Galatians 4:1-6

4:1 Now I mean that the heir, as long as he is a minor, ¹  is no different from a slave, though he is the owner ²  of everything. 4:2 But he is under guardians ³  and managers until the date set by his ⁴  father. 4:3 So also we, when we were minors, ⁵  were enslaved under the basic forces ⁶  of the world. 4:4 But when the appropriate time ⁷  had come, God sent out his Son, born of a woman, born under the law, 4:5 to redeem those who were under the law, so that we may be adopted as sons with full rights. ⁸  4:6 And because you are sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls ⁹  “Abba! ¹⁰  Father!”

Romans 6:14

6:14 For sin will have no mastery over you, because you are not under law but under grace.

Romans 7:4

7:4 So, my brothers and sisters, ¹¹  you also died to the law through the body of Christ, so that you could be joined to another, to the one who was raised from the dead, to bear fruit to God. ¹² 

Hebrews 7:11-19

Jesus and the Priesthood of Melchizedek

7:11 So if perfection had in fact been possible through the Levitical priesthood – for on that basis ¹³  the people received the law – what further need would there have been for another priest to arise, said to be in the order of Melchizedek and not in Aaron’s order? 7:12 For when the priesthood changes, a change in the law must come ¹⁴  as well. 7:13 Yet the one these things are spoken about belongs to ¹⁵  a different tribe, and no one from that tribe ¹⁶  has ever officiated at the altar. 7:14 For it is clear that our Lord is descended from Judah, yet Moses said nothing about priests in connection with that tribe. 7:15 And this is even clearer if another priest arises in the likeness of Melchizedek, 7:16 who has become a priest not by a legal regulation about physical descent ¹⁷  but by the power of an indestructible life. 7:17 For here is the testimony about him: ¹⁸  “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.” ¹⁹  7:18 On the one hand a former command is set aside ²⁰  because it is weak and useless, ²¹  7:19 for the law made nothing perfect. On the other hand a better hope is introduced, through which we draw near to God.

Hebrews 8:3-13

8:3 For every high priest is appointed to offer both gifts and sacrifices. So this one too had to have something to offer. 8:4 Now if he were on earth, he would not be a priest, since there are already priests who offer ²²  the gifts prescribed by the law. 8:5 The place where they serve is ²³  a sketch ²⁴  and shadow of the heavenly sanctuary, just as Moses was warned by God as he was about to complete the tabernacle. For he says, “See that you make everything according to the design ²⁵  shown to you on the mountain.” ²⁶  8:6 But ²⁷  now Jesus ²⁸  has obtained a superior ministry, since ²⁹  the covenant that he mediates is also better and is enacted ³⁰  on better promises. ³¹ 

8:7 For if that first covenant had been faultless, no one would have looked for a second one. ³²  8:8 But ³³  showing its fault, ³⁴  God ³⁵  says to them, ³⁶ 

“Look, the days are coming, says the Lord, when I will complete a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah.

8:9 “It will not be like the covenant ³⁷  that I made with their fathers, on the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of Egypt, because they did not continue in my covenant and I had no regard for them, says the Lord.

8:10 “For this is the covenant that I will establish with the house of Israel after those days, says the Lord. I will put ³⁸  my laws in their minds ³⁹  and I will inscribe them on their hearts. And I will be their God and they will be my people. ⁴⁰ 

8:11 “And there will be no need at all ⁴¹  for each one to teach his countryman or each one to teach his brother saying, ‘Know the Lord,’ since they will all know me, from the least to the greatest. ⁴² 

8:12 “For I will be merciful toward their evil deeds, and their sins I will remember no longer.” ⁴³ 

8:13 When he speaks of a new covenant, ⁴⁴  he makes the first obsolete. Now what is growing obsolete and aging is about to disappear. ⁴⁵ 

Hebrews 10:15-18

10:15 And the Holy Spirit also witnesses to us, for after saying, ⁴⁶  10:16 “This is the covenant that I will establish with them after those days, says the Lord. I will put ⁴⁷  my laws on their hearts and I will inscribe them on their minds,” ⁴⁸  10:17 then he says, ⁴⁹  “Their sins and their lawless deeds I will remember no longer.” ⁵⁰  10:18 Now where there is forgiveness of these, there is no longer any offering for sin.

