Discovery BoxActs 4:1
Context4:1 While Peter and John 1 were speaking to the people, the priests and the commander 2 of the temple guard 3 and the Sadducees 4 came up 5 to them,
Acts 25:1-27
Context25:1 Now 6 three days after Festus 7 arrived in the province, he went up to Jerusalem 8 from Caesarea. 9 25:2 So the chief priests and the most prominent men 10 of the Jews brought formal charges 11 against Paul to him. 25:3 Requesting him to do them a favor against Paul, 12 they urged Festus 13 to summon him to Jerusalem, planning an ambush 14 to kill him along the way. 25:4 Then Festus 15 replied that Paul was being kept at Caesarea, 16 and he himself intended to go there 17 shortly. 25:5 “So,” he said, “let your leaders 18 go down there 19 with me, and if this man has done anything wrong, 20 they may bring charges 21 against him.”
25:6 After Festus 22 had stayed 23 not more than eight or ten days among them, he went down to Caesarea, 24 and the next day he sat 25 on the judgment seat 26 and ordered Paul to be brought. 25:7 When he arrived, the Jews who had come down from Jerusalem stood around him, 27 bringing many serious 28 charges that they were not able to prove. 29 25:8 Paul said in his defense, 30 “I have committed no offense 31 against the Jewish law 32 or against the temple or against Caesar.” 33 25:9 But Festus, 34 wanting to do the Jews a favor, asked Paul, “Are you willing to go up to Jerusalem and be tried 35 before me there on these charges?” 36 25:10 Paul replied, 37 “I am standing before Caesar’s 38 judgment seat, 39 where I should be tried. 40 I have done nothing wrong 41 to the Jews, as you also know very well. 42 25:11 If then I am in the wrong 43 and have done anything that deserves death, I am not trying to escape dying, 44 but if not one of their charges against me is true, 45 no one can hand me over to them. 46 I appeal to Caesar!” 47 25:12 Then, after conferring with his council, 48 Festus 49 replied, “You have appealed to Caesar; 50 to Caesar 51 you will go!” 52
25:13 After several days had passed, King Agrippa 53 and Bernice arrived at Caesarea 54 to pay their respects 55 to Festus. 56 25:14 While 57 they were staying there many days, Festus 58 explained Paul’s case to the king to get his opinion, 59 saying, “There is a man left here as a prisoner by Felix. 25:15 When I was in Jerusalem, 60 the chief priests and the elders of the Jews informed 61 me about him, 62 asking for a sentence of condemnation 63 against him. 25:16 I answered them 64 that it was not the custom of the Romans to hand over anyone 65 before the accused had met his accusers face to face 66 and had been given 67 an opportunity to make a defense against the accusation. 68 25:17 So after they came back here with me, 69 I did not postpone the case, 70 but the next day I sat 71 on the judgment seat 72 and ordered the man to be brought. 25:18 When his accusers stood up, they did not charge 73 him with any of the evil deeds I had suspected. 74 25:19 Rather they had several points of disagreement 75 with him about their own religion 76 and about a man named Jesus 77 who was dead, whom Paul claimed 78 to be alive. 25:20 Because I was at a loss 79 how I could investigate these matters, 80 I asked if he were willing to go to Jerusalem and be tried 81 there on these charges. 82 25:21 But when Paul appealed to be kept in custody for the decision of His Majesty the Emperor, 83 I ordered him to be kept under guard until I could send him to Caesar.” 84 25:22 Agrippa 85 said to Festus, 86 “I would also like to hear the man myself.” “Tomorrow,” he replied, 87 “you will hear him.”
25:23 So the next day Agrippa 88 and Bernice came with great pomp 89 and entered the audience hall, 90 along with the senior military officers 91 and the prominent men of the city. When Festus 92 gave the order, 93 Paul was brought in. 25:24 Then Festus 94 said, “King Agrippa, 95 and all you who are present here with us, you see this man about whom the entire Jewish populace 96 petitioned 97 me both in Jerusalem 98 and here, 99 shouting loudly 100 that he ought not to live any longer. 25:25 But I found that he had done nothing that deserved death, 101 and when he appealed 102 to His Majesty the Emperor, 103 I decided to send him. 104 25:26 But I have nothing definite 105 to write to my lord 106 about him. 107 Therefore I have brought him before you all, and especially before you, King Agrippa, 108 so that after this preliminary hearing 109 I may have something to write. 25:27 For it seems unreasonable to me to send a prisoner without clearly indicating 110 the charges against him.”
