suffers for the Lord's sake cannot do that.
The last phrase in this verse modifies the fellowship of Christ's sufferings. Complete dedication to the will of God, which resulted in Jesus' sufferings and which will result in the believer's suffering, means death ultimately. It means death to one's own agenda for life (Rom. 6:4-11), and it may result in physical death. Death is a grim prospect, but Paul did not have a morbid, unhealthy fascination with suffering and death for its own sake. He so loved Jesus Christ that he wished to share all aspects of His life, to know Him as intimately as he could. He even was willing to follow Him into the valley of the shadow of death.
"Christian life is cruciform in character; God's people, even as they live presently through the power made available through Christ's resurrection, are as their Lord forever marked by the cross."117
3:11 This verse does not contain a purpose clause as the NASB translation "in order that"implies. A better translation would be "if somehow"(NASB margin) or "and so, somehow"(NIV). It expresses expectation.
Superficially this verse seems to suggest that Paul had some doubt about the certainty of his resurrection. However elsewhere in his writings he was very confident that God would resurrect him and all believers (e.g., Rom. 8:11, 23; 1 Cor. 6:14; 15:12-57; 2 Cor. 4:14; 5:1-5; 1 Thess. 4:13-18; 2 Tim. 2:18). The Bible teaches that God will resurrect all people, believers and unbelievers, if they have died (e.g., Dan. 12:2; Matt. 22:29-32; Luke 20:37-38; John 6:39-40, 44, 54; 11:25; Acts 4:2; 17:18; 23:6; 24:15; Heb. 6:2; Rev. 20:4-6, 13). Consequently we must look for another explanation of this verse.
"Now, if Paul believed in one general resurrection at the end in which all people, the saved and lost, would participate, it is difficult to understand his use of this language in relation to his personal participation. There would be no question of his being a part of such a resurrection."118
One possibility is that Paul was thinking of his spiritual co-resurrection with Christ.119In the context he had been speaking of his suffering and dying with Him. Yet these were evidently physical experiences, not spiritual realities. Furthermore the resurrection he said he hoped to attain was still future whereas he had already experienced spiritual resurrection with Christ to newness of life (Rom. 6:1-11).
Another view is that Paul was hoping that he would persevere faithfully in his quest to know Christ until he died. The logical progression in Paul's thought in verses 10 and 11 was from suffering to death to resurrection. Perhaps he meant he wanted to experience suffering for Christ's sake and was even willing to die for Him to arrive at his resurrection in a manner that would enable him to face His master unashamed.120The problem with this view is the unusual word used for the resurrection (Gr. exanastasin, lit. out-resurrection).
The words that Paul used seem to indicate that he was thinking of a resurrection from among those who were dead.121The NASB translators captured this idea when they rendered this phrase "the resurrection from among the dead."The NIV translators simply translated it "the resurrection from the dead."122This would point to the resurrection of believers that will result in Christians rising from among the unbelieving dead. However this is not a resurrection that Christians need to strive to attain. God will provide it for all believers.123
Paul may have been speaking of the Rapture.124When that event takes place God will snatch dead Christians' bodies out from among other corpses. This would explain the unusual word Paul employed that appears only here in the Greek New Testament.
"Perhaps he was using this word to refer to the Rapture, thus expressing the hope that the Lord would return during his lifetime."125
In other words Paul meant that he hoped he would live to experience the Rapture, the "out-resurrection from among the dead,"rather than dying. The verb katavtao("attain") means to come to, to arrive at, or to attain to something.
Another view is that Paul hoped he would arrive at and participate in the resurrection that will happen at the Rapture rather than experiencing translation while still alive. To do this he would have to die before the Rapture. Maybe the apostle wanted to die and experience resurrection rather than translation because if he experienced resurrection he could better share the experiences of his Savior. Paul evidently expected the Rapture to happen before he died (1 Thess. 4:16-17). Perhaps he wanted to die before the Rapture. This may have been another dilemma for him in which he saw advantages in either case (cf. 1:23-24). This view seems unlikely, however, since elsewhere Paul spoke of death as an enemy that everyone seeks to avoid (1 Cor. 15:54-57).
Another possibility is that Paul meant faithful Christians will experience a better resurrection than unfaithful believers.
"The out-resurrection is a special reward which only faithful believers will receive. While the exact nature of that reward is unclear here, it can generally be understood as a sort of abundance of life. All believers will be resurrected and have joy forever. Faithful believers only will obtain this out-resurrection and have abundance of joy forever. Hebrews 11:35 is instructive here. It speaks of believers who were tortured, not accepting deliverance, that they might obtain a better resurrection.' All believers will be resurrected, but there is a better one for those who endure. Obviously this out-resurrection is something which is capable of many degrees depending on the measure of one's faithfulness. Thus the degree to which we are faithful to use our talents, treasures, gifts, abilities, resources, and opportunities in life to please Him is the degree to which we will obtain this out-resurrection abundance of life."126
There is no question that there will be differences of rewards at the judgment seat of Christ (1 Cor. 3:12-15). However there is no other Scripture that teaches a difference in the resurrection of faithful and unfaithful believers. It seems strange that if Paul wanted to distinguish between faithful and unfaithful believers here he would use the resurrection to do so. Other Scripture points to the judgment seat of Christ as the time when God will make this distinction, not the resurrection. Moreover the term "out-resurrection"seems to stress separation from others at the time of resurrection rather than separation from others following resurrection.
Robert Wilkin, the writer quoted above, later changed his view and adopted the "spiritual resurrection view."
"The spiritual resurrection view posits that the out-resurrection refers to the attainment of Christlike character in this life."127
However exanastasisseems to be a very unusual word to use to describe the attainment of Christlike character. I prefer the view that the "out-resurrection"refers to the Rapture.
