Text -- Nehemiah 3:1-7 (NET)

The Names of the Builders

3:1 Then Eliashib the high priest and his priestly colleagues arose and built the Sheep Gate. They dedicated it and erected its doors, working as far as the Tower of the Hundred and the Tower of Hananel. 3:2 The men of Jericho built adjacent to it, and Zaccur son of Imri built adjacent to them. 3:3 The sons of Hassenaah rebuilt the Fish Gate. They laid its beams and positioned its doors, its bolts, and its bars. 3:4 Meremoth son of Uriah, the son of Hakoz, worked on the section adjacent to them. Meshullam son of Berechiah the son of Meshezabel worked on the section next to them. And Zadok son of Baana worked on the section adjacent to them. 3:5 The men of Tekoa worked on the section adjacent to them, but their town leaders would not assist with the work of their master. 3:6 Joiada son of Paseah and Meshullam son of Besodeiah worked on the Jeshanah Gate. They laid its beams and positioned its doors, its bolts, and its bars. 3:7 Adjacent to them worked Melatiah the Gibeonite and Jadon the Meronothite, who were men of Gibeon and Mizpah. These towns were under the jurisdiction of the governor of Trans-Euphrates.

Commentary -- Word/Phrase Notes (per phrase)

Wesley: Neh 3:1

Grand - child of Joshua, the first high-priest after their return from Babylon.

Wesley: Neh 3:1

Began the work. Ministers should be foremost in every good work, animating others by their example as well as doctrine.

Wesley: Neh 3:1

gate - Which was next to the temple; so called, because the sheep were brought thro' it to be sacrificed.

Wesley: Neh 3:1

Or, they prepared or repaired it: for so the word sometimes signifies. But our translation seems best, both because that use of the word is most common, and because this is spoken only of this gate, which being built by the priests, and nighest to the temple, and with a special eye to the service of the temple, for which both men and things were most commonly brought in this way, and being also the first part of the building, might be in a peculiar manner sanctified by solemn prayer and sacrifice, whereby it was dedicated to God's service.

Wesley: Neh 3:5

Did not submit to it, would not further it, either through sloth or covetousness, or secret compliance with the enemies of the Jews.

Wesley: Neh 3:5

Of God, whom they owned for their Lord, whose work this was, because it had proceeded thus far by his singular providence: and because it was done for the defence of the city, and people, and temple of God. And therefore they are branded to all posterity. Let not nobles think any thing beneath them, by which they may benefit their country. What is their nobility good for, but that it places them in an higher and larger sphere of usefulness?

Wesley: Neh 3:7

Unto the place where the governor of the country on this side Euphrates, under the Persian kings, sometimes had a palace or throne.

JFB: Neh 3:1

The grandson of Jeshua, and the first high priest after the return from Babylon.

JFB: Neh 3:1

That is, set an example by commencing the work, their labors being confined to the sacred localities.

JFB: Neh 3:1

Close to the temple. Its name arose either from the sheep market, or from the pool of Bethesda, which was there (Joh 5:2). There the sheep were washed and then taken to the temple for sacrifice.

JFB: Neh 3:1

Being the common entrance into the temple, and the first part of the building repaired, it is probable that some religious ceremonies were observed in gratitude for its completion. "It was the first-fruits, and therefore, in the sanctification of it, the whole lump and building was sanctified" [POOLE].

JFB: Neh 3:1

This word is improperly considered, in our version, as the name of a tower; it is the Hebrew word for "a hundred," so that the meaning is: they not only rebuilt the sheep gate, but also a hundred cubits of the wall, which extended as far as the tower of Hananeel.

JFB: Neh 3:2

The wall was divided into portions, one of which was assigned respectively to each of the great families which had returned from the captivity. This distribution, by which the building was carried on in all parts simultaneously with great energy, was eminently favorable to despatch. "The villages where the restorers resided being mostly mentioned, it will be seen that this circumstance affords a general indication of the part of the wall upon which they labored, such places being on that side of the city nearest their place of abode; the only apparent exception being, perhaps, where they repaired more than their piece. Having completed their first undertaking (if they worked any more), there being no more work to be done on the side next their residence, or having arrived after the repairs on that part of the city nearest them under operation were completed, they would go wherever their services would be required" [BARCLAY, City of the Great King].

Clarke: Neh 3:1

Eliashib the high priest - It was right that the priests should be first in this holy work; and perhaps the sheep gate which is mentioned here is that by which the offerings or sacrifices were brought into the temple

Clarke: Neh 3:1

They sanctified it - As they began with the sacred offering as soon as they got an altar built, it was proper that the gate by which these sacrifices entered should be consecrated for this purpose, i. e., set apart, so that it should be for this use only.

Clarke: Neh 3:3

The fish gate - We really know scarcely any thing about these gates - what they were, why called by these names, or in what part of the wall situated. All plans of Jerusalem, its temple, walls, and gates, are mere works of conjecture; and yet how learnedly have some men written on all these subjects!

Clarke: Neh 3:7

The throne of the governor - His house, and the place where he dispensed justice and judgment. Previously to the days of Nehemiah, Jerusalem was governed by a deputy from the Persian king; (see Neh 5:15); but after this time they were governed by governors and judges chosen from among themselves.

TSK: Neh 3:1

Eliashib : Neh 12:10, Neh 13:28

the sheep gate : This gate is supposed to have immediately communicated with the temple, and to have been called the sheep gate, because the sheep intended for sacrifice passed through it. But, after all which learned men have written on this subject, which is but of little interest, we scarcely know anything about these gatescaps1 . wcaps0 hat they were, why called by these names, or in what part of the wall they were situated, beyond what may be learned from the parallel passages. Neh 12:39; Joh 5:2

sanctified it : Neh 12:30; Deu 20:5; Psa 30:1 *title Pro 3:6, Pro 3:9

the tower : Neh 12:39; Jer 31:38; Zec 14:10

TSK: Neh 3:2

next unto him : Heb. at his hand

the men : Neh 7:36; Ezr 2:34

Zaccur : Neh 10:12

TSK: Neh 3:3

the fish gate : Neh 12:39; 2Ch 33:14; Zep 1:10

the beams : Neh 3:6, Neh 2:8

the doors : Neh 6:1, Neh 7:1

TSK: Neh 3:4

Meremoth : Neh 3:21, Neh 10:15

Urijah : Ezr 8:33, Uriah

Meshullam : Neh 10:7

TSK: Neh 3:5

the Tekoites : Neh 3:27; 2Sa 14:2; Amo 1:1

their nobles : Jdg 5:23; Jer 5:4, Jer 5:5; 1Co 1:26; 1Ti 6:17, 1Ti 6:18

put not : Jer 27:2, Jer 27:8, Jer 27:12, Jer 30:8, Jer 30:9; Mat 11:29; Act 15:10

TSK: Neh 3:6

Neh 12:39

TSK: Neh 3:7

the Gibeonite : Josh. 9:3-27; 2Sa 21:2

Mizpah : Neh 3:19; 2Ch 16:6

the throne : That is, probably, the palace of the Persian governor, west of the Euphrates; the term throne being used to signify any royal abodecaps1 . fcaps0 or Sir J. Chardin, describing a splendid tent erected by the king of Persia, says ""that there was an inscription wrought upon the cornice of the anti-chamber, which gave it the appellation of the throne of the second Solomon.""Sitting upon a throne has, however, sometimes been granted to governors. Neh 2:8

Commentary -- Word/Phrase Notes (per Verse)

Barnes: Neh 3:1

Eliashib (compare the marginal reference) was the grandson of Joshua, the high priest contemporary with Zerubbabel.

The sheep gate - This was a gate in the eastern wall, not far from the pool of Bethesda, marginal reference, which was perhaps originally a sheep-pool.

The exact line which the writer follows in describing the circuit of the wall will probably be always a matter of dispute. According to the view here taken, the line described commences near the pool of Bethesda, on the east of the city, and is traced thence, first, northward, then westward, then southward, and finally eastward, as far as the pool of Siloam Neh 3:15. From this point, it seems to the writer of this note that the line of the outer wall is not followed, but, instead of this, the inner wall of the "city of David,"which included the temple, is traced. This wall is followed northward from the pool of Siloam, past the "sepulchres of David"and Hezekiah’ s pool to the "armoury"Neh 3:19 at its northwest corner; it is then followed eastward to "the tower which lieth out from the king’ s house"Neh 3:25; from this it is carried southward, along the western edge of the Kidron valley to the "great tower which lieth out"Neh 3:27, and then southwestward to the point at which it commenced near Siloam Neh 3:27. The special wall of the "city of David"being thus completed, the writer finishes his entire account by filling up the small interval between the northeast angle of this fortification and the "sheep-gate"Neh 3:28-32, from which he started.

They sanctified it - The priests commenced the work with a formal ceremony of consecration. When the work was completed, there was a solemn dedication of the entire circuit (see Neh. 12:27-43).

The tower of Hananeel is often mentioned; that of Meah, or rather Hammeah, or "the Hundred,"in Nehemiah only. Both towers must have been situated toward the northeastern corner of the city.

Barnes: Neh 3:2

The people of each provincial town were set to work for the most part on the portion of the wall nearest their city. Thus, "the men of Jericho,"were employed at the northeast corner of Jerusalem.

Barnes: Neh 3:3

The fish gate - The gate through which fish from the Jordan and the Sea of Galilee entered Jerusalem; a gate in the north wall, a little to the east of the modern Damascus gate.

Locks - The word used (here and in Neh 3:6, Neh 3:13-15) is thought to mean rather a "cross-bar"than a lock, while that translated "bars"is regarded as denoting the "hooks"or "catches"which held the cross-bar at its two ends.

Barnes: Neh 3:5

Tekoites - See 2Sa 14:2 note.

Barnes: Neh 3:6

The old gate - Either the modern Damascus gate, the main entrance to the city on the north side; or a gate a little further eastward.

Barnes: Neh 3:7

Unto the throne ... - The meaning is thought to be "the men of Gibeon and Mizpah, who, though they worked for Nehemiah, were not under his government, but belonged to the jurisdiction of the governor on this side the river."

Poole: Neh 3:1

Eliashib the high priest grandchild of Joshua, the first high priest after their return from Babylon.

Rose up began the work.

They builded the sheep-gate which was next to the temple; so called, either from the sheep-market, or the sheep-pool of Bethesda, Joh 5:2 , where the sheep were washed, and then brought to the temple to be sacrificed.

They sanctified it or, they prepared or repaired it ; for so the word sometimes signifies. But our translation seems best, both because that use of the word is most common, and because this is spoken only of this gate, which being built by the priests, and nighest to the temple, and with a special eye to the service of the temple, for which both men and things were most commonly brought in this way, and being also the first part of the building, might be in a peculiar manner sanctified by solemn prayer and sacrifice, whereby it was dedicated to God’ s service; and this either as it was considered in itself, or with respect to the rest of the building, of which this was the beginning, and in a manner the first-fruits, and therefore in the sanctification of it the whole lump and building was sanctified. And seeing the whole city is oft called the holy city , it is not strange if the walls and gates of it be also holy, and said to be sanctified , and especially this gate. Compare Deu 20:5 .