[4:1] 1 tn Grk “While they”; the referents (Peter and John) have been specified in the translation for clarity.
[4:1] 3 tn Grk “the official of the temple,” a title for the commander of the Jewish soldiers guarding the temple (thus the translation, “the commander of the temple guard”). See L&N 37.91.
[4:1] 4 sn The Sadducees controlled the official political structures of Judaism at this time, being the majority members of the Sanhedrin. They were known as extremely strict on law and order issues (Josephus, J. W. 2.8.2 [2.119], 2.8.14 [2.164-166]; Ant. 13.5.9 [13.171-173], 13.10.6 [13.293-298], 18.1.2 [18.11], 18.1.4 [18.16-17], 20.9.1 [20.199]; Life 2 [10-11]). See also Matt 3:7; 16:1-12; 22:23-34; Mark 12:18-27; Luke 20:27-38; Acts 5:17; 23:6-8.
[4:1] 5 tn Or “approached.” This verb often denotes a sudden appearing (BDAG 418 s.v. ἐφίστημι 1).
[25:1] 6 tn BDAG 736-37 s.v. οὖν 2.b states, “οὖν serves to indicate a transition to someth. new…now, then, well…Ac 25:1.”
[25:1] 7 sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.
[25:1] 8 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[25:1] 9 sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1. This was a journey of 65 mi (just over 100 km).
[25:2] 11 tn BDAG 893-94 s.v. πρῶτος 2.a.β has “οἱ πρῶτοι the most prominent men, the leading men w. gen. of the place…or of a group…οἱ πρ. τοῦ λαοῦ…Lk 19:47; cp. Ac 25:2; 28:17.”
[25:2] 12 tn BDAG 326 s.v. ἐμφανίζω 3 has “ἐ. τινὶ κατά τινος bring formal charges against someone…Ac 24:1; 25:2.”
[25:3] 16 tn Grk “Requesting a favor against him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation, the understood direct object of “requesting” has been supplied, and the phrase “to do them” supplied for clarity.
[25:3] 17 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Festus) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The words “they urged him” are in v. 2 in the Greek text.
[25:3] 18 sn Planning an ambush. The Jewish leadership had not forgotten the original plan of several years ago (see 23:16). They did not trust the Roman legal process, but preferred to take matters into their own hands.
[25:4] 21 sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.
[25:4] 22 sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1.
[25:4] 23 tn The word “there” is not in the Greek text but is implied.
[25:5] 26 tn Grk “let those who are influential among you” (i.e., the powerful).
[25:5] 27 tn The word “there” is not in the Greek text, but is implied.
[25:5] 28 tn Grk “and if there is anything wrong with this man,” but this could be misunderstood in English to mean a moral or physical defect, while the issue in context is the commission of some crime, something legally improper (BDAG 149 s.v. ἄτοπος 2).
[25:5] 29 tn BDAG 533 s.v. κατηγορέω 1 states, “nearly always as legal t.t.: bring charges in court.” L&N 33.427 states for κατηγορέω, “to bring serious charges or accusations against someone, with the possible connotation of a legal or court context – ‘to accuse, to bring charges.”
[25:6] 31 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Festus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[25:6] 32 tn Grk “Having stayed.” The participle διατρίψας (diatriya") has been taken temporally.
[25:6] 33 sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1.
[25:6] 34 tn Grk “sitting down…he ordered.” The participle καθίσας (kaqisa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[25:6] 35 tn Although BDAG 175 s.v. βῆμα 3 gives the meaning “tribunal” for this verse, and a number of modern translations use similar terms (“court,” NIV; “tribunal,” NRSV), since the bhma was a standard feature in Greco-Roman cities of the time, there is no need for an alternative translation here.
