4:2 As soon as John heard this invitation, he entered another ecstatic state (cf. 1:10). His body remained on the earth, but he saw a throne and someone sitting on it in heaven (cf. Ezek. 11:1, 5). "Throne"occurs 45 times in Revelation and only 15 times in the rest of the New Testament. The tense of the Greek verb translated "sitting"(present participle here and in v. 3) suggests continuous sitting. The person on the throne was undoubtedly God the Father (cf. v. 5; 5:5, 7; 6:16; 7:10; 19:4). John apparently saw a very large room with a throne in the center of it and someone sitting on the throne (cf. 1 Kings 22:19; Ps. 11:4; 47:8; Isa. 6:1; Ezek. 1:26; Dan. 7:9).
"Daniel, the prophet, saw the same glorious sight (Daniel 7): the Ancient of Days enthroned, and One like unto a son of man brought near before him' and given dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all the peoples, and languages should serve him.'"198
This was probably a room in the heavenly temple since later John also saw the golden altar of incense and the ark of the covenant there (8:3; 11:19).
"The major focus of chapter 4 upon the throne is its symbolism of God's sovereignty exercised in judgment. From this point of origination proceeds the outworking of God's wrath described in the body of the Apocalypse (cf. 6:10, 16-17; 14:7; 15:1; 16:5, 19; 18:20; 19:2, 11). Though evil reigns for a time on earth, God will ultimately prevail."199
Some pretribulational commentators have seen a representation of the rapture of the church in this verse. They view John entering heaven in his vision as symbolic of Christians entering heaven at the Rapture.200This is probably reading too much into the text since it was John himself who entered heaven, and he entered heaven in a vision, not in reality.
The absence of specific reference to the Rapture in Revelation has led some interpreters to conclude that it will occur at the Second Coming, following the Tribulation judgments. Yet the differences between the Rapture and the Second Coming, as various Scriptures refer to these events, make this extremely improbable (cf. John 14:1-3, 1 Cor. 15:50-58, and 1 Thess. 4:13-18 with Rev. 19). The unusual absence of reference to the Rapture may be due to God's purpose in chapters 4-19, namely, to focus on the judgments coming on unbelievers culminating in the Second Coming. There are 20 references to the church in chapters 1-3 but none until 22:17. This strongly implies that the church is not on earth during the Tribulation. Evidently the Rapture takes place between chapters 3 and 4.
4:3 In what sense is God like jasper and sardius (carnelian, NIV) stones? The jasper gem that John saw was evidently a diamond (cf. 21:11), not what we identify as a jasper today.201The sardius, named for the town of Sardis where it was discovered, is fiery red. These colored gems probably symbolize the holiness and justice of God (cf. 1:14; 10:1; Ezek. 1:4, 26-28; 8:2; Dan. 7:9).
"Perhaps it is better to think of this resemblance as denoting His anger as a reaction of His holy nature in view of the prevailing sinfulness of man and in consequence of which He is about to send judgment upon the earth, that the inhabitants of the world will learn righteousness.'"202
The "rainbow"around the throne was apparently the shape of a rainbow rather than the color of one since this one was green. This bow completely encircled the throne, perhaps resembling a halo. It evidently symbolizes God's mercy that surrounds His rule (cf. Gen. 9:8-17). This rainbow may have been various shades of green suggesting the variegated mercy and grace of God.203Another possibility is that the emerald (Gr. smaragd) was a crystal that served as a prism and so yielded a rainbow of colors.204
"Usually, a rainbow appears afterthe storm; but here, we see it beforethe storm."205
4:4 John saw 24 thrones surrounding the main throne in what is obviously a subordinate relationship. The throne is a place of rule. Evidently these elders will have positions of authority under God.
The identity of the 24 elders (Gr. presbyteros) is difficult to determine. There have been two basic views: men and angels. If they are human beings, they may be representatives of Israel, the church, or both groups.206If angels, they could be angelic representatives of either of the Old Testament priestly orders (cf. 1 Chron. 24:4-5; 25:9-13), or angelic representatives of the faithful of all ages, or a special group or class of angels.207
I think the 24 elders are either 12 human leaders of Israel and 12 human leaders of the church or a special group of 24 angelic leaders who represent the 12 patriarchs of Israel and the 12 apostles of the church. All that John wrote about them fits angels, and some of what he wrote could fit some men. Their song of praise seems to set them apart from those purchased by Christ's blood (5:9-10). However, "elder"is a term used nowhere else in the Bible to describe angels. Their number may relate to the 24 priestly orders in Israel that worshipped and served the Lord (1 Chron. 23:6; 24:7-18). They evidently serve God by executing His will in the universe, but they do so in rank under the four living beings of verse 6.
