² tn Heb “who.” Here a new sentence has been started in the translation for stylistic reasons.

² tn Heb “his.” With the referent “Israel” here, this amounts to a collective singular.

³ sn The stringed instruments mentioned here are probably harps (cf. NIV, NRSV) or lutes (cf. NEB).

² tn Heb “his,” referring to Jacob, which stands here for the nation of Israel.

⁴ tn Heb “sell grain.” Here “grain” could stand by metonymy for the bins where it was stored.

² sn Here Joseph (= Ephraim and Manasseh), as the most prominent of the Israelite tribes, represents the entire northern kingdom.

¹ tn The precise meaning of the Hebrew verb בָּלַג (balag, translated here “flashes”) is uncertain.

² tn Or “the Lord.” The Hebrew term translated “sovereign One” here is אֲדֹנָי (’adonay).

¹ tn This word appears in an awkward position in the Hebrew, following “Kiyyun.” It is placed here for better sense.

⁵ tn Here and in v. Kir+Heres+AND+book%3A30&tab=notes" ver="">6 the words “we’re eager” are supplied in the translation for clarification.

⁴ sn The movement of the quaking earth is here compared to the annual flooding and receding of the River Nile.

¹ tn Or “the Lord.” The Hebrew term translated “sovereign One” here is אֲדֹנָי (’adonay).

⁵ tn The verb is omitted here in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation from the parallel line.

⁶ sn Here the idolatry of the parents carried over to the children, who persisted in worshiping the idols to which their fathers were loyal.

⁶ tn Heb “my holy name.” Here “name” is used metonymically for God’s moral character or reputation, while “holy” has a moral and ethical connotation.

¹ tn Heb “You only have I known.” The Hebrew verb יָדַע (yada’) is used here in its covenantal sense of “recognize in a special way.”

³ tn The Hebrew noun carries the nuance of “panic” or “confusion.” Here it refers metonymically to the violent deeds that terrorize the oppressed.

¹ tn Several English versions substitute the first person pronoun (“I”) here for stylistic reasons (e.g., NIV, NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT).

¹ tn The meaning of the Hebrew verb פָּרַט (parat), which occurs only here in the OT, is unclear. Some translate “strum,” “pluck,” or “improvise.”

² tn Or “the Lord.” The Hebrew term translated “sovereign One” here and in the following verse is אֲדֹנָי (’adonay).