The tower of Meah or, of a hundred ; so called, either because it was a hundred cubits high, or so far distant from the sheep-gate.

Poole: Neh 3:2

The men of Jericho the posterity of the ancient inhabitants of Jericho. See Ezr 2:34 .

Poole: Neh 3:3

The fish-gate of which mention is made 2Ch 33:14 Neh 12:39 Zep 1:10 ; so called, either from the fish-market, which was near it; or because the fish was brought in by it from the sea, Neh 13:16 ; this gate being north-westward from Jerusalem.

The locks thereof, and the bars thereof: this is either here related by anticipation, the whole work being here mentioned together, though this part was not done till afterwards, Neh 6:1 7:1 ; or this was done to some of the gates, but not to all; and therefore this is said to be done more completely and universally afterwards.

Poole: Neh 3:4

Repaired to wit, the demolished or decayed wall, there being no gate in this part. And so in the rest which follow.

Poole: Neh 3:5

i.e. Did not submit to it, would not further it, either through pride, or sloth and carelessness, or covetousness, or secret compliance with the enemies of the Jews.

To the work of their Lord either,

1. Of Nehemiah, who was their lord and governor, and had given a general command for the carrying on of this work. Or,

2. Of God, whom they owned for their Lord, whose work this was, partly because it had proceeded thus far by God’ s singular providence and blessing; and partly because it was done for the defence of the city, and people, and temple of God. And therefore they are branded to all posterity for the neglect of so great and pious a work.

Poole: Neh 3:7

i.e. Unto the place where the governor of the country on this side the river Euphrates, for and under the Persian kings, sometimes had a palace or throne, to which all persons living in the adjacent parts were to resort for judgment.

Haydock: Neh 3:1

Mount Sion. (Menochius) ---

Hebrew and Septuagint, "earnestly repaired;" (Haydock) being indignant at the negligence of his neighbour, or undertaking his work with zeal. (Calmet)

Haydock: Neh 3:1

Priest, the third since the captivity, son (Calmet) or brother of Joachim. (Lyranus) ---

Flock-gate, near which was probably the miraculous pool, John v. 2. But the situation of these gates is not ascertained. ---

Sanctified it, beginning the work (Calmet) with some religious ceremonies. (Junius) ---

It was designed to protect God's temple; and therefore, when finished, they dedicated it (Worthington) with solemnity, as they did all the walls, chap. xii. 27. The like custom is observed on laying the foundation-stone of our temples. (Haydock) Sanctified may also mean, cleared away the rubbish. (Vatable) (Tirinus) ---

Hundred. Hebrew Mea. ---

Cubits is not in the original, Septuagint or Syriac, (Calmet) though it seems to be understood. The ancient Jerusalem had twelve principal gates, four east, north, and west. There were none on the south, where Mount Sion lay. (Tirinus) ---

The priests and others undertook this work, considering their eternal as well as their temporal inheritance. (Du Hamel)

Haydock: Neh 3:6

Old gate, or of the judges, who there assembled. (Lyranus)

Haydock: Neh 3:7

For the. Hebrew, "for (Calmet; or) unto the throne of the governor on this side of the river." (Protestants) (Haydock) ---

These people worked near the palace, which had been built for the Persian governor, who came to administer justice, till the time of Esdras, chap. v. 15., and 1 Esdras vii. 25. Perhaps the governor of Syria had (Haydock) assisted the Jews, unless Nehemias himself be meant. (Menochius)

Gill: Neh 3:1

Then Eliashib the high priest rose up with his brethren the priests,.... This was the grandson of Jeshua or Joshua the high priest, his father's name was Joiakim, Neh 12:10, being high priest, and rising first, he set a good example both to the priests and to the people, and served no doubt greatly to animate and encourage them:

and they built the sheep gate; so called, because the sheep were led through it to the temple, and near it was the sheep market, where they were sold, and the sheep pool, where the sacrifices were washed; and this being near the temple, and for the service of it, the priests undertook that; not that they laboured with their hands at it, though it is possible some of them might; but they were at the expense of it, employed labourers, and paid them, and directed them, and had the oversight of them: this gate was to the south of the city; and Rauwolff ^u says, it was still standing by Moriah, the mountain of the temple, which the Turks have taken to themselves, and built on it a Turkish mosque or temple. Near the gate you see still, he says, the sheep pond, which is large and deep, wherein the Nethinims used to wash the beasts, and then gave them to the priests; it is said ^w to lead to the mount of Olives, to Bethany, to Jericho, the desert, and all the east country to Jordan:

they sanctified it; this being for sacred use, and they sacred persons; and this the first part of the building, they prayed for a blessing on it, and in it on the whole work undertaken, of which this was the firstfruits:

and set up the doors of it; and so finished it:

even unto the tower of Meah they sanctified it, unto the tower of Hananeel; so far they built, and what they built they sanctified. The tower of Meah, or a "hundred", as the word signifies, might be so called, either because it was one hundred cubits from the sheep gate on one side, and as many from the tower of Hananeel on the other side, standing between both; or because it was one hundred cubits high: these two towers, perhaps, were firm and strong, and needed no repair, since no mention is made of any; though they seem to me to be one and the same tower; see Jer 31:38.

Gill: Neh 3:2

And next unto him builded the men of Jericho,.... The posterity of those that formerly inhabited that city; these began where Eliashib and the priests ended, and went on from thence:

and next to them; or rather "to him", the high priest:

builded Zaccur the son of Imri; who probably was the chief of the men of Jericho.

Gill: Neh 3:3

But the fish gate did the sons of Hassenaah build,.... So called, because fish was brought from the sea coasts through it, and near it was the fish market; this also was southward, according to Dr. Lightfoot ^x; others say northward; some say it led to the sea of Galilee, Jordan, and all the east and north country: but it is most likely to be westward towards the Mediterranean sea, Tyre, and Joppa, from whence fish were brought; and Rauwolff says ^y it is still standing towards the west, behind Mount Sion, and over against Mount Gihon, see 2Ch 33:14 he also says, this gate was called the gate of Hebron, because the road of Hebron went through it, which is about seven or eight hours' walking distant from it:

who also laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof; completely finished it.

Gill: Neh 3:4

And next unto them repaired Meremoth, the son of Uriah, the son of Koz,.... And the men under him; see Ezr 8:33, this part of the wall on which they worked was not wholly demolished, only weakened, and therefore did not rebuild it, but repaired and strengthened it, and this phrase is used all along afterwards:

and next unto them repaired Meshullam, the sort of Berechiah, the son of Meshezabeel: and next unto them repaired Zadok, the son of Baana; but who they were cannot be said.

Gill: Neh 3:5

And next unto them the Tekoites repaired,.... The inhabitants of Tekoa, a city in the tribe of Judah; see Amo 1:1

but their nobles put not their necks to the work of their Lord; either of Nehemiah, as some, or rather of the lord and prince appointed over their families, as Aben Ezra, to whom they would not be subject; though it seems best, with Jarchi, to understand it of the Lord their God, by whose command this work was begun; but they refused to give any assistance to it with their purses or presence, but withdrew from it, as refractory oxen withdraw their necks from the yoke. This is observed to their disgrace, when the common people of their city were ready to work, and did.

Gill: Neh 3:6

Moreover, the old gate repaired Jehoiada, the son of Paseah, and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah,.... Which some think was so called because it led to the old city Salem. Dr. Lightfoot ^a thinks it is the same with the second or third gate, Zep 1:10. According to Vatablus, it was the gate of the old pool, Isa 22:11, or rather, perhaps, it was the gate of the old wall Josephus speaks of ^b; it led to the north of the land:

they laid the beams thereof; as in Neh 3:3.

Gill: Neh 3:7

And next unto them repaired Melatiah the Gibeonite, and Jadon the Meronothite, the men of Gibeon and Mizpah,.... Which places were both in the tribe of Benjamin, Jos 18:25 and one of these men was of the one place, and the other of the other:

unto the throne of the governor on this side the river; where the governor of those parts under the king of Persia had his seat, and now Nehemiah; but, according to Aben Ezra, Cisse, rendered "throne", is the name of a man who was the governor.

Commentary -- Verse Notes / Footnotes

NET Notes: Neh 3:1

¹ tn Heb “his brothers the priests.”

² tn Or “consecrated” (so NASB, NRSV); KJV, ASV “sanctified”; NCV “gave it to the Lord’s service.”

³ tc The MT adds קִדְּשׁוּהוּ (qidshuhu, “they sanctified it”). This term is repeated from the first part of the verse, probably as an intentional scribal addition to harmonize this statement with the preceding parallel statement.

⁴ tc The translation reads וְעַד (vÿ’ad, “and unto”) rather than the MT reading עַד (ad, “unto”). The original vav (ו) was probably dropped accidentally due to haplography with the final vav on the immediately preceding word in the MT.

NET Notes: Neh 3:2

¹ map For the location of Jericho see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.

² tn Heb “it.”

NET Notes: Neh 3:5

¹ tn Heb “their nobles.”

² tn Heb “bring their neck.”

³ tn The plural form אֲדֹנֵיהֶם (’adonehem, “lords”) is probably a plural of majesty referring to Nehemiah (e.g., Isa 19:4; see GKC 399 §124.i). However, some English versions take the plural to refer to the “supervisors” (NIV, NCV, TEV) and others to “their Lord” (KJV, NRSV).

NET Notes: Neh 3:6

¹ tn Or “the Old Gate” (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, NCV, NRSV, NLT).

NET Notes: Neh 3:7

¹ tn Heb “to the seat.”

Geneva Bible: Neh 3:1

Then Eliashib the high priest rose up with his brethren the priests, and they builded the sheep gate; they ^{( a )} sanctified it, and set up the doors of it; even unto the tower of Meah they sanctified it, unto the tower of Hananeel.

^{( a )} In Hebrew they sanctified it, that is, they finished it, and so dedicated it to the Lord by prayer, in desiring him to maintain it.

Geneva Bible: Neh 3:5

And next unto them the Tekoites repaired; but their nobles ^{( b )} put not their necks to the work of their Lord.

^{( b )} The rich and mighty would not obey those who were appointed officers in this work, neither would they help them.

Geneva Bible: Neh 3:7

And next unto them repaired Melatiah the Gibeonite, and Jadon the Meronothite, the men of Gibeon, and of Mizpah, unto the ^{( c )} throne of the governor on this side the river.

^{( c )} To the place where the Duke was wont to sit in judgment, who governed the country in their absence.