[25:7] 36 tn BDAG 801 s.v. περιίστημι 1.a has “περιέστησαν αὐτὸν οἱ ᾿Ιουδαῖοι the Judeans stood around him 25:7.”
[25:7] 37 tn Grk “many and serious.” The term βαρύς (barus) refers to weighty or serious charges (BDAG 167 s.v. 1).
[25:7] 38 tn The term ἀποδείκνυμι (apodeiknumi) in a legal context refers to legal proof (4 Macc 1:8; BDAG 108 s.v. 3).
[25:8] 41 tn Grk “Paul saying in his defense”; the participle ἀπολογουμένου (apologoumenou) could be taken temporally (“when Paul said…”), but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the participle was translated as a finite verb and a new sentence begun here in the translation. BDAG 116-17 s.v. ἀπολογέομαι has “W. ὅτι foll. τοῦ Παύλου ἀπολογουμένου, ὅτι when Paul said in his defense (direct quot. foll.) Ac 25:8.”
[25:8] 42 tn Grk “I have sinned…in nothing.”
[25:8] 43 tn Grk “against the law of the Jews.” Here τῶν ᾿Ιουδαίων has been translated as an attributive genitive.
[25:8] 44 tn Or “against the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
[25:9] 46 sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.
[25:9] 47 tn Or “stand trial.”
[25:9] 48 tn Grk “concerning these things.”
[25:10] 52 tn Or “before the emperor’s” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
[25:10] 53 tn Although BDAG 175 s.v. βῆμα 3 gives the meaning “tribunal” for this verse, and a number of modern translations use similar terms (“court,” NIV; “tribunal,” NRSV), since the bema was a standard feature in Greco-Roman cities of the time, there is no need for an alternative translation here. Here of course Paul’s reference to “Caesar’s judgment seat” is a form of metonymy; since Festus is Caesar’s representative, Festus’ judgment seat represents Caesar’s own.
[25:10] 54 tn That is, tried by an imperial representative and subject to Roman law.
[25:10] 55 sn “I have done nothing wrong.” Here is yet another declaration of total innocence on Paul’s part.
[25:10] 56 tn BDAG 506 s.v. καλῶς 7 states, “comp. κάλλιον (for the superl., as Galen, Protr. 8 p. 24, 19J.=p. 10, 31 Kaibel; s. B-D-F §244, 2) ὡς καί σὺ κ. ἐπιγινώσκεις as also you know very well Ac 25:10.”
[25:11] 56 tn BDAG 20 s.v. ἀδικέω 1.b has “intr. be in the wrong (Ex 2:13) εἰ ἀδικῶ Ac 25:11.”
[25:11] 57 tn BDAG 764 s.v. παραιτέομαι 2.b.β, “οὐ παραιτοῦμαι τὸ ἀποθανεῖν I am not trying to escape death Ac 25:11 (cp. Jos., Vi. 141).” To avoid redundancy in the translation, the English gerund “dying” is used to translate the Greek infinitive ἀποθανεῖν (apoqanein).
[25:11] 58 tn Or “but if there is nothing to their charges against me.” Both “if” clauses in this verse are first class conditions. Paul stated the options without prejudice, assuming in turn the reality of each for the sake of the argument.
[25:11] 59 sn That is, no one can hand me over to them lawfully. Paul was aware of the dangers of a return to Jerusalem.
[25:11] 60 tn Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
[25:12] 61 tn That is, with his advisers.
[25:12] 62 sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.
[25:12] 63 tn Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
[25:12] 64 tn Or “to the emperor.”
[25:12] 65 sn “To Caesar you will go!” In all probability Festus was pleased to send Paul on to Rome and get this political problem out of his court.
[25:13] 66 sn King Agrippa was Herod Agrippa II (
[25:13] 67 sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1.
[25:13] 68 tn BDAG 144 s.v. ἀσπάζομαι 1.b states, “Of official visits pay one’s respects to…Ac 25:13.”
[25:13] 69 sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.
