Text -- Judges 5:13-31 (NET)

5:13 Then the survivors came down to the mighty ones; the Lord’s people came down to me as warriors. 5:14 They came from Ephraim, who uprooted Amalek, they follow after you, Benjamin, with your soldiers. From Makir leaders came down, from Zebulun came the ones who march carrying an officer’s staff. 5:15 Issachar’s leaders were with Deborah, the men of Issachar supported Barak; into the valley they were sent under Barak’s command. Among the clans of Reuben there was intense heart searching. 5:16 Why do you remain among the sheepfolds, listening to the shepherds playing their pipes for their flocks? As for the clans of Reuben– there was intense searching of heart. 5:17 Gilead stayed put beyond the Jordan River. As for Dan– why did he seek temporary employment in the shipyards? Asher remained on the seacoast, he stayed by his harbors. 5:18 The men of Zebulun were not concerned about their lives; Naphtali charged on to the battlefields. 5:19 Kings came, they fought; the kings of Canaan fought, at Taanach by the waters of Megiddo, but they took no silver as plunder. 5:20 From the sky the stars fought, from their paths in the heavens they fought against Sisera. 5:21 The Kishon River carried them off; the river confronted them– the Kishon River. Step on the necks of the strong! 5:22 The horses’ hooves pounded the ground; the stallions galloped madly. 5:23 ‘Call judgment down on Meroz,’ says the Lord’s angelic messenger; ‘Be sure to call judgment down on those who live there, because they did not come to help in the Lord’s battle, to help in the Lord’s battle against the warriors.’ 5:24 The most rewarded of women should be Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite! She should be the most rewarded of women who live in tents. 5:25 He asked for water, and she gave him milk; in a bowl fit for a king, she served him curds. 5:26 Her left hand reached for the tent peg, her right hand for the workmen’s hammer. She “hammered” Sisera, she shattered his skull, she smashed his head, she drove the tent peg through his temple. 5:27 Between her feet he collapsed, he fell limp and was lifeless; between her feet he collapsed and fell limp, in the spot where he collapsed, there he fell limp– violently murdered! 5:28 Through the window she looked; Sisera’s mother cried out through the lattice: ‘Why is his chariot so slow to return? Why are the hoofbeats of his chariot-horses delayed?’ 5:29 The wisest of her ladies answer; indeed she even thinks to herself, 5:30 ‘No doubt they are gathering and dividing the plunder– a girl or two for each man to rape! Sisera is grabbing up colorful cloth, he is grabbing up colorful embroidered cloth, two pieces of colorful embroidered cloth, for the neck of the plunderer!’ 5:31 May all your enemies perish like this, O Lord! But may those who love you shine like the rising sun at its brightest!” And the land had rest for forty years.

Commentary -- Verse Notes / Footnotes

NET Notes: Jdg 5:13

¹ tn This probably refers to those who responded to the call for war. They were “survivors” of the Canaanite oppression (see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 250).

² tn The translation assumes a repointing of the verb as a perfect or imperfect/preterite form of יָרַד (yarad, “to go down”). The form as pointed in the MT appears to be from רָדָה (radah, “to rule”). See GKC 188 §69.g. The same form, translated “came down,” occurs in the next line as well.

³ sn The expression mighty ones probably refers to the leaders of the army.

⁴ sn The speaker may be Deborah here.

⁵ tn The translation assumes the preposition ב (bet) prefixed to “warriors” has the force of “in the capacity of.” For this use of the preposition, see GKC 379 §119.i.

NET Notes: Jdg 5:14

¹ tn Heb “From Ephraim their root in Amalek” (the words “they came” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons). Because of the difficulty of the MT, many prefer to follow one of the ancient versions or emend the text. For various proposals see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 252-53. The present translation repoints שָׁרְשָׁם (shorsham, traditionally translated “their root”) as a Piel verb form with enclitic mem (ם). The preposition ב (bet) on עֲמָלֵק (’amaleq) introduces the object (see Job 31:12 for an example of the construction). Ephraim’s territory encompassed the hill country of the Amalekites (Judg 12:15).

² tn The words “They follow” are supplied in the translation for clarification and for stylistic reasons.

³ tn The word “came” is supplied in the translation for clarification and for stylistic reasons.

⁴ tn Or possibly “who carry.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:15

¹ tn Heb “Issachar.” The words “the men of” are supplied in the translation for clarification.

² tn Or “was true to.”

³ tn Heb “at his feet.”

⁴ tn Heb “great was.”

⁵ tc The great majority of Hebrew mss have “resolves of heart,” but a few mss read “searchings of heart,” which is preferable in light of v. 16.

NET Notes: Jdg 5:16

¹ tn The meaning of the Hebrew word מִשְׁפְּתַיִם (mishpÿtayim) is uncertain. Some understand the word to mean “campfires.”

