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Text -- Romans 16:1 (NET)

Strongs On/Off
Context
Personal Greetings
16:1 Now I commend to you our sister Phoebe, who is a servant of the church in Cenchrea,
Parallel   Cross Reference (TSK)   ITL  

Names, People and Places, Dictionary Themes and Topics

Names, People and Places:
 · Cenchreae the eastern port town of Corinth
 · Phoebe a Christian woman whom Paul recommends to the church at Rome


Dictionary Themes and Topics: WOMAN | SISTER | Rome | ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE | Phebe | PHOEBE | PAUL, THE APOSTLE, 1 | Love | LATIN | Hospitality | HOSPITALITY; HOST | EPISTLE | Deaconess | DEACON; DEACONESS | Church | Cenchrea | COMMEND | CENCHREAE | CENCHREA, OR CENCHREA | CAESAR'S HOUSEHOLD | more
Table of Contents

Word/Phrase Notes
Robertson , Vincent , Wesley , JFB , Clarke , Calvin , Defender , TSK

Word/Phrase Notes
Barnes , Poole , Haydock , Gill

Verse Notes / Footnotes
NET Notes , Geneva Bible

Verse Range Notes
TSK Synopsis , Maclaren , MHCC , Matthew Henry , Barclay , Constable , College , McGarvey

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Commentary -- Word/Phrase Notes (per phrase)

Robertson: Rom 16:1 - -- I commend ( sunistēmi ). The regular word for letters of commendation as in 2Co 3:1 (sustatikōn epistolōn ). See also Rom 3:5. So here Rom 16:...

I commend ( sunistēmi ).

The regular word for letters of commendation as in 2Co 3:1 (sustatikōn epistolōn ). See also Rom 3:5. So here Rom 16:1, Rom 16:2 constitute Paul’ s recommendation of Phoebe, the bearer of the Epistle. Nothing else is known of her, though her name (Phoibē ) means bright or radiant.

Robertson: Rom 16:1 - -- Sister ( adelphēn ). In Christ, not in the flesh.

Sister ( adelphēn ).

In Christ, not in the flesh.

Robertson: Rom 16:1 - -- Who is a servant of the church ( ousan diakonon tēs ekklēsias ). The etymology of diakonos we have had repeatedly. The only question here is wh...

Who is a servant of the church ( ousan diakonon tēs ekklēsias ).

The etymology of diakonos we have had repeatedly. The only question here is whether it is used in a general sense or in a technical sense as in Phi 1:1; 1Ti 3:8-13. In favour of the technical sense of "deacon"or "deaconess"is the addition of "tēs ekklēsias "(of the church). In some sense Phoebe was a servant or minister of the church in Cenchreae. Besides, right in the midst of the discussion in 1Ti 3:8-13 Paul has a discussion of gunaikas (1Ti 3:11) either as women as deaconesses or as the wives of deacons (less likely though possible). The Apostolic Constitutions has numerous allusions to deaconesses. The strict separation of the sexes made something like deaconesses necessary for baptism, visiting the women, etc. Cenchreae, as the eastern port of Corinth, called for much service of this kind. Whether the deaconesses were a separate organization on a par with the deacons we do not know nor whether they were the widows alluded to in 1Ti 5:9.

Vincent: Rom 16:1 - -- I commend ( συνίστημι ) See on Rom 3:5.

I commend ( συνίστημι )

See on Rom 3:5.

Vincent: Rom 16:1 - -- Phoebe The bearer of the epistle. The word means bright . In classical Greek an epithet of Artemis (Diana) the sister of Phoebus Apollo.

Phoebe

The bearer of the epistle. The word means bright . In classical Greek an epithet of Artemis (Diana) the sister of Phoebus Apollo.

Vincent: Rom 16:1 - -- Servant ( διάκονον ) The word may be either masculine or feminine. Commonly explained as deaconess . The term διακόνισσα ...