Commentary -- Verse Range Notes

TSK Synopsis: Neh 3:1-32

1 The names and order of them that built the wall.

MHCC: Neh 3:1-32

The work was divided, so that every one might know what he had to do, and mind it, with a desire to excel; yet without contention, or separate interests. No strife appears among them, but which should do most for the public good. Every Israelite should lend a hand toward the building up of Jerusalem. Let not nobles think any thing below them, by which they may advance the good of their country. Even some females helped forward the work. Some repaired over against their houses, and one repaired over against his chamber. When a general good work is to be done, each should apply himself to that part which is within his reach. If every one will sweep before his own door, the street will be clean; if every one will mend one, we shall all be mended. Some that had first done helped their fellows. The walls of Jerusalem, in heaps of rubbish, represent the desperate state of the world around, while the number and malice of those who hindered the building, give some faint idea of the enemies we have to contend with, while executing the work of God. Every one must begin at home; for it is by getting the work of God advanced in our own souls that we shall best contribute to the good of the church of Christ. May the Lord thus stir up the hearts of his people, to lay aside their petty disputes, and to disregard their worldly interests, compared with building the walls of Jerusalem, and defending the cause of truth and godliness against the assaults of avowed enemies.

Matthew Henry: Neh 3:1-32

The best way to know how to divide this chapter is to observe how the work was divided among the undertakers, that every one might know what he had to do, and mind it accordingly with a holy emulation, and desire to excel, yet without any contention, animosity, or separate interest. No strife appears among them but which should do most for the public good. Several things are observable in the account here given of the building of the wall about Jerusalem: -

I. That Eliashib the high priest, with his brethren the priests, led the van in this troop of builders, Neh 3:1. Ministers should be foremost in every good work; for their office obliges them to teach and quicken by their example, as well as by their doctrine. If there be labour in it, who so fit as they to work? if danger, who so fit as they to venture? The dignity of the high priest was very great, and obliged him to signalize himself in this service. The priests repaired the sheep-gate, so called because through it were brought the sheep that were to be sacrificed in the temple; and therefore the priests undertook the repair of it because the offerings of the Lord made by fire were their inheritance. And of this gate only it is said that they sanctified it with the word and prayer, and perhaps with sacrifices perhaps, 1. Because it led to the temple; or, 2. Because with this the building of the wall began, and it is probable (though they were at work in all parts of the wall at the same time) that this was first finished, and therefore at this gate they solemnly committed their city and the walls of it to the divine protection; or, 3. Because the priests were the builders of it; and it becomes ministers above others, being themselves in a peculiar manner sanctified to God, to sanctify to him all their performances, and to do even their common actions after a godly sort.

II. That the undertakers were very many, who each took his share, some more and some less, in this work, according as their ability was. Note, What is to be done for the public good every one should assist in, and further, to the utmost of his place and power. United force will conquer that which no individual dares venture on. Many hands will make light work.

III. That many were active in this work who were not themselves inhabitants of Jerusalem, and therefore consulted purely the public welfare and not any private interest or advantage of their own. Here are the men of Jericho with the first (Neh 3:2), the men of Gibeon and Mizpah (Neh 3:7), and Zanoah, Neh 3:13. Every Israelite should lend a hand towards the building up of Jerusalem.

IV. That several rulers, both of Jerusalem and of other cities, were active in this work, thinking themselves bound in honour to do the utmost that their wealth and power enabled them to do for the furtherance of this good work. But it is observable that they are called rulers of part, or the half part, of their respective cities. One was ruler of the half part of Jerusalem (Neh 3:12), another of part of Beth-haccerem (Neh 3:14), another of part of Mizpah (Neh 3:15), another of the half part of Beth-zur (Neh 3:16), one was ruler of one half part, and another of the other half part, of Keilah, Neh 3:17, Neh 3:18. Perhaps the Persian government would not entrust any one with a strong city, but appointed two to be a watch upon each other. Rome had two consuls.

V. Here is a just reproach fastened upon the nobles of Tekoa, that they put not their necks to the work of their Lord (Neh 3:5), that is, they would not come under the yoke of an obligation to this service; as if the dignity and liberty of their peerage were their discharge from serving God and doing good, which are indeed the highest honour and the truest freedom. Let not nobles think any thing below them by which they may advance the interests of their country; for what else is their nobility good for but that it puts them in a higher and larger sphere of usefulness than that in which inferior persons move?

VI. Two persons joined in repairing the old gate (Neh 3:6), and so were co-founders, and shared the honour of it between them. The good work which we cannot compass ourselves we must be thankful to those that will go partners with us in. Some think that this is called the old gate because it belonged to the ancient Salem, which was said to be first built by Melchizedek.

VII. Several good honest tradesmen, as well as priests and rulers, were active in this work - goldsmiths, apothecaries, merchants, Neh 3:8, Neh 3:32. They did not think their callings excused them, nor plead that they could not leave their shops to attend the public business, knowing that what they lost would certainly be made up to them by the blessing of God upon their callings.

VIII. Some ladies are spoken of as helping forward this work - Shallum and his daughters (Neh 3:12), who, though not capable of personal service, yet having their portions in their own hands, or being rich widows, contributed money for buying materials and paying workmen. St. Paul speaks of some good women that laboured with him in the gospel, Phi 4:3.

IX. Of some it is said that they repaired over against their houses (Neh 3:10, Neh 3:23, Neh 3:28, Neh 3:29), and of one (who, it is likely, was only a lodger) that he repaired over against his chamber, Neh 3:30. When a general good work is to be done each should apply himself to that part of it that falls nearest to him and is within his reach. If every one will sweep before his own door, the street will be clean; if every one will mend one, we shall be all mended. If he that has but a chamber will repair before that, he does his part.

X. Of one it is said that he earnestly repaired that which fell to his share (Neh 3:20) - he did it with an inflamed zeal; not that others were cold or indifferent, but he was the most vigorous of any of them and consequently made himself remarkable. It is good to be thus zealously affected in a good thin; and it is probable that this good man's zeal provoked very many to take the more pains and make the more haste.

XI. Of one of these builders it is observed that he was the sixth son of his father, Neh 3:30. His five elder brethren, it seems, laid not their hand to this work, but he did. In doing that which is good we need not stay to see our elders go before us; if they decline it, it does not therefore follow that we must. Thus the younger brother, if he be the better man, and does God and his generation better service, is indeed the better gentleman; those are most honourable that are most useful.

XII. Some of those that had first done helped their fellows, and undertook another share where they saw there was most need. Meremoth repaired, Neh 3:4. and again, Neh 3:21. And the Tekoites, besides the piece they repaired (Neh 3:5), undertook another piece (Neh 3:27), which is the more remarkable because their nobles set them a bad example by withdrawing from the service, which, instead of serving them for an excuse to sit still, perhaps made them the more forward to do double work, that by their zeal they might either shame or atone for the covetousness and carelessness of their nobles.

Lastly, Here is no mention of any particular share that Nehemiah himself had in this work. A name-sake of his is mentioned, Neh 3:16. But did he do nothing? Yes, though he undertook not any particular piece of the wall, yet he did more than any of them, for he had the oversight of them all; half of his servants worked where there was most need, and the other half stood sentinel, as we find afterwards (Neh 4:16), while he himself in his own person walked the rounds, directed and encouraged the builders, set his hand to the work where he saw occasion, and kept a watchful eye upon the motions of the enemy, as we shall find in the next chapter. The pilot needs not haul at a rope: it is enough for him to steer.

Keil-Delitzsch: Neh 3:1-2

The narrative of the building is connected with what precedesby ויּקם , which alludes to the carrying out of the resolve, נקוּם , Neh 2:18. The enumeration begins with Eliashib the highpriest and his brethren, i.e., the ordinary priests. These built the sheep-gate, rightly sought by modern topographers in the eastern wall north ofHaram, the site of the ancient temple, i.e., in the position orneighbourhood of the present St. Stephen's gate, through which theBedouins to this day drive sheep into the town for sale (Tobler, Topogr . i. p. 149). "Although,"as Bertheau remarks, "we are not generally justified,after the lapse of so many centuries, during which great changes have beenmade in the positions of the gates and walls, and in face of the fact that thepresent walls and gates were not erected till the years 1536, 1537, and1539, in determining the direction and extent of the walls between theseveral gates, and the locality of the gates in this description, by thedirection and extent of the wall and the locality of the gates in modernJerusalem (Tobl. Topogr. Dritte Wanderung , p. 265), yet in the presentinstance valid arguments exist in favour of this view. The veryneighbourhood of the temple and the nature of the soil bear witness thatfrom ancient times a gate was placed here which took its name from thecircumstance that sheep were driven in by it, whether for sale in themarket or for sacrificial purposes."

(Note: In the neighbourhood of this gate was the pool of Bethesda(Joh 5:2), i.e., either the present Birket Israel or Birket es Serain ,south of St. Stephen's gate (Tobler, Denkblätter , p. 53f., and DritteWanderung , p. 221), or the Struthion pool mentioned by Josephus, bell. Jud . v. 11. 4, κολυμβήθρα τοῦ στρουθίου ;Krafft, Topographie von Jerusalem , p. 127f.)

They sanctified it and set up its doors: and to the tower Hammeah theysanctified it unto the tower Hananeel. קדּשׁ , to sanctify, todedicate (comp. 1Ki 8:64), can here only mean that the priestsdedicated that portion of building on which they were engaged, as soon asthey had finished it, for the purpose of sanctifying the whole work by thispreliminary consecration; the solemn dedication of the whole wall nottaking place till afterwards, and being related Neh 12:27. The setting up of thedoors in the gates did not, according to Neh 6:1, take place till after all thebreaches in the wall had been repaired, i.e., till the building of the wall wascompleted. It is, however, mentioned here, and in Neh 3:3, Neh 3:6, etc.,contemporaneously with the wall-building; because the builders of theseveral gates, undertaking also the construction and setting up of thedoors, the intention is to give a summary of the work executed by therespective building parties. המּאה ועד־מגּדּל is still dependent on יבנוּ , that is to say, this verb must be mentally repeated beforethe words: they built to the tower Hammeah, they sanctified it (the suffixin קדּשׁוּהוּ can only relate to מגּדּל ). יבנוּ must also be repeated before חננאל מגּדּל עד :and they built further, unto the tower Hananeel. The tower המּאה (the hundred) is only mentioned here and Neh 12:39, but the towerHananeel is likewise spoken of Jer 31:38 and Zec 14:10. From these passages it appears that the two towers were so situated, thatany one going from west to east along the north wall of the city, andthence southward, would first come to the tower Hananeel, and afterwardsto the tower Hammeah, and that both were between the fish-gate and thesheep-gate. From the passages in Jeremiah and Zechariah especially, it isevident that the tower Hananeel stood at the north-east corner of the wall. Hence the statement in this verse, that the portion of wall built by thepriests extended to the north-east corner of the wall; and the towerHammeah must be sought between the sheep-gate and the north-eastcorner of the wall. Whence the names of these towers were derived isunknown.

