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Text -- Jeremiah 31:1-38 (NET)

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Context
31:1 At that time I will be the God of all the clans of Israel and they will be my people. I, the Lord, affirm it!”
Israel Will Be Restored and Join Judah in Worship
31:2 The Lord says, “The people of Israel who survived death at the hands of the enemy will find favor in the wilderness as they journey to find rest for themselves. 31:3 In a far-off land the Lord will manifest himself to them. He will say to them, ‘I have loved you with an everlasting love. That is why I have continued to be faithful to you. 31:4 I will rebuild you, my dear children Israel, so that you will once again be built up. Once again you will take up the tambourine and join in the happy throng of dancers. 31:5 Once again you will plant vineyards on the hills of Samaria. Those who plant them will once again enjoy their fruit. 31:6 Yes, a time is coming when watchmen will call out on the mountains of Ephraim, “Come! Let us go to Zion to worship the Lord our God!”’” 31:7 Moreover, the Lord says, “Sing for joy for the descendants of Jacob. Utter glad shouts for that foremost of the nations. Make your praises heard. Then say, ‘Lord, rescue your people. Deliver those of Israel who remain alive.’ 31:8 Then I will reply, ‘I will bring them back from the land of the north. I will gather them in from the distant parts of the earth. Blind and lame people will come with them, so will pregnant women and women about to give birth. A vast throng of people will come back here. 31:9 They will come back shedding tears of contrition. I will bring them back praying prayers of repentance. I will lead them besides streams of water, along smooth paths where they will never stumble. I will do this because I am Israel’s father; Ephraim is my firstborn son.’” 31:10 Hear what the Lord has to say, O nations. Proclaim it in the faraway lands along the sea. Say, “The one who scattered Israel will regather them. He will watch over his people like a shepherd watches over his flock.” 31:11 For the Lord will rescue the descendants of Jacob. He will secure their release from those who had overpowered them. 31:12 They will come and shout for joy on Mount Zion. They will be radiant with joy over the good things the Lord provides, the grain, the fresh wine, the olive oil, the young sheep and calves he has given to them. They will be like a well-watered garden and will not grow faint or weary any more. 31:13 The Lord says, “At that time young women will dance and be glad. Young men and old men will rejoice. I will turn their grief into gladness. I will give them comfort and joy in place of their sorrow. 31:14 I will provide the priests with abundant provisions. My people will be filled to the full with the good things I provide.” 31:15 The Lord says, “A sound is heard in Ramah, a sound of crying in bitter grief. It is the sound of Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because her children are gone.” 31:16 The Lord says to her, “Stop crying! Do not shed any more tears! For your heartfelt repentance will be rewarded. Your children will return from the land of the enemy. I, the Lord, affirm it! 31:17 Indeed, there is hope for your posterity. Your children will return to their own territory. I, the Lord, affirm it! 31:18 I have indeed heard the people of Israel say mournfully, ‘We were like a calf untrained to the yoke. You disciplined us and we learned from it. Let us come back to you and we will do so, for you are the Lord our God. 31:19 For after we turned away from you we repented. After we came to our senses we beat our breasts in sorrow. We are ashamed and humiliated because of the disgraceful things we did previously.’ 31:20 Indeed, the people of Israel are my dear children. They are the children I take delight in. For even though I must often rebuke them, I still remember them with fondness. So I am deeply moved with pity for them and will surely have compassion on them. I, the Lord, affirm it! 31:21 I will say, ‘My dear children of Israel, keep in mind the road you took when you were carried off. Mark off in your minds the landmarks. Make a mental note of telltale signs marking the way back. Return, my dear children of Israel. Return to these cities of yours. 31:22 How long will you vacillate, you who were once like an unfaithful daughter? For I, the Lord, promise to bring about something new on the earth, something as unique as a woman protecting a man!’”
Judah Will Be Restored
31:23 The Lord God of Israel who rules over all says, “I will restore the people of Judah to their land and to their towns. When I do, they will again say of Jerusalem, ‘May the Lord bless you, you holy mountain, the place where righteousness dwells.’ 31:24 The land of Judah will be inhabited by people who live in its towns as well as by farmers and shepherds with their flocks. 31:25 I will fully satisfy the needs of those who are weary and fully refresh the souls of those who are faint. 31:26 Then they will say, ‘Under these conditions I can enjoy sweet sleep when I wake up and look around.’”
Israel and Judah Will Be Repopulated
31:27 “Indeed, a time is coming,” says the Lord, “when I will cause people and animals to sprout up in the lands of Israel and Judah. 31:28 In the past I saw to it that they were uprooted and torn down, that they were destroyed and demolished. But now I will see to it that they are built up and firmly planted. I, the Lord, affirm it!”
The Lord Will Make a New Covenant with Israel and Judah
31:29 “When that time comes, people will no longer say, ‘The parents have eaten sour grapes, but the children’s teeth have grown numb.’ 31:30 Rather, each person will die for his own sins. The teeth of the person who eats the sour grapes will themselves grow numb. 31:31 “Indeed, a time is coming,” says the Lord, “when I will make a new covenant with the people of Israel and Judah. 31:32 It will not be like the old covenant that I made with their ancestors when I delivered them from Egypt. For they violated that covenant, even though I was like a faithful husband to them,” says the Lord. 31:33 “But I will make a new covenant with the whole nation of Israel after I plant them back in the land,” says the Lord. “I will put my law within them and write it on their hearts and minds. I will be their God and they will be my people. 31:34 “People will no longer need to teach their neighbors and relatives to know me. For all of them, from the least important to the most important, will know me,” says the Lord. “For I will forgive their sin and will no longer call to mind the wrong they have done.”
The Lord Guarantees Israel’s Continuance
31:35 The Lord has made a promise to Israel. He promises it as the one who fixed the sun to give light by day and the moon and stars to give light by night. He promises it as the one who stirs up the sea so that its waves roll. He promises it as the one who is known as the Lord who rules over all. 31:36 The Lord affirms, “The descendants of Israel will not cease forever to be a nation in my sight. That could only happen if the fixed ordering of the heavenly lights were to cease to operate before me.” 31:37 The Lord says, “I will not reject all the descendants of Israel because of all that they have done. That could only happen if the heavens above could be measured or the foundations of the earth below could all be explored,” says the Lord.
Jerusalem Will Be Enlarged
31:38 “Indeed a time is coming,” says the Lord, “when the city of Jerusalem will be rebuilt as my special city. It will be built from the Tower of Hananel westward to the Corner Gate.
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Names, People and Places, Dictionary Themes and Topics