Servant ( διάκονον )

The word may be either masculine or feminine. Commonly explained as deaconess . The term διακόνισσα deaconess is found only in ecclesiastical Greek. The " Apostolical Constitutions" distinguish deaconesses from widows and virgins, prescribe their duties, and a form for their ordination. Pliny the younger, about a.d. 104, appears to refer to them in his letter to Trajan, in which he speaks of the torture of two maids who were called minestrae (female ministers). The office seems to have been confined mainly to widows, though virgins were not absolutely excluded. Their duties were to take care of the sick and poor, to minister to martyrs and confessors in prison, to instruct catechumens, to assist at the baptism of women, and to exercise a general supervision over the female church-members. Tryphaena, Tryphosa, and Persis (Rom 16:12) may have belonged to this class. See on 1Ti 5:3-16. Conybeare (" Life and Epistles of St. Paul" ) assumes that Phoebe was a widow, on the ground that she could not, according to Greek manners, have been mentioned as acting in the independent manner described, either if her husband had been living or she had been unmarried. Renan says: " Phoebe carried under the folds of her robe the whole future of Christian theology."

Vincent: Rom 16:1 - -- Cenchrea More correctly, Cenchreae . Compare Act 18:18 Corinth, from which the epistle was sent, was situated on an isthmus, and had three ports...

Cenchrea

More correctly, Cenchreae . Compare Act 18:18 Corinth, from which the epistle was sent, was situated on an isthmus, and had three ports, Cenchreae on the east side, and Lechaeum on the west of the isthmus, with Schoenus, a smaller port, also on the eastern side, at the narrowest point of the isthmus. Cenchreae was nine miles from Corinth. It was a thriving town, commanding a large trade with Alexandria, Antioch, Ephesus, Thessalonica, and the other cities of the Aegean. It contained temples of Venus, Aesculapius, and Isis. The church there was perhaps a branch of that at Corinth.

Wesley: Rom 16:1 - -- The bearer of this letter.

The bearer of this letter.

Wesley: Rom 16:1 - -- The Greek word is a deaconness.

The Greek word is a deaconness.

Wesley: Rom 16:1 - -- In the apostolic age, some grave and pious women were appointed deaconnesses in every church. It was their office, not to teach publicly, but to visit...

In the apostolic age, some grave and pious women were appointed deaconnesses in every church. It was their office, not to teach publicly, but to visit the sick, the women in particular, and to minister to them both in their temporal and spiritual necessities.

JFB: Rom 16:1 - -- Or "deaconess"

Or "deaconess"

JFB: Rom 16:1 - -- The word is "Cenchreæ," the eastern part of Corinth (Act 18:18). That in the earliest churches there were deaconesses, to attend to the wants of the ...

The word is "Cenchreæ," the eastern part of Corinth (Act 18:18). That in the earliest churches there were deaconesses, to attend to the wants of the female members, there is no good reason to doubt. So early at least as the reign of Trajan, we learn from PLINY'S celebrated letter to that emperor--A.D. 110, or 111--that they existed in the Eastern churches. Indeed, from the relation in which the sexes then stood to each other, something of this sort would seem to have been a necessity. Modern attempts, however, to revive this office have seldom found favor; either from the altered state of society, or the abuse of the office, or both.

Clarke: Rom 16:1 - -- I commend unto you Phoebe - As the apostle had not been at Rome previously to his writing this epistle, he could not have had a personal acquaintanc...

I commend unto you Phoebe - As the apostle had not been at Rome previously to his writing this epistle, he could not have had a personal acquaintance with those members of the Church there to whom he sends these friendly salutations. It is likely that many of them were his own converts, who, in different parts of Asia Minor and Greece, had heard him preach the Gospel, and afterwards became settlers at Rome

Phoebe is here termed a servant, διακονον, a deaconess of the Church at Cenchrea. There were deaconesses in the primitive Church, whose business it was to attend the female converts at baptism; to instruct the catechumens, or persons who were candidates for baptism; to visit the sick, and those who were in prison, and, in short, perform those religious offices for the female part of the Church which could not with propriety be performed by men. They were chosen in general out of the most experienced of the Church, and were ordinarily widows, who had borne children. Some ancient constitutions required them to be forty, others fifty, and others sixty years of age. It is evident that they were ordained to their office by the imposition of the hands of the bishop; and the form of prayer used on the occasion is extant in the apostolical constitutions. In the tenth or eleventh century the order became extinct in the Latin Church, but continued in the Greek Church till the end of the twelfth century. See Broughton’ s Dictionary, article deaconess

Cenchrea was a sea-port on the east side of the isthmus which joined the Morea to Greece, as the Lechaeum was the sea-port on the west side of the same isthmus. These were the only two havens and towns of any note, next to Corinth, that belonged to this territory. As the Lechaeum opened the road to the Ionian sea, so Cenchrea opened the road to the Aegean; and both were so advantageously situated for commerce that they were very rich. These two places are now usually denominated the Gulf of Lepanto, and the Gulf of Ingia or Egina. It was on the isthmus, between these two ports, which was about six miles wide, that the Isthmian games were celebrated; to which St. Paul makes such frequent allusions.