[25:14] 71 tn BDAG 1105-6 s.v. ὡς 8.b states, “w. pres. or impf. while, when, as long as…Ac 1:10; 7:23; 9:23; 10:17; 13:25; 19:9; 21:27; 25:14.”
[25:14] 72 sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.
[25:14] 73 tn Grk “Festus laid Paul’s case before the king for consideration.” BDAG 74 s.v. ἀνατίθημι 2 states, “otherw. only mid. to lay someth. before someone for consideration, declare, communicate, refer w. the added idea that the pers. to whom a thing is ref. is asked for his opinion lay someth. before someone for consideration…Ac 25:14.”
[25:15] 76 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[25:15] 77 tn BDAG 326 s.v. ἐμφανίζω 3 has “to convey a formal report about a judicial matter, present evidence, bring charges…ἐ. περί τινος concerning someone 25:15.”
[25:15] 78 tn Grk “about whom.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced with a personal pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence started in the translation at the beginning of v. 15 (where the phrase περὶ οὗ [peri Jou] occurs in the Greek text).
[25:15] 79 tn BDAG 516 s.v. καταδίκη states, “condemnation, sentence of condemnation, conviction, guilty verdict…αἰτεῖσθαι κατά τινος κ. ask for a conviction of someone Ac 25:15.”
[25:16] 81 tn Grk “to whom I answered.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced with a personal pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence started in the translation at the beginning of v. 16.
[25:16] 82 tn Grk “any man.” This is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpos).
[25:16] 83 tn Or “has met his accusers in person.”
[25:16] 84 tn Grk “and receives.”
[25:16] 85 tn Or “indictment” (a legal technical term). BDAG 273-74 s.v. ἔγκλημα 1 states, “legal t.t.…ἀπολογία περὶ τοῦ ἐ. defense against the accusation Ac 25:16.” L&N 56.6 defines ἔγκλημα (enklhma) as “(a technical, legal term) a formal indictment or accusation brought against someone – ‘indictment, accusation, case.’ …‘and might receive an opportunity for a defense against the indictment’ Ac 25:16.”
[25:17] 86 tn BDAG 969-70 s.v. συνέρχομαι 2 states, “συνελθόντων ἐνθάδε prob. means (because of συνκαταβάντες 25:5) they came back here with (me) 25:17.”
[25:17] 87 tn BDAG 59 s.v. ἀναβολή states, “‘delay’…legal t.t. postponement…ἀ. μηδεμίαν ποιησάμενος I did not postpone the matter Ac 25:17.” “Case” has been supplied instead of “matter” since it is more specific to the context. The participle ποιησάμενος (poihsameno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[25:17] 88 tn Grk “sitting…I ordered.” The participle καθίσας (kaqisa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[25:17] 89 tn Although BDAG 175 s.v. βῆμα 3 gives the meaning “tribunal” for this verse, and a number of modern translations use similar terms (“court,” NIV; “tribunal,” NRSV), since the bema was a standard feature in Greco-Roman cities of the time, there is no need for an alternative translation here.
[25:18] 91 tn Grk “they brought no charge of any of the evil deeds.” BDAG 31 s.v. αἰτία 3.b has “αἰτίαν φέρειν…bring an accusation Ac 25:18.” Since κατήγοροι (kathgoroi, “accusers”) in the previous clause is somewhat redundant with this, “charge” was used instead.
[25:18] 92 tn Or “I was expecting.”
[25:19] 96 tn Grk “several controversial issues.” BDAG 428 s.v. ζήτημα states, “in our lit. only in Ac, w. the mng. it still has in Mod. Gk. (controversial) question, issue, argument…Ac 15:2; 26:3. ζ. περί τινος questions about someth.…18:15; 25:19.”
[25:19] 97 tn On this term see BDAG 216 s.v. δεισιδαιμονία 2. It is a broad term for religion.
[25:19] 98 tn Grk “a certain Jesus.”
[25:20] 101 tn Or “Because I was undecided.” Grk “Being at a loss.” The participle ἀπορούμενος (aporoumeno") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.