Neh 3:2

Next to him built the men of Jericho (comp. Ezr 2:24); and nextto them built Zaccur the son of Imri. The suffix of the first ידו על , though in the singular number, refers to Eliashib and the priests(Neh 3:1), and that of the second to the men of Jericho, while in Neh 3:4 and Neh 3:9,on the contrary, a singular noun is followed by ידם על ;both ידו על and ידם על expressingmerely the notion beside, next to, and builders of the respective portionsbeing at one time regarded as in a plural, at another in a singular sense (as acompany). The portion built by the men of Jericho and Zaccur the son ofImri, the head of a family, not mentioned elsewhere, let between the towerHananeel and the fish-gate in the north wall. When individuals are, likeZaccur, mentioned in the following description, e.g., Neh 3:4, Neh 3:6, as builders orrepairers of portions of wall, they are heads of houses who engaged in thework of building at the head of the fathers of families and individuals whowere dependent on them.

Keil-Delitzsch: Neh 3:3

The fish-gate did the sons of Senaah build (see rem. on Ezr 2:35); theylaid its beams, and set up its doors, bolts, and bars. The fish-gate probablyreceived its name from the fish-market in its neighbourhood, to which theSyrians brought sea-fish (Neh 3:13, Neh 3:16); it is also mentioned in Neh 12:39; 2Ch 33:14, and Zep 1:10. It was not situated, as Thenius hasrepresented it in his plan of Jerusalem, close to the corner tower ofHananeel, but somewhat to the west of it in the north wall; two lengths ofwall being, according to Neh 3:2, built between this tower and the gate inquestion. With respect to קרוּהוּ , see rem. on Neh 2:8. Besidesthe doors for the gate, מנעוּיו and בּריחיו arementioned, as also Neh 3:6, Neh 3:13-15. Both words denote bars for closing doors. בּרחים are, to judge from the use of this word in the description of thetabernacle (Exo 26:26. and elsewhere), longer bars, therefore cross-bars,used on the inner side of the door; and מנעוּלים the brackets intowhich they were inserted.

Keil-Delitzsch: Neh 3:4-5

Next to these, Meremoth the son of Urijah, the son of Hakkoz,Meshullam the son of Berechiah, Zadok the son of Baana, and theTekoites, repaired in the above order, each a portion of wall. החזיק , to strengthen, means here to repair the gaps and holes in the wall;comp. Neh 3:9, Neh 3:27. Meremoth ben Urijah repaired, according to Neh 3:21,another portion besides. Meshullam ben Berechiah was, according to Neh 6:18, a person of consideration in Jerusalem. The men of Tekoa, who donot occur among those who returned with Zerubbabel (Ezra 2), alsorepaired a second portion. "But their nobles brought not their neck to theservice of their Lord."The expression "to bring the neck to service"is,according to Jer 27:11, to be understood as meaning: to bring the neckunder the yoke of any one, i.e., to subject oneself to the service of another. צוּרם stands for צוּארם . It is questionablewhether אדניהם is to be taken as the plural of excellence, andunderstood of God, as in Deu 10:17; Psa 135:3; Mal 1:6; or of earthlylords or rulers, as in Gen 40:1; 2Sa 10:3; 1Ki 12:27. The formerview seems to us decidedly correct, for it cannot be discerned how thesuffix should (according to Bertheau's opinion) prevent our thinking of theservice of God, if the repairing of the wall of Jerusalem may be regarded asa service required by God and rendered to Him. Besides, the fact that אדנים is only used of kings, and is inapplicable whether to theauthorities in Jerusalem or to Nehemiah, speaks against referring it tosecular rulers or authorities.

Keil-Delitzsch: Neh 3:6-12

From the gate of the old wall to the valley gate. - Neh 3:6 הישׁנה שׁער does not mean the old gate, for הישׁנה is genitive. Schultz( Jerus . p. 90), Thenius, and Bertheau supply העיר , gate of theold town, and explain the name from the fact that Bezetha, the new town,already existed as a suburb or village in front of the gate, which was namedafter the contrast. To this Arnold rightly objects (in Herzog's Realencycl . xviii. p. 628) that it is by no means proved that there was at that time anycontrast between the old and new towns, and as well as Hupfeld ( dietopograph. Streitfragen über Jerus. , in the morgenl. Zeitschrift , xv. p. 231)supplies חומה : gate of the old wall. He does not, however,derive this designation from the remark (vv. Neh 3:8), "They fortified Jerusalemunto the broad wall,"as though this old wall received its name from havingbeen left undestroyed by the Chaldeans, which is irreconcilable with thefact (4-8) that both the gate of the old wall and the portions of walladjoining it on each side were now built, but understands the term "oldwall"as used in contrast to the "broad wall,"which had indeed been rebuiltafter the destruction by Joash (2Ki 14:13). This view we esteem to becorrect. The individuals specified as the builders of this gate are not furtherknown. That two principes were employed in the rebuilding of this gate isexplained by Ramb. as arising vel quod penitus disturbata a Chaldaeis, velquod magnis sumtibus reparanda fuit, quos unus princeps ferre non potuit .

Neh 3:7

Next unto them repaired Melatiah the Gibeonite, and Jadon theMeronothite, the men of Gibeon and of Mizpah. If Melatiah is to beregarded as the superintendent of the men of Gibeon, Jadon theMeronothite must be equally esteemed that of the men of Mizpah. Meronoth, mentioned only here and 1Ch 27:30, must have been somesmall place near Mizpah. Mizpah ( המּצפּה , the watch-tower)is probably the modern Nebi Samwil , two leagues to the north-east ofJerusalem; see rem. on Jos 19:26. The meaning of the words nextfollowing, וגו פּחת לכּסּא , is questionable. Bertheau,together with Osiander, Cler., de Wette, and others, understands them asmore precisely defining the men before named, as men of Gibeon andMizpah, of the throne or belonging to the throne of the Pechah of Eberhannahar. This addition brings to light the fact that Jews who were notunder the jurisdiction of Nehemiah, nevertheless took part in therestoration of the wall. It also distinguishes these men of Mizpah from those mentioned Neh 3:15and Neh 3:19, who were certainly not under the Pechah of Eber hannahar. Finally, the boundary of the little territory of the returned Jewishcommunity must have been at about Mizpah and Gibeon; and a statementthat certain inhabitants of this district were not under the Pechah ofJerusalem, but under the Pechah of the province west of Euphrates, wouldagree with the position of Gibeon and Mizpah. None, however, of thesereasons are of much force. For if, according to Neh 3:5 and Neh 3:27, the Tekoitesrepaired two different lengths of wall, without this fact implying anydistinction between these two parties of Tekoite builders, the same maybe the case with the men of Gibeon and Mizpah. Besides, neither in thisverse nor in Neh 3:15 and Neh 3:19 are the men of Mizpah in general spoken of, soas to make a distinction necessary; for in this verse two chiefs, Melatiahand Jadon, are designated as men of Gibeon and Mizpah, and in Neh 3:15 and Neh 3:19two rulers of the district of Mizpah are specified by name. Hence the view that part of the inhabitants of Mizpah were under thejurisdiction of the Pechah of the province west of Euphrates, and partunder that of the Pechah of Jerusalem, is devoid of probability. Finally,there is no adequate analogy for the metonomy set up in support of thisview, viz., that כּסּא , a seat, a throne, stands for jurisdiction. Thewords in question can have only a local signification. כּסּא mayindeed by metonomy be used for the official residence, but not for theofficial or judicial district, or jurisdiction of the Pechah. לכּסּא doesnot state the point to which, but the direction or locality in which, thesepersons repaired the wall: "towards the seat of the Pechah,"i.e., at theplace where the court or tribunal of the governor placed over the provinceon this side Euphrates was held when he came to Jerusalem to administerjustice, or to perform any other official duties required of him. This beingso, it appears from this verse that this court was within the northern wall,and undoubtedly near a gate.

Neh 3:8

Next to him repaired Uzziel the son of Harhaiah of thegoldsmiths, and next to him repaired Hananiah, a son of the apothecaries. צורפים is in explanatory apposition to the name Uzziel, andthe plural is used to denote that his fellow-artisans worked with himunder his direction. Hananiah is called בּן־הרקּחים , son of theapothecaries, i.e., belonging to the guild of apothecaries. The obscurewords, וגו ויּעזבוּ , "and they left Jerusalem unto the broadwall,"have been variously interpreted. From Neh 12:38, where the broadwall is also mentioned, it appears that a length of wall between the towerof the furnaces and the gate of Ephraim was thus named, and not merely aplace in the wall distinguished for its breadth, either because it stood outor formed a corner, as Bertheau supposes; for the reason adduced for thisopinion, viz., that it is not said that the procession went along the broadwall, depends upon a mistaken interpretation of the passage cited. The expression "the broad wall"denotes a further length of wall; and asthis lay, according to Neh 12:38, west of the gate of Ephraim, theconjecture forces itself upon us, that the broad wall was that 400 cubits ofthe wall of Jerusalem, broken down by the Israelite king Joash, from thegate of Ephraim unto the corner gate (2Ki 14:13), and afterwardsrebuilt by Uzziel of a greater breadth, and consequently of increasedstrength (Joseph. Antiq . ix. 10. 3). Now the gate of Ephraim not beingmentioned among the rebuilt gates, and this gate nevertheless existing(according to Neh 8:16) in the days of Nehemiah, the reason of thisomission must be the circumstance that it was left standing when the wallof Jerusalem was destroyed. The remark, then, in this verse seems to saythe same concerning the broad wall, whether we understand it to mean: thebuilders left Jerusalem untouched as far as the broad wall, because thisplace as well as the adjoining gate of Ephraim needed no restoration; or:the Chaldeans had here left Jerusalem, i.e., either the town or town-wall,standing. So Hupfeld in his above-cited work, p. 231; Arnold; and evenolder expositors.

(Note: Bertheau's interpretation of this statement, viz., that at therebuilding and re-fortification of the town after the captivity, thepart of the town extending to the broad wall was left, i.e., was notrebuilt, but delayed for the present, answers neither to the verbalsense of the passage nor to the particular mentioned Neh 12:38, thatat the dedication of the wall the second company of them that gavethanks went upon the wall from beyond the tower of the furnaceseven unto the broad wall, and over from beyond the gate of Ephraim,etc. Haneberg (in Reusch's theol. Literaturbl. 1869, No. 12) supportsthis view, but understands by "the broad wall"the wall which had abroad circuit, i.e., the wall previous to the captivity, and hence infersthat the Jerusalem now rebuilt was not equal in extent to the old city. But if a portion of the former city had here been left outside the newwall, the gate of Ephraim would have been displaced, and must havebeen rebuilt elsewhere in a position to the south of the old gate. Stillless can the attempt of the elder Buxtorf (Lexic. talm. rabb. s. v. עזב ), now revived by Ewald (Gesch. iv. p. 174), to force upon theword עזב the meaning restaurare, or fortify, be justified.)