Calvin: Rom 16:1 - -- 1.I commend to you, etc The greater part of this chapter is taken up with salutations; and as they contain no difficulties, it would be useless to dw...

1.I commend to you, etc The greater part of this chapter is taken up with salutations; and as they contain no difficulties, it would be useless to dwell long on them. I shall only touch on those things which require some light by an explanation.

He first commends to them Phoebe, to whom he gave this Epistle to be brought to them; and, in the first place, he commends her on account of her office, for she performed a most honorable and a most holy function in the Church; and then he adduces another reason why they ought to receive her and to show her every kindness, for she had always been a helper to all the godly. As then she was an assistant 469 of the Cenchrean Church, he bids that on that account she should be received in the Lord; and by adding as it is meet for saints, he intimates that it would be unbecoming the servants of Christ not to show her honor and kindness. And since it behooves us to embrace in love all the members of Christ, we ought surely to regard and especially to love and honor those who perform a public office in the Church. And besides, as she had always been full of kindness to all, so he bids that help and assistance should now be given to her in all her concerns; for it is what courtesy requires, that he who is naturally disposed to kindness should not be forsaken when in need of aid, and to incline their minds the more, he numbers himself among those whom she had assisted.

But this service, of which he speaks as to what it was, he teaches us in another place, in 1Ti 5:9, for as the poor were supported from the public treasury of the Church, so they were taken care of by those in public offices, and for this charge widows were chosen, who being free from domestic concerns, and cumbered by no children, wished to consecrate themselves wholly to God by religious duties, they were therefore received into this office as those who had wholly given up themselves, and became bound to their charge in a manner like him, who having hired out his own labors, ceases to be free and to be his own master. Hence the Apostle accuses them of having violated their faith, who renounced the office which they had once undertaken, and as it behooved them to live in widowhood, he forbade them to be chosen under sixty years of age, (1Ti 5:9,) because he foresaw that under that age the vow of perpetual celibacy was dangerous, yea, liable to prove ruinous. This most sacred function, and very useful to the Church, when the state of things had become worse, degenerated into the idle order of Nuns; which, though corrupt at its beginning, and contrary to the word of God, has yet so fallen away from what it was at its commencement, that there is no difference between some of the sanctuaries of chastity and a common brothel.

Defender: Rom 16:1 - -- Phebe is the first of thirty-five personal names mentioned in this last chapter of Paul's letter to the Romans, most of whom are mentioned nowhere els...

Phebe is the first of thirty-five personal names mentioned in this last chapter of Paul's letter to the Romans, most of whom are mentioned nowhere else in Scripture. The reason why so much apparently personal information was included in the Scriptures by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit is probably to illustrate the Spirit's concern with individuals. The names of all the redeemed are written in God's book in heaven (Luk 10:20; Phi 4:3); as a token of this fact, the names of some of these saints are written in God's book on earth.

Defender: Rom 16:1 - -- The Greek is diakonos, usually translated as "deacon." Evidently, Phebe was a deaconess of the Cenchrean church. Almost certainly it was she who carri...

The Greek is diakonos, usually translated as "deacon." Evidently, Phebe was a deaconess of the Cenchrean church. Almost certainly it was she who carried Paul's epistle from Cenchrea, the seaport of Corinth, to Rome."

TSK: Rom 16:1 - -- commend : 2Co 3:1 our : Mat 12:50; Mar 10:30; 1Ti 5:2; Jam 2:15; 1Pe 1:22, 1Pe 1:23 a servant : Luk 8:3; 1Ti 5:9, 1Ti 5:10 Cenchrea : Act 18:18

commend : 2Co 3:1

our : Mat 12:50; Mar 10:30; 1Ti 5:2; Jam 2:15; 1Pe 1:22, 1Pe 1:23

a servant : Luk 8:3; 1Ti 5:9, 1Ti 5:10

Cenchrea : Act 18:18

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Commentary -- Word/Phrase Notes (per Verse)

Barnes: Rom 16:1 - -- I commend - It was common then, as now, to bear letters of introduction to strangers, commending the person thus introduced to the favorable re...