² tn Or “whistling.”

³ tn Heb “listening to the pipe playing for the flocks.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:17

¹ tn Heb “lived” or “settled down.”

sn Apparently the people of Gilead remained on the other side of the river and did not participate in the battle.

² tn Heb “Dan, why did he live as a resident alien, ships.” The verb גּוּר (gur) usually refers to taking up residence outside one’s native land. Perhaps the Danites, rather than rallying to Barak, were content to move to the Mediterranean coast and work in the shipyards. For further discussion, see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 262.

³ tn Heb “lived.”

⁴ tn Heb “lived” or “settled down.”

⁵ tn The meaning of the Hebrew word מִפְרָץ (mifrats) is uncertain, but the parallelism (note “seacoast”) suggests “harbors.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:18

¹ tn Heb “Zebulun was a people which despised its life even unto death.”

² tn Heb “Naphtali was on the heights of the field.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:19

¹ map For location see Map1 D4; Map2 C1; Map4 C2; Map5 F2; Map7 B1.

² tn The contrastive conjunction “but” is interpretive.

NET Notes: Jdg 5:20

¹ tn Or “from heaven.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heaven(s)” or “sky” depending on the context.

² tn The MT takes “the stars” with what follows rather than with the first colon of v. 20. But for metrical reasons it seems better to move the atnach and read the colon as indicated in the translation.

³ tn The words “in the heavens” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied for clarity and for stylistic reasons.

NET Notes: Jdg 5:21

¹ tn Possibly “the ancient river,” but it seems preferable in light of the parallel line (which has a verb) to emend the word (attested only here) to a verb (קָדַם, qadam) with pronominal object suffix.

² tn This line is traditionally taken as the poet-warrior’s self-exhortation, “March on, my soul, in strength!” The present translation (a) takes the verb (a second feminine singular form) as addressed to Deborah (cf. v. 12), (b) understands נֶפֶשׁ (nefesh) in its well-attested sense of “throat; neck” (cf. Jonah 2:6), (c) takes the final yod (י) on נַפְשִׁי (nafshiy) as an archaic construct indicator (rather than a suffix), and (d) interprets עֹז (’oz, “strength”) as an attributive genitive (literally, “necks of strength,” i.e., “strong necks”). For fuller discussion and various proposals, see B. Lindars, Judges 1-5, 270-71.

NET Notes: Jdg 5:22

¹ tc The MT as it stands has a singular noun, but if one moves the prefixed mem (מ) from the beginning of the next word to the end of סוּס (sus), the expected plural form is achieved. Another possibility is to understand an error of scribal haplography here, in which case the letter mem should appear in both places.

² tn The words “the ground” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for clarification.

³ tn Heb “galloped, galloped.” The repetition is for emphasis and is more appropriately indicated in English with an adverb.

NET Notes: Jdg 5:23

¹ tn Heb “Curse Meroz.”

² tn The adjective “angelic” is interpretive.

³ tn Heb “Curse, cursing.” The Hebrew construction is emphatic.

⁴ tn Heb “[to] curse.”

⁵ tn Heb “to the help of the Lord” (the same Hebrew phrase occurs in the following line). Another option is to read “to aid the Lord’s cause.”

⁶ tn Or “along with the other warriors.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:24

¹ tn Or “blessed.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:25

¹ tn Or “for mighty ones.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:26

¹ tn The adjective “left” is interpretive, based on the context. Note that the next line pictures Jael holding the hammer with her right hand.

² tn The verb used here is from the same root as the noun “hammer” in the preceding line.

³ tn Or “head.”

⁴ tn The phrase “his head” (an implied direct object) is supplied in the translation for clarification.

⁵ tn Heb “she pierced his temple.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:27

¹ tn Heb “he fell.” The same Hebrew expression occurs two more times in this verse.

² tn Heb “and he lay.

³ tn Or “dead, murdered.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:28

¹ tn Heb “chariots.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:29

¹ tn Or “princesses.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:30

¹ tn Heb “Are they not finding, dividing the plunder?”

² tn Heb “a womb or two for each man.” The words “to rape” are interpretive. The Hebrew noun translated “girl” means literally “womb” (BDB 933 s.v. I. רַחַם), but in this context may refer by extension to the female genitalia. In this case the obscene language of Sisera’s mother alludes to the sexual brutality which typified the aftermath of battle.

³ tn Heb “the plunder of dyed cloth is for Sisera.”

⁴ tn Heb “the plunder of embroidered cloth.”

⁵ tn The translation assumes an emendation of the noun (“plunder”) to a participle, “plunderer.”

NET Notes: Jdg 5:31

¹ tn Heb “But may those who love him be like the going forth of the sun in its strength.”