[4:1]  ¹ tn Grk “a small child.” The Greek term νήπιος (nhpios) refers to a young child, no longer a helpless infant but probably not more than three or four years old (L&N 9.43). The point in context, though, is that this child is too young to take any responsibility for the management of his assets.

[4:1]  ² tn Grk “master” or “lord” (κύριος, kurios).

[4:2]  ³ tn The Greek term translated “guardians” here is ἐπίτροπος (epitropo"), whose semantic domain overlaps with that of παιδαγωγός (paidagwgo") according to L&N 36.5.

[4:2]  ⁴ tn Grk “the,” but the Greek article is used here as a possessive pronoun (ExSyn 215).

[4:3]  ⁵ tn See the note on the word “minor” in 4:1.

[4:3]  ⁶ tn Or “basic principles,” “elemental things,” or “elemental spirits.” Some interpreters take this as a reference to supernatural powers who controlled nature and/or human fate.

[4:4]  ⁷ tn Grk “the fullness of time” (an idiom for the totality of a period of time, with the implication of proper completion; see L&N 67.69).

[4:5]  ⁸ tn The Greek term υἱοθεσία (Juioqesia) was originally a legal technical term for adoption as a son with full rights of inheritance. BDAG 1024 s.v. notes, “a legal t.t. of ‘adoption’ of children, in our lit., i.e. in Paul, only in a transferred sense of a transcendent filial relationship between God and humans (with the legal aspect, not gender specificity, as major semantic component).” Although some modern translations remove the filial sense completely and render the term merely “adoption” (cf. NAB), the retention of this component of meaning was accomplished in the present translation by the phrase “as sons.”

[4:6]  ⁹ tn Grk “calling.” The participle is neuter indicating that the Spirit is the one who calls.

[4:6]  ¹⁰ tn The term “Abba” is the Greek transliteration of the Aramaic אַבָּא (’abba’), literally meaning “my father” but taken over simply as “father,” used in prayer and in the family circle, and later taken over by the early Greek-speaking Christians (BDAG 1 s.v. ἀββα).

[7:4]  ¹¹ tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:13.

[7:4]  ¹² tn Grk “that we might bear fruit to God.”

[7:11]  ¹³ tn Grk “based on it.”

[7:12]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “of necessity a change in the law comes to pass.”

[7:13]  ¹⁵ tn Grk “shares in.”

[7:13]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “from which no one.”

[7:16]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “a law of a fleshly command.”

[7:17]  ¹⁸ tn Grk “for he/it is witnessed that.”

[7:17]  ¹⁹ sn A quotation from Ps 110:4 (see Heb 5:6 and 6:20).

[7:18]  ²⁰ tn Grk “the setting aside of a former command comes to pass.”

[7:18]  ²¹ tn Grk “because of its weakness and uselessness.”

[8:4]  ²² tn Grk “there are those who offer.”

[8:5]  ²³ tn Grk “who serve in,” referring to the Levitical priests, but focusing on the provisional and typological nature of the tabernacle in which they served.

[8:5]  ²⁴ tn Or “prototype,” “outline.” The Greek word ὑπόδειγμα (Jupodeigma) does not mean “copy,” as it is often translated; it means “something to be copied,” a basis for imitation. BDAG 1037 s.v. 2 lists both Heb 8:5 and 9:23 under the second category of usage, “an indication of someth. that appears at a subsequent time,” emphasizing the temporal progression between the earthly and heavenly sanctuaries.