Neh 3:9-10

Further lengths of wall were built by Rephaiah ben Hur, theruler of the half district of Jerusalem, i.e., of the district of countrybelonging to Jerusalem (comp. Neh 3:19 with Neh 3:15, where Mizpah and thedistrict of Mizpah are distinguished); by Jedaiah ben Harumaph, בּיתו ונגד , and indeed before (opposite) his house, i.e., theportion of wall which lay opposite his own dwelling; and by Hattush theson of Hashabniah. Whether Hattush is to be identified with the priest ofthis name (Neh 10:5), or with the similarly named descendant of David(Ezr 8:2), or with neither, cannot be determined.

Neh 3:11

A second section of wall was repaired by Malchijah the son ofHarim, and Hashshub ben Pahath-Moab, two families who came up withZerubbabel, Ezr 2:6 and Ezr 2:32. Bertheau understands שׁנית מדּה of a second section of wall added to a first already repairedby the same builders. So, too, he says, did Meremoth ben Urijah build oneportion, Neh 3:4, and a second, Neh 3:21; comp. Neh 3:5 and Neh 3:27, Neh 3:15 and Neh 3:19, Neh 3:8 and Neh 3:30. This first portion, however, which this mention of a second presupposes,not being named, he infers that our present text has not preserved itsoriginal completeness, and thinks it probable, from Neh 12:38 and Neh 12:39, thatcertain statements, in this description, relating to the gate of Ephraim andits neighbourhood, which once stood before Neh 3:8, have been omitted. Thisinference is unfounded. The non-mention of the gate of Ephraim is to beascribed, as we have already remarked on Neh 3:8, to other reasons than theincompleteness of the text; and the assertion that שׁנית מדּה assumes that a former portion was repaired by the same builders,receives no support from a comparison of Neh 3:5 with Neh 3:27, Neh 3:15 with Neh 3:19, and Neh 3:8with Neh 3:30. Hananiah the son of Shelemiah, and Hanun the sixth son of Zalaph, who,according to Neh 3:30, built שׁני מדּה , are not identicalwith Hananiah the son of the apothecaries, Neh 3:8. The same remark appliesto Ezer the son of Jeshua, the ruler of Mizpah (Neh 3:19), and Shallum theruler of the district of Mizpah (Neh 3:15). Only in Neh 3:5 and Neh 3:27, and Neh 3:4 and Neh 3:21,are the names of the builders the same. Moreover, besides Neh 3:21 and Neh 3:27, שׁנית מדּה occurs five times more (Neh 3:11, Neh 3:19, Neh 3:20, Neh 3:24,and Neh 3:30) with respect to builders not previously (nor subsequently)mentioned in this list. Hence, in five different places, the names of thebuilding parties, and the notices of the portions of wall built by themrespectively, must have been lost, - a circumstance à priori incredible. When,however, we consider the verses, in which שׁנית מדּה occurs, more closely, the second length is, in Neh 3:19, Neh 3:20, Neh 3:21, Neh 3:24, and Neh 3:27,more nearly defined by a statement of locality: thus, in Neh 3:19, we have asecond piece over against the ascent to the arsenal at the angle; in Neh 3:20, asecond piece from the angle to the door of the house of Eliashib; in Neh 3:21, asecond piece from the door of the house of Eliashib to ... ; in Neh 3:24, a secondpiece from the house of Azariah to ... , who, according to Neh 3:23, built nearhis own house; in Neh 3:27, a second piece over against the great projectingtower ... , as far as which, according to Neh 3:26, the Nethinim dwelt in Ophel. From all this, it is evident that שׁנית מדּה in theseverses, always denotes a second portion of that length of wall previouslyspoken of, or a portion next to that of which the building was previouslymentioned. And so must שׁנית מדּה be understood in the presentNeh 3:11, where it is used because Malchiah and Hashshub repaired orbuilt the tower of the furnaces, besides the portion of wall. שׁנית מדּה may be rendered, "another or a further piece."theword שׁנית is chosen, because that previously mentioned isregarded as a first. The tower of the furnaces lay, according to this verseand Neh 12:38, where alone it is again mentioned, between the broad walland the valley-gate. Now, since there was between the gate of Ephraim andthe corner-gate a portion of wall four hundred cubits long (see 2Ki 14:13), which, as has been above remarked, went by the name of the broadwall, it is plain that the tower of the furnaces must be sought for in theneighbourhood of the corner-gate, or perhaps even identified with it. Thisis the simplest way of accounting for the omission of any notice in thepresent description of this gate, which is mentioned not merely before (2Ch 26:9; Jer 31:38; and 2Ki 14:13), but also after, the captivity(Zec 14:10). It is probable that the tower of the furnaces served as adefence for the corner-gate at the north-western corner of the town, wherenow lie, upon an earlier building of large stones with morticed edges,probably a fragment of the old Jewish wall, the ruins of the ancient Kal'atel Dshalud (tower of Goliath), which might, at the time of the Crusades,have formed the corner bastion of the city: comp. Rob. Palestine , ii. p. 114; Biblical Researches , p. 252; and Tobler, Topogr . i. p. 67f.

Neh 3:12

Next repaired Shallum, ruler of the other (comp. Neh 3:9) halfdistrict of Jerusalem, he and his daughters. הוּא can only refer toShallum, not to הוּא , which would make the daughters signify thedaughters of the district, of the villages and places in the district.

Constable: Neh 1:1--7:73

I. THE FORTIFICATION OF JERUSALEM chs. 1--7

"The first seven chapters of Nehemiah as well as 12:31-13:31 are written in the first person. This, as well as all or part of Neh 11 and the rest of Neh 12, constitutes what is called the Nehemiah Memoirs. As such it offers an extensive look into the life and heart of an outstanding servant of God that is unique to the Old Testament."⁴

Constable: Neh 3:1--7:5

B. The Rebuilding of the Walls 3:1-7:4

Nehemiah described the reconstruction of the walls starting with the Sheep Gate near the city's northeast corner moving counterclockwise. This record honors those who by building helped reestablish Israel in the Promised Land in harmony with God's will (cf., e.g., Isa. 52:11-12).

Constable: Neh 3:1-32

1. The workers and their work ch. 3

Eliashib (v. 1) was evidently the grandson of Jeshua (12:10; Ezra 3:2). Construction was an act of consecration because this was a project that God had ordained.

Archaeologists are currently studying the exact location of the wall at many places as well as that of towers and gates. There is debate among them regarding various sites as well as the total extent of the wall. Those who hold to a smaller city are "minimalists"³⁶ and those who believe the walls extended farther out are "maximalists."³⁷

"This chapter is one of the most important in the Old Testament for determining the topography of Jerusalem. Though some locations are clear, others are not. Opinions differ widely about whether the wall enclosed the southwest hill today called Mount Zion' (the Maximalist view) or only the original settlement--including the temple area--of the southwest hill of Ophel (the Minimalist view)."³⁸

According to the maximalist view the two and one-half mile wall would have enclosed about 220 acres. According to the minimalist view the wall would have been two miles long and enclosed about 90 acres. The hill of Ophel (lit. swelling or bulge) was the site between the temple area and the City of David. This is the area that Solomon had broadened and filled in when he built the temple.

I think there is better support for the maximalist position.

Guzik: Neh 3:1-32

Nehemiah 3 - The Building of the Walls

A. The record of the builders.

1. (1-2) Builders near the Sheep Gate.

Then Eliashib the high priest rose up with his brethren the priests and built the Sheep Gate; they consecrated it and hung its doors. They built as far as the Tower of the Hundred, and consecrated it, then as far as the Tower of Hananel. Next to Eliashib the men of Jericho built. And next to them Zaccur the son of Imri built.

a. They built . . . built . . . built: Nehemiah 3 is all about work - how individuals pitched in and did the work together, coordinated and led by Nehemiah.

b. And built the Sheep Gate: The work is described in reference to the gates of the wall. The gates were the critical entry and exit points to the city, and the places most likely to see an enemy attack. Therefore the work started at each gate and worked out from there.

i. The Sheep Gate was so named because it was the gate where shepherds brought their flocks to sell them. Up until a few years ago, this same gate was being used for this same purpose in Jerusalem.

c. Eliashib the high priest: This was the first worker mentioned. He rose up to do the work with the other priests, and they worked at rebuilding the Sheep Gate and the section of wall near there.

i. Eliashib the high priest acted as a godly leader should; he was out in front of the work, leading by example. He did not act as if he was too "spiritual" for the hard work of rebuilding the walls.

ii. If you are a leader, others are looking hard at you and they follow your example. If you are slow to work, they will be also; if you are full of discouragement and doubt, they will follow. There is a good reason why Eliashib was first mentioned, and why the rest of the chapter is filled with the names of more than 50 others that followed his example in the work.

d. They consecrated it: The idea behind consecration is to recognize something as special, as uniquely set apart for God's glory and service. These city gates were made special to God. Nehemiah and Eliashib knew that God wanted everything set apart special to Him, including these city walls and gates.

i. Because the first of the work was specially set apart to God, it was a way for them to say, "All of this work belongs to You, LORD. This is a special work done unto You."

ii. This is a great secret to joy and success in life: to do everything as unto the LORD. And whatever you do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through Him. (Colossians 3:17)

e. Next to Eliashib the men of Jericho built: Every man's work was important, and though these did not work on a gate, they did the important job of building up the walls of protection and security for Jerusalem.

2. (3-5) Builders near the Fish Gate.

Also the sons of Hassenaah built the Fish Gate; they laid its beams and hung its doors with its bolts and bars. And next to them Meremoth the son of Urijah, the son of Koz, made repairs. Next to them Meshullam the son of Berechiah, the son of Meshezabel, made repairs. Next to them Zadok the son of Baana made repairs. Next to them the Tekoites made repairs; but their nobles did not put their shoulders to the work of their Lord.

a. The Fish Gate: This gate got its name because of the nearby fish market. The sons of Hassenaah did the work of rebuilding the gate while others helped.

b. Made repairs: The word for repairs is the Hebrew word chazaq, used 35 times in this chapter alone. It has the idea of strengthening, encouraging, of making something strong (Kidner). These are principles that have application to far more than material gates and walls.

i. The Bible says that we must be built up and repaired. In Ephesians 4:12, God says the purpose of the church is for the equipping of the saints, and idea behind equipping is to prepare, strengthen, and make something able to be used. We come together as Christians to strengthen one another, to make us strong and able to live for Jesus and serve Him outside the gatherings of the church.

c. Next to them the Tekoites made repairs: The Tekoites did their work. The people of the city of Tekoa were more than willing to work - but their nobles did not put their shoulders to the work of their Lord. For the most part, people joined in - but not everybody. These nobles from the city of Tekoa thought they were above the hard work, so they didn't join in.

i. Literally, the idea in the Hebrew is that they wouldn't submit - they would not "bend their necks" to what the LORD wanted them to do. The real issue was submission. Maybe they thought they had a better plan, maybe they didn't like how Nehemiah was doing it. Whatever their reason, you can be sure they later regretted it, because they stand in infamy as the only people mentioned in this chapter who did not join in the work.

ii. Perhaps Nehemiah wanted to record the names of each of these nobles, but the LORD made him have mercy and only indicate them in a general way.