[25:20] 102 tn L&N 27.34 states, “ἀπορούμενος δὲ ἐγὼ τὴν περὶ τούτων ζήτησιν ‘I was undecided about how I could get information on these matters’ Ac 25:20. The clause ‘about how I could get information on these matters’ may also be rendered as ‘about how I should try to find out about these matters’ or ‘about how I could learn about these matters.’”
[25:20] 103 tn Or “stand trial.”
[25:20] 104 tn Grk “on these things.”
[25:21] 106 tn A designation of the Roman emperor (in this case, Nero). BDAG 917 s.v. σεβαστός states, “ὁ Σεβαστός His Majesty the Emperor Ac 25:21, 25 (of Nero).” It was a translation into Greek of the Latin “Augustus.”
[25:21] 107 tn Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
[25:22] 111 sn See the note on King Agrippa in 25:13.
[25:22] 112 sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.
[25:23] 116 sn See the note on King Agrippa in 25:13.
[25:23] 117 tn Or “great pageantry” (BDAG 1049 s.v. φαντασία; the term is a NT hapax legomenon).
[25:23] 118 tn Or “auditorium.” “Auditorium” may suggest to the modern English reader a theater where performances are held. Here it is the large hall where a king or governor would hold audiences. Paul once spoke of himself as a “spectacle” to the world (1 Cor 4:8-13).
[25:23] 119 tn Grk “the chiliarchs” (officers in command of a thousand soldiers). In Greek the term χιλίαρχος (ciliarco") literally described the “commander of a thousand,” but it was used as the standard translation for the Latin tribunus militum or tribunus militare, the military tribune who commanded a cohort of 600 men.
[25:23] 120 sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.
[25:23] 121 tn Grk “and Festus ordering, Paul was brought in.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun in the translation, and καί (kai) has not been translated. The participle κελεύσαντος (keleusanto") has been taken temporally.
[25:24] 121 sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.
[25:24] 122 sn See the note on King Agrippa in 25:13.
[25:24] 123 tn Probably best understood as rhetorical hyperbole. BDAG 825 s.v. πλῆθος 2.b.γ states, “people, populace, population…τὸ πλῆθος the populace…ἅπαν τὸ πλ. τῶν ᾿Ιουδαίων Ac 25:24.” However, the actions of the leadership are seen by Luke as representing the actions of the entire nation, so the remark is not inaccurate.
[25:24] 124 tn Or “appealed to” (BDAG 341 s.v. ἐντυγχάνω 1.a).
[25:24] 125 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[25:24] 126 sn Here means “here in Caesarea.”
[25:24] 127 tn Or “screaming.”
[25:25] 126 sn He had done nothing that deserved death. Festus’ opinion of Paul’s guilt is like Pilate’s of Jesus (Luke 23:4, 14, 22).
[25:25] 127 tn The participle ἐπικαλεσαμένου (epikalesamenou) has been taken temporally. It could also be translated as causal: “and because he appealed…”
[25:25] 128 tn A designation of the Roman emperor (in this case, Nero). BDAG 917 s.v. σεβαστός states, “ὁ Σεβαστός His Majesty the Emperor Ac 25:21, 25 (of Nero).”
[25:25] 129 tn The word “him” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
[25:26] 131 sn There is irony here. How can Festus write anything definite about Paul, if he is guilty of nothing.
[25:26] 132 sn To my lord means “to His Majesty the Emperor.”
[25:26] 133 tn Grk “about whom I have nothing definite…” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced with a personal pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence begun in the translation at the beginning of v. 26.
[25:26] 134 sn See the note on King Agrippa in 25:13.
[25:26] 135 tn Or “investigation.” BDAG 66 s.v. ἀνάκρισις has “a judicial hearing, investigation, hearing, esp. preliminary hearing…τῆς ἀ. γενομένης Ac 25:26.” This is technical legal language.
[25:27] 136 tn L&N 33.153 s.v. σημαίνω, “to cause something to be both specific and clear – ‘to indicate clearly, to make clear’… ‘for it seems unreasonable to me to send a prisoner without clearly indicating the charges against him’ Ac 25:27.”