Names, People and Places:
 · Corner Gate a named gate of Jerusalem
 · Egypt descendants of Mizraim
 · Ephraim the tribe of Ephraim as a whole,the northern kingdom of Israel
 · Hananel a tower on the wall of Jerusalem
 · Israel a citizen of Israel.,a member of the nation of Israel
 · Jacob the second so of a pair of twins born to Isaac and Rebeccaa; ancestor of the 12 tribes of Israel,the nation of Israel,a person, male,son of Isaac; Israel the man and nation
 · Judah the son of Jacob and Leah; founder of the tribe of Judah,a tribe, the land/country,a son of Joseph; the father of Simeon; an ancestor of Jesus,son of Jacob/Israel and Leah; founder of the tribe of Judah,the tribe of Judah,citizens of the southern kingdom of Judah,citizens of the Persian Province of Judah; the Jews who had returned from Babylonian exile,"house of Judah", a phrase which highlights the political leadership of the tribe of Judah,"king of Judah", a phrase which relates to the southern kingdom of Judah,"kings of Judah", a phrase relating to the southern kingdom of Judah,"princes of Judah", a phrase relating to the kingdom of Judah,the territory allocated to the tribe of Judah, and also the extended territory of the southern kingdom of Judah,the Province of Judah under Persian rule,"hill country of Judah", the relatively cool and green central highlands of the territory of Judah,"the cities of Judah",the language of the Jews; Hebrew,head of a family of Levites who returned from Exile,a Levite who put away his heathen wife,a man who was second in command of Jerusalem; son of Hassenuah of Benjamin,a Levite in charge of the songs of thanksgiving in Nehemiah's time,a leader who helped dedicate Nehemiah's wall,a Levite musician who helped Zechariah of Asaph dedicate Nehemiah's wall
 · Rachel a daughter of Laban; wife of Jacob; mother of Joseph and Benjamin,Jacob's favorite wife
 · Ramah a town 8 km north of Jerusalem,a town of Simeon,a town of Benjamin 9 km north of Jerusalem and 8 km south of Bethel (OS),a town on the border of Asher (OS),a town of Ephraim 10 km SE of Aphek, and 25 km east of Joppa,a town in Gilead 50-60 km east of Beth-Shan
 · Samaria residents of the district of Samaria
 · Zion one of the hills on which Jerusalem was built; the temple area; the city of Jerusalem; God's people,a town and citidel; an ancient part of Jerusalem


Dictionary Themes and Topics: JEREMIAH (2) | Ephraim | God | Church | EZEKIEL, 1 | Regeneration | SALVATION | Covenant | PHILOSOPHY | Sin | Righteous | Quotations and Allusions | Prophecy | Joy | ZECHARIAH, BOOK OF | Afflictions and Adversities | COVENANT, THE NEW | COMMANDMENT, THE NEW | Gospel | PROMISE | more
Table of Contents

Verse Notes / Footnotes
NET Notes

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Commentary -- Verse Notes / Footnotes

NET Notes: Jer 31:1 Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”

NET Notes: Jer 31:2 This refers to the remnant of northern Israel who had not been killed when Assyria conquered Israel in 722 b.c. or who had not died in exile. Referenc...