3. (6-12) Builders near the Old Gate.

Moreover Jehoiada the son of Paseah and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah repaired the Old Gate; they laid its beams and hung its doors, with its bolts and bars. And next to them Melatiah the Gibeonite, Jadon the Meronothite, the men of Gibeon and Mizpah, repaired the residence of the governor of the region beyond the River. Next to him Uzziel the son of Harhaiah, one of the goldsmiths, made repairs. Also next to him Hananiah, one of the perfumers, made repairs; and they fortified Jerusalem as far as the Broad Wall. And next to them Rephaiah the son of Hur, leader of half the district of Jerusalem, made repairs. Next to them Jedaiah the son of Harumaph made repairs in front of his house. And next to him Hattush the son of Hashabniah made repairs. Malchijah the son of Harim and Hashub the son of Pahath-Moab repaired another section, as well as the Tower of the Ovens. And next to him was Shallum the son of Hallohesh, leader of half the district of Jerusalem; he and his daughters made repairs.

a. Moreover Jehoiada the son of Paseah and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah repaired the Old Gate: Among the repairers of the Old Gate and its nearby walls was Uzziel, the son of Harhaiah, one of the goldsmiths. Along side him was Hananiah, one of the perfumers.

i. These were men of different professions, not professional builders. They were not trained for this kind of work. It would have seemed they had an easy excuse to not do anything, but they jumped in and did the work. They fortified Jerusalem, even though many would not think them qualified or able.

ii. The most important ability in the work of the LORD is availability. The one with few gifts and little talent, who has a passion and a drive to see God's work done, will accomplish far more than a gifted and talented person who doesn't have they passion and drive to do the LORD's work.

iii. "Viggo Olsen, who helped rebuild ten thousand houses in war-raved Bangladesh in 1972, derived unexpected inspiration from reading a chapter ordinarily considered one of the least interesting in the Bible: 'I was struck . . . that no expert builders were listed in the "Holy Land brigade." There were priests, priests' helpers, goldsmiths, perfume makers, and women, but no expert builders or carpenters were named.'" (Yamauchi)

b. The Broad Wall: Today you can see in Jerusalem the remains of this Broad Wall - and broad it is, more than 20 feet (6 meters) wide. Critics had denied the accuracy of Bible history like this, but the archaeologist's shovel constantly confirms the truth of the Bible.

c. Rephaiah the son of Hur, leader of half the district of Jerusalem: He worked on this section of the wall. Here was another leader who knew real leadership is getting down and doing it - being a servant, instead of expecting others to do it for you.

d. Jedaiah the son of Harumaph made repairs in front of his house: Five times in the Nehemiah 3, it speaks of those who worked on the section right in front of their house. Often, we need to give attention to the work of God right at our own homes. If the work needs to be done anywhere, it needs to be done at our homes.

i. The names of the men who are said to have made repairs in front of his house are interesting:

· Nehemiah 3:10 mentions Jedaiah, and his name means He who calls unto God. Our homes must be places of prayer, where the family calls unto God.

· Nehemiah 3:23 mentions Benjamin, and his name means Son of my right hand, speaking of a protector. Our homes must be places of protection and peace.

· Nehemiah 3:29 mentions Zadok, and his name means Justice. Our homes must be places of justice and integrity, especially with integrity regarding our marital vows and promises.

· Nehemiah 3:30 mentions Meshullam, and his name means Devoted. Our homes must be places of devotion and separation to God.

e. Malchijah son of Harim: This man is mentioned in Ezra 10:31 as one of the men who was confronted by Ezra for the sin of taking on a pagan wife. That was many years before this, so Malchijah got things right with God and now, years later, he served Him.

i. A believer should never let a past failure get in the way of serving God. Repent, set it right, make a stand for righteousness - and get on serving the LORD.

f. Shallum the son of Hallohesh . . . he and his daughters made repairs: Everyone who could help did help in the repairs.

i. With the great number of different people working on the walls, it was imperative that they all work with the same mind - or the wall would not be uniform and would not be a strong defense. Yet, each section was a little different because different people worked on each section.

ii. In the same way, in the family of God, the work must be done with a common vision and mindset - the mind of Christ, as Paul described it in 1 Corinthians 2:16. When believers work together in one accord, yet with each offering their distinctive gifts, the work of God gets done in a glorious way.

4. (13) Builders near the Valley Gate.

Hanun and the inhabitants of Zanoah repaired the Valley Gate. They built it, hung its doors with its bolts and bars, and repaired a thousand cubits of the wall as far as the Refuse Gate.

5. (14) Builders near the Refuse Gate.

Malchijah the son of Rechab, leader of the district of Beth Haccerem, repaired the Refuse Gate; he built it and hung its doors with its bolts and bars.

6. (15-25) Builders near the Fountain Gate.

Shallun the son of Col-Hozeh, leader of the district of Mizpah, repaired the Fountain Gate; he built it, covered it, hung its doors with its bolts and bars, and repaired the wall of the Pool of Shelah by the King's Garden, as far as the stairs that go down from the City of David. After him Nehemiah the son of Azbuk, leader of half the district of Beth Zur, made repairs as far as the place in front of the tombs of David, to the man-made pool, and as far as the House of the Mighty. After him the Levites, under Rehum the son of Bani, made repairs. Next to him Hashabiah, leader of half the district of Keilah, made repairs for his district. After him their brethren, under Bavai the son of Henadad, leader of the other half of the district of Keilah, made repairs. And next to him Ezer the son of Jeshua, the leader of Mizpah, repaired another section in front of the Ascent to the Armory at the buttress. After him Baruch the son of Zabbai carefully repaired the other section, from the buttress to the door of the house of Eliashib the high priest. After him Meremoth the son of Urijah, the son of Koz, repaired another section, from the door of the house of Eliashib to the end of the house of Eliashib. And after him the priests, the men of the plain, made repairs. After him Benjamin and Hasshub made repairs opposite their house. After them Azariah the son of Maaseiah, the son of Ananiah, made repairs by his house. After him Binnui the son of Henadad repaired another section, from the house of Azariah to the buttress, even as far as the corner. Palal the son of Uzai made repairs opposite the buttress, and on the tower which projects from the king's upper house that was by the court of the prison. After him Pedaiah the son of Parosh made repairs.

a. By the King's Garden: Charles Spurgeon preached a beautiful sermon on this text, where he spoke of six different gardens of the King: Eden, Gesthemane, the Garden Tomb, the human heart, the church as a whole, and the garden of Paradise in heaven.

7. (26-27) Builders near the Water Gate.

Moreover the Nethinim who dwelt in Ophel made repairs as far as the place in front of the Water Gate toward the east, and on the projecting tower. After them the Tekoites repaired another section, next to the great projecting tower, and as far as the wall of Ophel.

a. The Tekoites repaired another section: The section of wall near the Water Gate saw some remarkable service. Apparently, the Tekoites weren't satisfied with the significant work they did before - they went on to do even more work. They weren't going to let the bad example of their nobles who did no work (Nehemiah 3:5) keep them from working above and beyond the call of duty.

8. (28-30) Builders near the Horse Gate.

Beyond the Horse Gate the priests made repairs, each in front of his own house. After them Zadok the son of Immer made repairs in front of his own house. After him Shemaiah the son of Shechaniah, the keeper of the East Gate, made repairs. After him Hananiah the son of Shelemiah, and Hanun, the sixth son of Zalaph, repaired another section. After him Meshullam the son of Berechiah made repairs in front of his dwelling.

a. Shemaiah the son of Shechaniah was the keeper of the East Gate: Apparently the gate in front of his house was in good condition, so he pitched in and helped at the Horse Gate. His unselfishness was a great example.

b. Meshullam the son of Berechiah made repairs in front of his dwelling: The Hebrew word for dwelling is actually chamber - it refers to a singular room. Meshullam had only one small room, yet he was devoted to God and to the work of rebuilding the walls. It is better to be devoted to God in one small room than to have a mansion and have a heart cold to God.

9. (31-32) Builders near the Miphkad (muster or assembly) Gate.

After him Malchijah, one of the goldsmiths, made repairs as far as the house of the Nethinim and of the merchants, in front of the Miphkad Gate, and as far as the upper room at the corner. And between the upper room at the corner, as far as the Sheep Gate, the goldsmiths and the merchants made repairs.

B. Observations on Nehemiah 3.

1. This chapter shows the need for believers to work together to accomplish something.

a. It pleased God to see His people working together in one accord, with one heart, with one mind. God will put us into situations where we must work together, and learn how to lead, how to follow, how to work together with one heart and mind.

b. The wall was continuous. Any gap compromised the entire structure. Therefore, each space at the wall was important - even if someone did not think so. As well, the wall could never be strong if someone was tearing it down at a different section.

2. The work done was a reflection on the family - almost everyone mentioned is mentioned as the son of someone.

a. It is in the family our children learn how to work, and parents must be committed to teaching their children how to be hard workers. In a spiritual sense, our hard work - or lack of it - is a reflection on our spiritual family. Each Christian should be a good reflection of their spiritual family.

3. Evidence of Nehemiah's leadership.

a. Nehemiah was an effective leader because he made each man accountable for his work. Each man had a section of wall he was responsible for, and it was known he was responsible for it. No one wanted it to be seen that they were a poor worker in God's cause.

i. By giving each man a sense of responsibility for the work, they helped ensure the work would be done right. It made each man accountable.

b. Nehemiah was an effective leader because he noted who did the work and who didn't - the list demonstrates this.

c. Nehemiah was an effective leader because he organized the work for maximum efficiency. Everyone had their section, and the work was organized around the gates - the places most needful of the work.

d. Nehemiah was an effective leader because he knew where to start. He began with the spiritual aspect of the work (the high priest's work is mentioned first), and by consecrating everything to God.

e. Nehemiah was an effective leader because he got both "high" and "low" to join together in doing the work. The leaders and the high priest worked together with the man who lived in a single room.

f. Nehemiah was an effective leader because he was willing to let people try new things - goldsmiths, priests, and perfumers all because construction workers.

g. Nehemiah was an effective leader because he made people focus on their own house first.

h. Nehemiah was an effective leader because he didn't disqualify people because of a past of sin and compromise.

© 2006 David Guzik - No distribution beyond personal use without permission

Introduction / Outline

JFB: Nehemiah (Book Introduction)

NEHEMIAH appears to have been the author of this book, from his usually writing in his own name, and indeed, except in those parts which are unmistakably later editions or borrowed from public documents, he usually employs the first person. The major portion of the book is occupied with a history of Nehemiah's twelve years' administration in Jerusalem, after which he returned to his duties in Shushan. At a later period he returned with new powers and commenced new and vigorous measures of reform, which are detailed in the later chapters of the book.