I commend - It was common then, as now, to bear letters of introduction to strangers, commending the person thus introduced to the favorable regards and attentions of those to whom the letters were addressed; 2Co 3:1; Act 18:27. This Epistle, with the apostle’ s commendation, was designed thus to introduce its bearer to the Roman Christians. The mention of Phebe in this manner leaves it beyond a doubt that she was either the bearer of this Epistle, or accompanied those who bore it to Rome. The Epistle was therefore written, probably, at Corinth. (See Introduction.)

Our sister - A member of the Christian church.

Which is a servant - Greek,"Who is a deaconess."It is clear from the New Testament that there was an order of women in the church known as "deaconesses."Reference is made to a class of females whose duty it was to "teach"other females, and to take the general superintendence of that part of the church, in various places in the New Testament; and their existence is expressly affirmed in early ecclesiastical history. They appear to have been commonly aged and experienced widows, sustaining fair reputation, and suited to guide and instruct those who were young and inexperienced; compare 1Ti 5:3, 1Ti 5:9-11; Tit 2:4. The Apostolical Constitutions, book iii. say, "Ordain a deaconess who is faithful and holy, for the ministries toward the women."Pliny in his celebrated letter to Trajan, says, when speaking of the efforts which he made to obtain information respecting the opinions and practices of Christians, "I deemed it necessary to put two maidservants who are called "ministrae"(that is "deaconesses") to the torture, in order to ascertain what is the truth."The reasons of their appointment among the Gentiles were these:

(1) The females were usually separate from the men. They were kept secluded, for the most part, and not permitted to mingle in society with men as is the custom now.

\caps1 (2) i\caps0 t became necessary, therefore, to appoint aged and experienced females to instruct the young, to visit the sick, to provide for them, and to perform for them the services which male deacons performed for the whole church. It is evident, however, that they were confined to these offices, and that they were never regarded as an order of ministers, or suffered "to preach"to congregations; 1Ti 2:12; 1Co 14:34.

Of the church ... - This is the only mention which occurs of a church at that place. It was probably collected by the labors of Paul.

At Cenchrea - This was the "sea-port"of Corinth. Corinth was situated on the middle of the isthmus, and had "two"harbors, or ports: "Cenchrea"on the east, about eight or nine miles from the city; and "Lechaeum"on the west. Cenchrea opened into the AEgean sea, and was the principal port. It was on this "isthmus,"between these two ports, that the "Isthmian"games were celebrated, to which the apostle refers so often in his epistles.

Poole: Rom 16:1 - -- Rom 16:1,2 Paul commendeth Phebe to the Christians at Rome, Rom 16:3-16 and sendeth salutations to many by name. Rom 16:17-20 He warneth them to...

Rom 16:1,2 Paul commendeth Phebe to the Christians at Rome,

Rom 16:3-16 and sendeth salutations to many by name.

Rom 16:17-20 He warneth them to take heed of those who cause

divisions and offences.

Rom 16:21-24 After sundry salutations,

Rom 16:25-27 he concludes with praise to God.

This chapter is in the nature of a postscript. The apostle begins it with the recommendation of a certain woman to them. She went upon some occasion to Rome, and by her (as some have supposed) this Epistle was sent to the church there.

Phebe: the poets called the moon Phoebe, as they did the sun Phoebus. This name is likely to have been imposed by her parents, being Gentiles.

Our sister i.e. in Christ, and by the profession of the same faith: see Jam 2:16 .

Cenchrea a port or haven belonging to Corinth, on the east side towards Asia: there was another on the west side towards Italy, called Lechea. By reason of this double haven, Corinth was called by the poets, Bi maris. Here Paul paid a vow, which he had made, Act 18:18 . Here also he preached and converted many, amongst whom this Phebe (as is probable) was one. When he saith, she was

servant of the church it is not meant she was a deaconness, or one of the college of widows, of whom he speaketh, 1Ti 5:9 . But she served the church, in harbouring and succouring the saints that were driven out of their country; yea, as appears by the next verse, she was a succourer of the ministers of the gospel, and of the apostle himself. We read, Luk 8:3 , of some that ministered unto the Lord of their substance; there the same word is used. And this Phebe seems to have been employed in the same works; she ministered unto Paul as Onesiphorus did, 2Ti 1:18 ; there the same word is used again.

Haydock: Rom 16:1 - -- I commend, &c. He concludes with a number of salutations, to show his affection for them. --- Phœbe, who is in the ministry, or employed in the m...