NET Notes: Jer 31:3 Or “The people of Israel who survived the onslaughts of Egypt and Amalek found favor in the wilderness as they journeyed to find rest. At that t...

NET Notes: Jer 31:4 Contrast Jer 7:34 and 25:10.

NET Notes: Jer 31:5 The terms used here refer to the enjoyment of a period of peace and stability and the reversal of the curse (contrast, e.g., Deut 28:30). The Hebrew w...

NET Notes: Jer 31:6 Not only will Israel and Judah be reunited under one ruler (cf. 23:5-6), but they will share a unified place and practice of worship once again in con...

NET Notes: Jer 31:7 Or “The Lord will rescue his people. He will deliver those of Israel who remain alive.” The translation used in the text follows the Hebre...

NET Notes: Jer 31:8 The words “And I will reply” are not in the text but the words vv. 8-9 appear to be the answer to the petition at the end of v. 7. These w...

NET Notes: Jer 31:9 Ephraim was the second son of Joseph who was elevated to a place of prominence in the family of Jacob by the patriarch’s special blessing. It wa...

NET Notes: Jer 31:11 Heb “from the hand/power of the one too strong for him.”

NET Notes: Jer 31:12 Reading a Qal perfect from the root II נָהַר (nahar; so KBL 509 s.v. and HALOT 639 s.v.) rather than I נָ...

NET Notes: Jer 31:13 The translation follows the reading of the LXX (Greek version). The Hebrew reads “will dance and be glad, young men and old men together.”...

NET Notes: Jer 31:14 Heb “I will satiate the priests with fat.” However, the word translated “fat” refers literally to the fat ashes of the sacrifi...

NET Notes: Jer 31:15 Or “gone into exile” (cf. v. 16), though some English versions take this as meaning “dead” (e.g., NCV, CEV, NLT), presumably i...

NET Notes: Jer 31:16 Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”

NET Notes: Jer 31:17 Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”

NET Notes: Jer 31:18 There is a wordplay on several different nuances of the same Hebrew verb in vv. 16-19. The Hebrew verb shub refers both to their turning away from God...

NET Notes: Jer 31:19 The expression the disgraceful things we did in our earlier history refers to the disgrace that accompanied the sins that Israel did in her earlier ye...

NET Notes: Jer 31:20 Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”

NET Notes: Jer 31:21 Heb “Set your mind to the highway, the way which you went.” The phrase “the way you went” has been translated “the road ...

NET Notes: Jer 31:22 The meaning of this last line is uncertain. The translation has taken it as proverbial for something new and unique. For a fairly complete discussion ...

NET Notes: Jer 31:23 The blessing pronounced on the city of Zion/Jerusalem by the restored exiles looks at the restoration of its once exalted state as the city known for ...

NET Notes: Jer 31:24 The translation “those who move about with their flocks” is based on an emendation of the Hebrew text which reads a third plural Qal perfe...

NET Notes: Jer 31:25 For the concept here compare Jer 31:12 where the promise was applied to northern Israel. This represents the reversal of the conditions that would cha...

NET Notes: Jer 31:26 Or “When I, Jeremiah, heard this, I woke up and looked around. My sleep had been very pleasant.” The text is somewhat enigmatic. It has of...

NET Notes: Jer 31:27 The metaphor used here presupposes that drawn in Hos 2:23 (2:25 HT) which is in turn based on the wordplay with Jezreel (meaning “God sows”...

NET Notes: Jer 31:28 Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”

NET Notes: Jer 31:29 This is a proverbial statement that is also found in Ezek 18:2. It served to articulate the complaint that the present generation was suffering for th...

NET Notes: Jer 31:30 The Lord answers their charge by stating that each person is responsible for his own sin and will himself bear the consequences. Ezek 18 has a more ex...

NET Notes: Jer 31:31 Heb “the house of Israel and the house of Judah.”

NET Notes: Jer 31:32 Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”

NET Notes: Jer 31:33 Compare Jer 24:7; 30:22; 31:1 and see the study note on 30:2.

NET Notes: Jer 31:34 The Hebrew particle כִּי (ki) that introduces this clause refers to more than just the preceding clause (i.e., that all will k...

NET Notes: Jer 31:35 Heb “Yahweh of armies.” See the study note on 2:19 for this title. In the Hebrew text the verse reads: “Thus says the Lord who provi...

NET Notes: Jer 31:36 Heb “‘If these fixed orderings were to fail to be present before me,’ oracle of the Lord, ‘then the seed of Israel could cease...

NET Notes: Jer 31:37 Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”

NET Notes: Jer 31:38 The Tower of Hananel is referred to in Neh 3:1; 12:39; Zech 14:10. According to the directions given in Neh 3 it was in the northern wall, perhaps in ...

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