JFB: Nehemiah (Outline)

• NEHEMIAH, UNDERSTANDING BY HANANI THE AFFLICTED STATE OF JERUSALEM, MOURNS, FASTS, AND PRAYS. (Neh 1:1-3)
• HIS PRAYER. (Neh 1:4-11)
• ARTAXERXES, UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSE OF NEHEMIAH'S SADNESS, SENDS HIM WITH LETTERS AND A COMMISSION TO BUILD AGAIN THE WALLS OF JERUSALEM. (Neh. 2:1-20)
• THE NAMES AND ORDER OF THEM THAT BUILDED THE WALL OF JERUSALEM. (Neh. 3:1-32)
• WHILE THE ENEMIES SCOFF, NEHEMIAH PRAYS TO GOD, AND CONTINUES THE WORK. (Neh 4:1-6)
• THE PEOPLE COMPLAIN OF THEIR DEBT, MORTGAGE, AND BONDAGE. (Neh 5:1-5)
• THE USURERS REBUKED. (Neh 5:6-19)
• SANBALLAT PRACTISES AGAINST NEHEMIAH BY INSIDIOUS ATTEMPTS. (Neh. 6:1-19)
• NEHEMIAH COMMITS THE CHARGE OF JERUSALEM TO HANANI AND HANANIAH. (Neh 7:1-4)
• GENEALOGY OF THOSE WHO CAME AT THE FIRST OUT OF BABYLON. (Neh. 7:5-38)
• OF THE PRIESTS. (Neh. 7:39-73)
• RELIGIOUS MANNER OF READING AND HEARING THE LAW. (Neh 8:1-8)
• THE PEOPLE COMFORTED. (Neh 8:9-15)
• THEY KEEP THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES. (Neh 8:16-18)
• A SOLEMN FAST AND REPENTANCE OF THE PEOPLE. (Neh 9:1-3)
• THE LEVITES CONFESS GOD'S MANIFOLD GOODNESS, AND THEIR OWN WICKEDNESS. (Neh. 9:4-38)
• THE NAMES OF THOSE WHO SEALED THE COVENANT. (Neh. 10:1-27)
• POINTS OF THE COVENANT. (Neh 10:29-39)
• THE RULERS, VOLUNTARY MEN, AND EVERY TENTH MAN CHOSEN BY LOT, DWELL AT JERUSALEM. (Neh 11:1-2)
• THEIR NAMES. (Neh. 11:3-36)
• PRIESTS AND LEVITES WHO CAME UP WITH ZERUBBABEL. (Neh 12:1-9)
• SUCCESSION OF THE HIGH PRIESTS. (Neh. 12:10-47)
• UPON THE READING OF THE LAW SEPARATION IS MADE FROM THE MIXED MULTITUDE. (Neh 13:1-9)
• NEHEMIAH REFORMS THE OFFICERS IN THE HOUSE OF GOD. (Neh 13:10-14)
• THE VIOLATION OF THE SABBATH. (Neh. 13:15-31)

TSK: Nehemiah (Book Introduction)

Of Nehemiah, the author and principal actor in the events recorded in this book, the Jews speak as one of the greatest men of their nation. His concern for his country entitles him to the character of the first patriot that ever lived. Descended, according to some, of the family of Aaron, or according to others, of the tribe of Judah and allied to the royal family of David, in the course of Divine Providence, he was a captive in Babylon, but there his excellences were so apparent, that he was chosen by the Persian king to fill an office the most respectable and the most confidential in the whole court. Here he lived in ease and affluence. he lacked no good thing; and here he might have continued to live, in the same affluence, and in the same confidence; but he could enjoy neither, so long as he knew his people distressed, the sepulchres of his fathers trodden under foot, the altars of his God overturned, and his worship either totally neglected or corrupted. He sought the peace of Jerusalem; prayed for it; and was willing to sacrifice wealth, ease, safety, and even life itself, if he might be the instrument of restoring the desolations of Israel. And God, who saw the desire of his heart, and knew the excellences with which he had endowed him, granted his request, and gave him the high honour of restoring the desolated city of his ancestors, and the pure worship of their God. The opposition of Sanballat and the Samaritans, and the firmness and zeal with which he repelled their insults and ineffectual efforts cannot be read without the liveliest emotions; and will afford to the latest times, a noble and animating example of distinguished patriotism, united with the sincerest devotion to the interests of religion. The virtue and piety of this great and good man, appear with equal lustre in the numerous and important reformations he effected. He relieved the people from their hardships and oppressions, by abolishing the harsh and usurious practices of the nobles and rulers; gave up his own revenue, as governor of the province, for the benefit of the people; and, as a further means of conciliating their affections, exhibited an example of the most princely hospitality. As the best security for good morals, and the better observance of the laws of God, he re-established the offices of public worship, and prevented the profanation of the sabbath, which had arrived at a shameful excess; he furnished the returned captives with authentic registers, and enabled them, in the best manner possible, after so long and calamitous an interval, to trace the genealogies, and claim the inheritance of their respective families; and further, he accomplished the separation of the Jewish people from the mixed multitude, with which they had been incorporated, and annulled the numerous marriages which they had made with heathens and idolaters of every description. For disinterestedness, philanthropy, patriotism, prudence, courage, zeal, humanity, and every virtue that constitutes a great mind, and proves a soul in deep communion with God, Nehemiah will ever stand conspicuous among the greatest men of the Jewish nation; and an exemplar worthy of being copied by the first patriots in every nation under heaven.

TSK: Nehemiah 3 (Chapter Introduction)

Overview

Neh 3:1, The names and order of them that built the wall.

Poole: Nehemiah 3 (Chapter Introduction)

CHAPTER 3

The names of the several families that builded; their order wherein, and the proportion how much, they builded.

MHCC: Nehemiah (Book Introduction)

The Old Testament history closes with the book of Nehemiah, wherein is recorded the workings of his heart, in the management of public affairs; with many devout reflections.

MHCC: Nehemiah 3 (Chapter Introduction)

The rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem.

Matthew Henry: Nehemiah (Book Introduction)

An Exposition, with Practical Observations, of The Book of Nehemiah

This book continues the history of the children of the captivity, the poor Jews, that had lately returned out of Babylon to their own land. At this time not only the Persian monarchy flourished in great pomp and power, but Greece and Rome began to be very great and to make a figure. Of the affairs of those high and mighty states we have authentic accounts extant; but the sacred and inspired history takes cognizance only of the state of the Jews, and makes no mention of other nations but as the Israel of God had dealings with them: for the Lord's portion is his people; they are his peculiar treasure, and, in comparison with them, the rest of the world is but as lumber. In my esteem, Ezra the scribe and Nehemiah the tirshatha, though neither of them ever wore a crown, commanded an army, conquered any country, or was famed for philosophy or oratory, yet both of them, being pious praying men, and very serviceable in their day to the church of God and the interests of religion, were really greater men and more honourable, not only than any of the Roman consuls or dictators, but than Xenophon, or Demosthenes, or Plato himself, who lived at the same time, the bright ornaments of Greece. Nehemiah's agency for the advancing of the settlement of Israel we have a full account of in this book of his own commentaries or memoirs, wherein he records not only the works of his hands, but the workings of his heart, in the management of public affairs, inserting in the story many devout reflections and ejaculations, which discover in his mind a very deep tincture of serious piety and are peculiar to his writing. Twelve years, from his twentieth year (Neh 1:1) to his thirty-second year (Neh 13:6), he was governor of Judea, under Artaxerxes king of Persia, whom Dr. Lightfoot supposes to be the same Artaxerxes as Ezra has his commission from. This book relates, I. Nehemiah's concern for Jerusalem and the commission he obtained from the king to go thither, Neh 1:1-11, 2. II. His building the wall of Jerusalem notwithstanding the opposition he met with, ch. 3, 4. III. His redressing the grievances of the people, ch. 5. IV. His finishing the wall, ch. 6. V. The account he took of the people, ch. 7. VI. The religions solemnities of reading the law, fasting, and praying, and renewing their covenants, to which he called the people (ch. 8-10). VII. The care he took for the replenishing of the holy city and the settling of the holy tribe, ch. 11, 12. VIII. His zeal in reforming various abuses, ch. 13. Some call this the second book of Ezra, not because he was the penman of it, but because it is a continuation of the history of the foregoing book, with which it is connected (Neh 1:1). This was the last historical book that was written, as Malachi was the last prophetical book, of the Old Testament.

Matthew Henry: Nehemiah 3 (Chapter Introduction)

Saying and doing are often two things: many are ready to say, " Let us rise up and build," who sit still and do nothing, like that fair-spoken son who said," I go, Sir, but went not." The undertakers here were none of those. As soon as they had resolved to build the wall about Jerusalem they lost no time, but set about it presently, as we find in this chapter. Let it never be said that we left that good work to be done tomorrow which we might as well have done today. This chapter gives an account of two things: - I. The names of the builders, which are recorded here to their honour, for they were such as herein discovered a great zeal for God and their country, both a pious and a public spirit, a great degree both of industry and courage; and what they did was fit to be thus largely registered, both for their praise and for the encouragement of others to follow their example. II. The order of the building; they took it before them, and ended where they began. They repaired, 1. From the sheep-gate to the fish-gate (Neh 3:1, Neh 3:2). 2. Thence to the old-gate (Neh 3:3-5). 3. Thence to the valley-gate (Neh 3:6-12). 4. Thence to the dung-gate (Neh 3:13, Neh 3:14). 5. Thence to the gate of the fountain (Neh 3:15). 6. Thence to the water-gate (Neh 3:16-26). 7. Thence by the horse-gate to the sheep-gate again, where they began (Neh 3:27-32), and so they brought their work quite round the city.

Constable: Nehemiah (Book Introduction)

Introduction

Title

This book, like so many others in the Old Testament, received its title from its principle character. The Septuagint (Greek) translation also had the same title, as does the Hebrew Bible.

As I mentioned in my notes on Ezra, the Jews kept Ezra and Nehemiah together for many years. The reason was the historical continuity that flows from Ezra through Nehemiah.

Writer and Date

The use of the first person identifies the author as Nehemiah, the governor of the Persian province of Judah (1:1-2:20; 13:4-31). His name means "Yahweh has comforted."

The mention of Darius the Persian in 12:22 probably refers to Darius II, the successor of Artaxerxes I (Longimanus).¹ Darius ruled from 423-404 B.C. The text refers to an event that took place in Darius' reign (12:22). Therefore Nehemiah must have written the book sometime after that reign began. Since there are no references to Nehemiah's age in the text, it is hard to estimate how long he may have lived. When the book opens, he was second in command under King Artaxerxes (cf. Daniel). If he was 40 years old then and 41 when he reached Jerusalem in 444 B.C., he would have been 62 years old in 423 B.C. when Darius replaced Artaxerxes. Consequently he probably wrote the book not long after 423 B.C., most likely before 400 B.C.²

Scope

The years of history the book covers are 445-431 B.C. or perhaps a few years after that.