I commend, &c. He concludes with a number of salutations, to show his affection for them. ---

Phœbe, who is in the ministry, or employed in the ministry, as women, called diaconissæ, used to be, privately instructing catechumens, assisting particularly at the baptizing of women, distributing charities, &c. (Witham)

Gill: Rom 16:1 - -- I commend unto you Phebe our sister,.... This chapter chiefly consists of commendations and salutations of persons, and begins with the former. It was...

I commend unto you Phebe our sister,.... This chapter chiefly consists of commendations and salutations of persons, and begins with the former. It was usual to give letters of commendation of a member of one church to those of another; see 2Co 3:1; The person who is here recommended was, as appears from the subscription of this epistle, if that may be depended on, the bearer of this letter, and is described by her name, Phebe; as she dwelt at Cenchrea, it is probable she was a Grecian, as is her name. Pausanias e makes frequent mention of one of this name in Greece. With the Heathen poets, Pheobus was the sun, and Phoebe the moon. Though it is not unlikely that she might be a Jewess, since there were many of them in those parts; and this was a name in use among them. We often read f of R. Ishmael בן פאבי, "ben Phoebi", which I take to be the same name with this. She is recommended as a sister, "our sister"; not in a natural, but spiritual relation; one that was a member of the church at Cenchrea, and in full communion with it; for as it was usual to call the men brethren, it was common to call the women sisters. Elderly men were called fathers, younger men brethren; elderly women were styled mothers, and younger women sisters, who were partakers of the grace of God, and enjoyed the fellowship of the saints:

which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea. This place was a seaport of the Corinthians, distant from Corinth about seventy furlongs, or eight or nine miles: it was on one side of the Isthmus, as Lechea was on the other g; See Gill on Act 18:18. In the way to this place from the Isthmus, as Pausanias relates h, was the temple of Diana, and a very ancient sculpture; and in Cenchrea itself was the temple of Venus, and a wooden image; and near the flow of the sea was a Neptune of brass. But now, in this place, was a church of Jesus Christ; and since it was so near to Corinth, it shows that churches in those early times were not national, or provincial, but congregational. Of this church Phebe was a servant, or, as the word signifies, a minister or deacon; not that she was a teacher of the word, or preacher of the Gospel, for that was not allowed of by the apostle in the church at Corinth, that a woman should teach; see 1Co 14:34; and therefore would never be admitted at Cenchrea. Rather, as some think, she was a deaconess appointed by the church, to take care of the poor sisters of the church; though as they were usually poor, and ancient women; that were put into that service, and this woman, according to the account of her, being neither poor, nor very ancient; it seems rather, that being a rich and generous woman, she served or ministered to the church by relieving the poor; not out of the church's stock, as deaconesses did, but out of her own substance; and received the ministers of the Gospel, and all strangers, into her house, which was open to all Christians; and so was exceeding serviceable to that church, and to all the saints that came thither: though it is certain that among the ancient Christians there were women servants who were called ministers. Pliny, in an epistle of his to Trajan the emperor, says i, that he had examined two maids, "quae ministrae dicebantur", "who were called ministers", to know the truth of the Christian religion.

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Commentary -- Verse Notes / Footnotes

NET Notes: Rom 16:1 Or “deaconess.” It is debated whether διάκονος (diakonos) here refers to a specific office within ...

Geneva Bible: Rom 16:1 I ( 1 ) commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea: ( 1 ) Having made an end of the whole discussion, h...

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Commentary -- Verse Range Notes

TSK Synopsis: Rom 16:1-27 - --1 Paul wills the brethren to greet many;17 and advises them to take heed of those which cause dissension and offences;21 and after sundry salutations ...

Maclaren: Rom 16:1-2 - --Phoebe I command unto you Phoebe our sister, who is a servant of the Church that is at Cenchrea: 2. That ye receive her in the Lord, worthily of the ...

MHCC: Rom 16:1-16 - --Paul recommends Phebe to the Christians at Rome. It becomes Christians to help one another in their affairs, especially strangers; we know not what he...

Matthew Henry: Rom 16:1-16 - -- Such remembrances as these are usual in letters between friends; and yet Paul, by the savouriness of his expressions, sanctifies these common compli...

Barclay: Rom 16:1-2 - --When a person is applying for a new job, he usually gets a testimonial from someone who knows him well and who can pay tribute to his character and a...