White apparel is the characteristic dress of angels (cf. Matt. 28:3; Mark 16:5; John 20:12; Acts 1:10). These elders wore crowns (Gr. stephanous). This Greek word often refers to a victor's crown (2:10; 3:11), but John also used it to describe a crown that represents authority (6:2; 9:7; 12:1; 14:14).
4:5 The lightning and thunder are evidently portents of judgment to come and symbolize God judging (8:5; 11:19; 16:18; cf. Exod. 19:16).
"In Revelation the symbols of thunder and lightning are always connected with a temple scene and mark an event of unusual import."208
The wrath of God proceeds from this throne. The seven burning lamps (or torches, Gr. lampades, cf. lychniai, "lampstands,"1:12, 20) probably picture divine preparedness for battle against wickedness (cf. Judg. 7:16, 20; Nah. 2:3-4; Isa. 4:4; Mal. 4:1).209The seven spirits of God (i.e., the seven principle angels of God, cf. 1:4; 3:1) will carry out this judgment. The picture is of these torches ready to go from God's presence to the earth where they will consume wickedness during the Tribulation.
4:6 The clear glass-like sea before the throne may represent the need for cleansing before approaching God. The laver (called a "sea"in the Old Testament, e.g., 1 Kings 7:23, et al.) served the need for cleansing in the Israelite tabernacle and temple. Perhaps the fact that this sea is solid indicates that those who can approach God's throne have attained a fixed state of holiness by God's grace.210Perhaps the sea represents the forces opposed to God's will and His people. This is what the sea symbolized in the ancient Near East. John now saw these forces under God's sovereign control (cf. Exod. 24:10; Ezek. 1:22, 26).211The best explanation seems to be that this sea pictures some type of firmament that separates God in his holiness and purity from all of His sinful creation (cf. Gen. 1:7; Exod. 24:10-11; 1 Kings 7:23; Ps. 104:3; Ezek. 1:22, 26).212
The four living "creatures"seem to be angelic beings that reflect the attributes of God. They form an inner circle and surround the throne and God (cf. Ezek. 1:12), so they must constitute an exalted order of angelic beings. They appear similar to the seraphim (Isa. 6:2) and even more like the cherubim (Ezek. 1:4-14; 9:3; 10), though because of their differences they appear to be in a class by themselves. They appear to have a judicial function (cf. 6:1, 3, 5, 7) and to have some connection with animate creation (cf. vv. 9-11; 15:7). Their many eyes evidently symbolize their penetrating intelligence that makes them immediately aware of whatever is happening that affects their judicial responsibility (cf. Ezek. 1:18; 10:12).213
4:7 The four creatures represent four classes of created beings: wild beasts, domesticated animals, human beings, and flying creatures. Together they may picture all creation praising God, or God's sovereign control over all aspects of His creation, or both.
Each creature also seems to possess different qualities that are appropriate in their service of God. John described these as the outstanding qualities of animals that everyone can identify. Lions are strong (cf. Ps. 103:20), oxen are servants (cf. Heb. 1:14), men have intelligence (cf. Luke 15:10), and eagles are swift (cf. Dan. 9:21).
"The four forms suggest whatever is noblest, strongest, wisest, and swiftest in animate nature."214
Some of the early church fathers equated these creatures with the four Gospels, but they had different opinions about which beings represented which Gospels. Some commentators have taken this further and have suggested that each creature represents a different aspect of Christ in each Gospel. Others take the beings as symbolizing attributes of God. Still others connect them with the four chief signs of the zodiac. Some believe they represent Israel because there is some connection with the pictures on the standards of Israel's tribes (cf. Num. 2:2, 10, 18, 25). Others see them as representing four outstanding apostles or other glorified men. Yet none of these interpretations seems valid.
4:8 These creatures seem similar to the seraphim (lit. burning ones) of Isaiah 6:2-3 in that they each have six wings. Their many eyes suggest alertness, comprehensive knowledge, and constant vigilance (cf. Ezek. 10:12). "Around and within"probably means that they had eyes even on the undersides of their wings so they could move their wings without interrupting their vision. Their movements did not detract from their constant vigilance. They ascribe holiness to God day and night, namely, constantly, though not necessarily without stopping (cf. 1 Thess. 2:9; 5:17; 2 Thess. 3:8).
"In Hebrew, the double repetition of a word adds emphasis, while the rare threefold repetition designates the superlative and calls attention to the infinite holiness of God--the quality of God felt by creatures in his presence as awesomeness or fearfulness (Ps. 111:9: Holy and awesome is his name.')"215
The focus of their worship is on God's holiness, His omnipotence, and His eternality.
"This continual song from the four living beings underscores the central role of the one sitting upon the throne in the present setting. As the absolutely holy one, He is thoroughly entitled and has ample might to initiate stringent measures against His own creation in order to return it to its original holy state."216