In 445 B.C. (the twentieth year of Artaxerxes' reign, 1:1) Nehemiah learned of the conditions in Jerusalem that led him to request permission to return to Judah (2:5). He arrived in Jerusalem in 444 B.C. and within 52 days had completed the rebuilding of the city walls (6:15).

In 432 B.C. Nehemiah returned to Artaxerxes (13:6). He came back to Jerusalem after that, probably in a year or so. The record of his reforms following that return is in the last chapter of this book. Apparently Nehemiah completed all of them in just a few weeks or months.

Even though the book spans about 15 years, most of the activity Nehemiah recorded took place in 445-444 B.C. (chs. 1-12) and in 432-431 B.C. (ch. 13).

Chronology of the Book of Nehemiah
445	Nehemiah learned of conditions in Jerusalem and requested a leave of absence from Artaxerxes.
444	He led the Jews to Jerusalem. Repairs on the wall of Jerusalem began. The Jews completed rebuilding the walls. Nehemiah promoted spiritual renewal among the returnees.
443
442
441
440
439
438
437
436
435
434
433
432	Nehemiah returned to Artaxerxes ending his 12 years as governor of Judah. Malachi may have prophesied in Jerusalem.
431	Nehemiah may have returned to Jerusalem and began his second term as governor. More religious reforms apparently began.
430
429
428
427
426
425
424
423	Darius II began to reign.

Message³

For many years, believers regarded Ezra and Nehemiah as twin books. They called them 1 and 2 Ezra (or Esdras, the Greek transliteration of Ezra). Jerome, who lived in the fourth century A.D., gave 2 Ezra the name Nehemiah. This fact illustrates the close relationship that exists between these two books. A single story begins in Ezra and ends in Nehemiah. The history they record covers about 110 years (538-430 B.C.).

Let us notice three things about the returned exiles in this period, the restoration period, that God revealed in this Book of Nehemiah.

The people in view are the approximately 97,000 Israelites who returned from captivity, the remnant. They had no conscious national influence that arose from their purpose as a nation. They did not have much messianic hope either. There is no reference to this hope in Ezra, Nehemiah, or Esther.

The purpose of God was that His people should return to His Law. The civil reformation was secondary to the reading of the Law that took place in Jerusalem. The reading of the Law (ch. 8) led to the praying of the Levites (ch. 9), and that resulted in the making of a covenant (ch. 10). God's purpose was to put Israel back under the Law until Christ would come.

The Potter at work in this book continues the task of reshaping that He began in Ezra. His primary instrument at this time was Nehemiah. Nehemiah was not a king, a priest, or a prophet, but an ordinary citizen. He held a cabinet-level position under Artaxerxes, the Persian monarch. He became the governor of Judah later. Generally the kings of Israel had failed, the people had ignored the prophets, and the priests were corrupt. Therefore God chose a common man who built a wall around Jerusalem in a little over seven weeks so the people could give concentrated attention to the reading and exposition of God's Word. Nehemiah was a man like others God used before him, a man who lived and walked by faith. Joshua was such a person and was also neither king, prophet, nor priest. Nehemiah did for Israel in his day what Joshua had done in his.

Notice next three things about Nehemiah.

Nehemiah had an attitude of faith. He had remarkable confidence in God. This never wavered. He wanted to see God's purposes fulfilled (1:1-4). He expressed his concern in his inquiry and sorrow. His prayer and sorrow show his confidence in God's power (1:5-2:4; 4:9). Furthermore he purposed to cooperate with God so God's will would happen. He expressed this commitment in his activity.

Nehemiah also acted in faith. We can see his faith in three activities.

1. He acted cautiously (5:7). He examined the wall secretly and silently. Then he divided the work so every man built near his own house. This guaranteed the personal interest and diligence of the workers.

2. He acted courageously (13:11, 17). He started by himself, single-handedly. Then he stuck with the work determinedly until he finished it.

3. He acted without compromise.

He did not compromise with the enemies outside the wall. They tried to get him to compromise by using contempt (4:3), then conspiracy (4:8), and then cunning (6:2).

He did not compromise with the Jews inside the wall either. He did not allow the nobles to continue charging their poorer brothers interest (5:5). He did not allow a priest to give lodging to the enemy (13:4-5). Furthermore he did not permit mixed marriages with non-Jews (13:23).

Finally, Nehemiah achieved by faith. The workers built the walls in only 52 days. Nehemiah settled the people in the city and its suburbs. He expounded and enforced the Law of God. He also provided a place where the people could wait for God's salvation.

Combining Nehemiah's times with his character we get the message of this book. Nehemiah proves that seemingly impossible things are possible through prayer and hard work when people determine to trust and obey God, and when they put His interests first.

Like Nehemiah we live in dark times (cf. Isa. 50:10). We too have to deal with indifferent multitudes. As in his day, there is widespread disloyalty to God's truth today. As then, there is lack of enthusiasm for God's plans and purposes now. Not many Christians want to devote their every waking moment to the task God has commanded us to do.

Like Nehemiah we need to walk by faith in these dark times (cf. Hab. 2:4). We need to be as sure of God as he was. We need to act with God and for God even though it means strenuous effort. We also need to decline all compromise with those outside and inside the church. We need to trust God, to do our day's work faithfully, and leave the future to Him. May we all follow this great man's example of faith. May we live one day at a time (Matt. 6:11).

Constable: Nehemiah (Outline)

Outline

I. The fortification of Jerusalem chs. 1-7

A. The return under Nehemiah chs. 1-2

1. The news concerning Jerusalem 1:1-3

2. The response of Nehemiah 1:4-11

3. The request of Nehemiah 2:1-8

4. The return to Jerusalem 2:9-20

B. The rebuilding of the walls 3:1-7:4

1. The workers and their work ch. 3

2. The opposition to the workers ch. 4

3. The strife among the workers ch. 5

4. The attacks against Nehemiah 6:1-14

5. The completion of the work 6:15-7:4

C. The record of those who returned 7:5-72

II. The restoration of the Jews chs. 8-13

A. The renewal of the Mosaic Covenant chs. 8-10

1. The gathering of the people ch. 8

2. The prayer of the people ch. 9

3. The renewed commitment of the people ch. 10

B. The residents of the land 11:1-12:26

1. The residents of Jerusalem 11:1-24

2. The residents of the outlying towns 11:25-36

3. The priests and Levites 12:1-26

C. The dedication of the wall 12:27-47

1. Preparations for the dedication 12:27-30

2. The dedication ceremonies 12:31-47

D. The reforms instituted by Nehemiah ch. 13

1. The exclusion of foreigners 13:1-3

2. The expulsion of Tobiah 13:4-9

3. The revival of tithing 13:10-14

4. The observance of the Sabbath 13:15-22

5. The rebuke of mixed marriages 13:23-29

6. The summary of Nehemiah's reforms 13:30-31

Constable: Nehemiah

Nehemiah

Bibliography

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Copyright 2003 by Thomas L. Constable

Haydock: Nehemiah (Book Introduction)

THE BOOK OF NEHEMIAS;

commonly called THE SECOND BOOK OF ESDRAS.

INTRODUCTION.

This Book takes its name from the writer, who was cup-bearer to Artaxerxes, (surnamed Longimanus ) king of Persia, and was sent by him with a commission to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. It is also called the Second Book of Esdras, because it is a continuation of the history begun by Esdras, of the state of the people of God after their return from captivity. (Challoner) --- Genebrard believes that the latter wrote the work. But how long must he thus have lived? and how come the lists to vary so much? (Calmet) --- We may allow that these variations are owing to the mistakes of transcribers, (1 Esdras ii. 1.) for the writer of both works was certainly inspired. Esdras lived a long time along with Nehemias; (chap. xii. 35.) and he may have left memorials, as well as the latter, from which the present work seems to be compiled. (Haydock) --- Some additions have been made since the days of Nehemias, articularly chap. xii. to ver. 26, or at least (Calmet) the five last of these verses. (Capel.) (Chronicles) --- The passage cited from the commentaries of Nehemias, (2 Machabees ii. 13.) is not to be found here; which shews that we have not his entire work, but only an abridgment, in which the author has adopted his words, with some few alterations. The fifth chapter seems to be out of its place, and also the dedication of the walls, chap. xii. 27. Nehemias was a person in great favour at the court of Persia; and of high birth, probably of the royal family, (Eusebius; Isidore; Genebrard in Chron.) as most of the ancients believe that all who governed, till the time of the Asmoneans, were of the tribe of Juda. Hence he styles Hanani his brother, (chap. i. 2.) and declines entering into the temple, chap. vi. 11. His name never occurs among the priests; and though we read [in] 2 Machabees i. 18, 21, jussit sacerdos Nehemias, (Tirinus) the Greek has, "Nehemias order the priests;" Greek: iereis: (Calmet; Huet; Du Hamel) and the title of priest sometimes is given to laymen at the head of affairs. (Haydock) --- In this character Nehemias appeared, by order of Artaxerxes: and notwithstanding the obstructions of the enemies of Juda, rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem, and returned after twelve years to court, making a second visit to his own country, a little before the death of the king, whom he probably survived only one year, dying the year of the world 3580, about thirty years after he had been appointed governor. (Calmet) --- In the two first chapters, we behold his solicitude for the welfare of his country, in the ten following his success, and in the last what abuses he corrected. (Worthington) --- He renewed the covenant with God, (chap. ix., and x.) sent for the sacred fire, and established a library at Jerusalem, 2 Machabees i. 19, 34., and ii. 13. (Haydock)

Gill: Nehemiah (Book Introduction)

INTRODUCTION TO NEHEMIAH

This book is, by the authors of the Vulgate Latin and Arabic versions, called the "Second" Book of Ezra, it being a continuation of the same history, and was by the Jews reckoned as one book with Ezra; Kimchi on Isa 9:7, calls it Ezra, so the Talmud ^a; and it has been quoted by Christian writers under his name; see the argument of the book of Ezra; but not as if it was written by him; for it is a clear case it was written by Nehemiah, whose name it bears, as appears from Neh 1:1 and throughout Nehemiah speaks of himself under the first person; and the style also is very different from that of Ezra, being plainer and easier than his. It has always had a place in the canon of Scriptures, both with Jews and Christians; and is of use to show the fulfilment of the prophecy of Zechariah, and especially of Daniel concerning the building of the wall of Jerusalem in troublesome times; to carry on the history of the Jews, and describe the state of the church in those times, what opposition was made to it, and what enemies it had, and what must be expected when any work of God is set about; it is the last of the historical books that was written, as is thought, and contains an history of the space of about twelve years, from the twentieth of Artaxerxes to the thirty second of his reign, see Neh 1:1.

Gill: Nehemiah 3 (Chapter Introduction)

INTRODUCTION TO NEHEMIAH 3

This chapter contains the names of the builders of the wall of Jerusalem, the order in which they worked, where they began, and where they ended, which was the sheep gate, Neh 3:1.