Constable: Rom 15:14--1Co 1:1 - --VII. CONCLUSION 15:14--16:27 The conclusion of the epistle corresponds to its introduction (1:1-17; cf. 15:14 an...

Constable: Rom 16:1-27 - --B. Personal matters ch. 16 This last chapter is very letter-like in its spontaneous arrangement of mater...

Constable: Rom 16:1-2 - --1. A commendation 16:1-2 Phoebe was evidently the woman who carried this epistle from Corinth to...

College: Rom 16:1-27 - --II. PAUL AND HIS FELLOW WORKERS (16:1-23) Some critics have speculated that Rom 16 was not part of the original letter to the Romans. One suggestion ...

McGarvey: Rom 16:1 - --[This chapter is mostly taken up with salutations or greetings sent to individuals, groups of individuals, and to small bodies of people which met sep...

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Introduction / Outline

Robertson: Romans (Book Introduction) The Epistle to the Romans Spring of a.d. 57 By Way of Introduction Integrity of the Epistle The genuineness of the Epistle is so generally adm...

JFB: Romans (Book Introduction) THE GENUINENESS of the Epistle to the Romans has never been questioned. It has the unbroken testimony of all antiquity, up to CLEMENT OF ROME, the apo...

JFB: Romans (Outline) INTRODUCTION. (Rom. 1:1-17) THE JEW UNDER LIKE CONDEMNATION WITH THE GENTILE. (Rom. 2:1-29) JEWISH OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. (Rom 3:1-8) THAT THE JEW IS S...

TSK: Romans (Book Introduction) The Epistle to the Romans is " a writing," says Dr. Macknight, " which, for sublimity and truth of sentiment, for brevity and strength of expression,...

TSK: Romans 16 (Chapter Introduction) Overview Rom 16:1, Paul wills the brethren to greet many; Rom 16:17, and advises them to take heed of those which cause dissension and offences; R...

Poole: Romans 16 (Chapter Introduction) CHAPTER 16

MHCC: Romans (Book Introduction) The scope or design of the apostle in writing to the Romans appears to have been, to answer the unbelieving, and to teach the believing Jew; to confir...

MHCC: Romans 16 (Chapter Introduction) (v. 1-16) The apostle recommends Phebe to the church at Rome, and greets several friends there. (Rom 16:17-20) Cautions the church against such as ma...

Matthew Henry: Romans (Book Introduction) An Exposition, with Practical Observations, of The Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans If we may compare scripture with scripture, and take the opinion ...

Matthew Henry: Romans 16 (Chapter Introduction) Paul is now concluding this long and excellent epistle, and he does it with a great deal of affection. As in the main body of the epistle he appear...

Barclay: Romans (Book Introduction) A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE LETTERS OF PAUL The Letters Of Paul There is no more interesting body of documents in the New Testament than the letter...

Barclay: Romans 16 (Chapter Introduction) A Letter Of Commendation (Rom_16:1-2) A Household Which Was A Church (Rom_16:3-4) To Every Name A Commendation (Rom_16:5-11) Hidden Romances (Rom...

Constable: Romans (Book Introduction) Introduction Historical Background Throughout the history of the church, from postapos...

Constable: Romans (Outline) Outline I. Introduction 1:1-17 A. Salutation 1:1-7 1. The writer 1:1 ...

Constable: Romans Romans Bibliography Alford, Henry. The Greek Testament. 4 vols. New ed. Cambridge: Rivingtons, 1881. ...

Haydock: Romans (Book Introduction) THE EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL, THE APOSTLE, TO THE ROMANS. INTRODUCTION. After the Gospels, which contain the history of Christ, and the Acts of...

Gill: Romans (Book Introduction) INTRODUCTION TO ROMANS Though this epistle is in order placed the first of the epistles, yet it was not first written: there were several epistles ...

Gill: Romans 16 (Chapter Introduction) INTRODUCTION TO ROMANS 16 This chapter contains a recommendation of a single person, herein mentioned; a list of the chief of the saints at Rome, w...

College: Romans (Book Introduction) INTRODUCTION I. ROMANS: ITS INFLUENCE AND IMPORTANCE God's Word is a lamp to our feet and a light for our path (Ps 119:105), and no part of it shine...

College: Romans (Outline) VIII. OUTLINE PROLOGUE - 1:1-17 I. EPISTOLARY GREETING - 1:1-7 A. The Author Introduces Himself - 1:1 1. A Slave of Christ Jesus 2. Call...

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