[8:5]  ²⁵ tn The word τύπος (tupos) here has the meaning “an archetype serving as a model, type, pattern, model” (BDAG 1020 s.v. 6.a). This is in keeping with the horizontal imagery accepted for this verse (see sn on “sketch” earlier in the verse). Here Moses was shown the future heavenly sanctuary which, though it did not yet exist, became the outline for the earthly sanctuary.

[8:5]  ²⁶ sn A quotation from Exod 25:40.

[8:6]  ²⁷ sn The Greek text indicates a contrast between vv. 4-5 and v. 6 that is difficult to render in English: Jesus’ status in the old order of priests (vv. 4-5) versus his superior ministry (v. 6).

[8:6]  ²⁸ tn Grk “he”; in the translation the referent (Jesus) has been specified for clarity.

[8:6]  ²⁹ tn Grk “to the degree that.”

[8:6]  ³⁰ tn Grk “which is enacted.”

[8:6]  ³¹ sn This linkage of the change in priesthood with a change in the law or the covenant goes back to Heb 7:12, 22 and is picked up again in Heb 9:6-15 and 10:1-18.

[8:7]  ³² tn Grk “no occasion for a second one would have been sought.”

[8:8]  ³³ tn Grk “for,” but providing an explanation of the God-intended limitation of the first covenant from v. 7.

[8:8]  ³⁴ sn The “fault” or limitation in the first covenant was not in its inherent righteousness, but in its design from God himself. It was never intended to be his final revelation or provision for mankind; it was provisional, always pointing toward the fulfillment to come in Christ.

[8:8]  ³⁵ tn Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[8:8]  ³⁶ tc ‡ Several witnesses (א* A D* I K P Ψ 33 81 326 365 1505 2464 al latt co Cyr) have αὐτούς (autous) here, “[in finding fault with] them, [he says],” alluding to Israel’s failings mentioned in v. 9b. (The verb μέμφομαι [memfomai, “to find fault with”] can take an accusative or dative direct object.) The reading behind the text above (αὐτοίς, autoi"), supported by Ì⁴⁶ א² B D² 0278 1739 1881 Ï, is perhaps a harder reading theologically, and is more ambiguous in meaning. If αὐτοίς goes with μεμφόμενος (memfomeno", here translated “showing its fault”), the clause could be translated “in finding fault with them” or “in showing [its] faults to them.” If αὐτοίς goes with the following λέγει (legei, “he says”), the clause is best translated, “in finding/showing [its] faults, he says to them.” The accusative pronoun suffers no such ambiguity, for it must be the object of μεμφόμενος rather than λέγει. Although a decision is difficult, the dative form of the pronoun best explains the rise of the other reading and is thus more likely to be original.

[8:9]  ³⁷ tn Grk “not like the covenant,” continuing the description of v. 8b.

[8:10]  ³⁸ tn Grk “putting…I will inscribe.”

[8:10]  ³⁹ tn Grk “mind.”

[8:10]  ⁴⁰ tn Grk “I will be to them for a God and they will be to me for a people,” following the Hebrew constructions of Jer 31.

[8:11]  ⁴¹ tn Grk “they will not teach, each one his fellow citizen…” The Greek makes this negation emphatic: “they will certainly not teach.”

[8:11]  ⁴² tn Grk “from the small to the great.”

[8:12]  ⁴³ sn A quotation from Jer 31:31-34.

[8:13]  ⁴⁴ tn Grk “when he says, ‘new,’” (referring to the covenant).

[8:13]  ⁴⁵ tn Grk “near to disappearing.”

[10:15]  ⁴⁶ tn Grk “after having said,” emphasizing the present impact of this utterance.

[10:16]  ⁴⁷ tn Grk “putting…I will inscribe.”

[10:16]  ⁴⁸ sn A quotation from Jer 31:33.

[10:17]  ⁴⁹ tn Grk “and.”

[10:17]  ⁵⁰ sn A quotation from Jer 31:34.