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John 7:19-53

Context
7:19 Hasn’t Moses given you the law? Yet not one of you keeps¹ the law! Why do you want² to kill me?”

7:20 The crowd³ answered, “You’re possessed by a demon!⁴ Who is trying to kill you?”⁵ 7:21 Jesus replied,⁶ “I performed one miracle⁷ and you are all amazed.⁸ 7:22 However, because Moses gave you the practice of circumcision⁹ (not that it came from Moses, but from the forefathers), you circumcise a male child¹⁰ on the Sabbath. 7:23 But if a male child¹¹ is circumcised¹² on the Sabbath so that the law of Moses is not broken,¹³ why are you angry with me because I made a man completely well¹⁴ on the Sabbath? 7:24 Do not judge according to external appearance,¹⁵ but judge with proper¹⁶ judgment.”

Questions About Jesus’ Identity

7:25 Then some of the residents of Jerusalem¹⁷ began to say, “Isn’t this the man¹⁸ they are trying¹⁹ to kill? 7:26 Yet here he is, speaking publicly,²⁰ and they are saying nothing to him.²¹ Do the rulers really know that this man²² is the Christ?²³ 7:27 But we know where this man²⁴ comes from.²⁵ Whenever the Christ²⁶ comes, no one will know where he comes from.”²⁷

7:28 Then Jesus, while teaching in the temple courts,²⁸ cried out,²⁹ “You both know me and know where I come from!³⁰ And I have not come on my own initiative,³¹ but the one who sent me³² is true. You do not know him,³³ 7:29 but³⁴ I know him, because I have come from him³⁵ and he³⁶ sent me.”

7:30 So then they tried to seize Jesus,³⁷ but no one laid a hand on him, because his time³⁸ had not yet come. 7:31 Yet many of the crowd³⁹ believed in him and said, “Whenever the Christ⁴⁰ comes, he won’t perform more miraculous signs than this man did, will he?”⁴¹

7:32 The Pharisees⁴² heard the crowd⁴³ murmuring these things about Jesus,⁴⁴ so the chief priests and the Pharisees sent officers⁴⁵ to arrest him.⁴⁶ 7:33 Then Jesus said, “I will be with you for only a little while longer,⁴⁷ and then⁴⁸ I am going to the one who sent me. 7:34 You will look for me⁴⁹ but will not find me, and where I am you cannot come.”

7:35 Then the Jewish leaders⁵⁰ said to one another, “Where is he⁵¹ going to go that we cannot find him?⁵² He is not going to go to the Jewish people dispersed⁵³ among the Greeks and teach the Greeks, is he?⁵⁴ 7:36 What did he mean by saying,⁵⁵ ‘You will look for me⁵⁶ but will not find me, and where I am you cannot come’?”

Teaching About the Spirit

7:37 On the last day of the feast, the greatest day,⁵⁷ Jesus stood up and shouted out,⁵⁸ “If anyone is thirsty, let him come to me, and 7:38 let the one who believes in me drink.⁵⁹ Just as the scripture says, ‘From within him⁶⁰ will flow rivers of living water.’”⁶¹ 7:39 (Now he said this about the Spirit, whom those who believed in him were going to receive, for the Spirit had not yet been given,⁶² because Jesus was not yet glorified.)⁶³

Differing Opinions About Jesus

7:40 When they heard these words, some of the crowd⁶⁴ began to say, “This really⁶⁵ is the Prophet!”⁶⁶ 7:41 Others said, “This is the Christ!”⁶⁷ But still others said, “No,⁶⁸ for the Christ doesn’t come from Galilee, does he?⁶⁹ 7:42 Don’t the scriptures say that the Christ is a descendant⁷⁰ of David⁷¹ and comes from Bethlehem,⁷² the village where David lived?”⁷³ 7:43 So there was a division in the crowd⁷⁴ because of Jesus.⁷⁵ 7:44 Some of them were wanting to seize him, but no one laid a hand on him.⁷⁶

Lack of Belief

7:45 Then the officers⁷⁷ returned⁷⁸ to the chief priests and Pharisees,⁷⁹ who said to them, “Why didn’t you bring him back with you?”⁸⁰ 7:46 The officers replied, “No one ever spoke like this man!” 7:47 Then the Pharisees answered,⁸¹ “You haven’t been deceived too, have you?⁸² 7:48 None of the rulers⁸³ or the Pharisees have believed in him, have they?⁸⁴ 7:49 But this rabble⁸⁵ who do not know the law are accursed!”

7:50 Nicodemus, who had gone to Jesus⁸⁶ before and who was one of the rulers,⁸⁷ said,⁸⁸ 7:51 “Our law doesn’t condemn⁸⁹ a man unless it first hears from him and learns⁹⁰ what he is doing, does it?”⁹¹ 7:52 They replied,⁹² “You aren’t from Galilee too, are you?⁹³ Investigate carefully and you will see that no prophet⁹⁴ comes from Galilee!”

A Woman Caught in Adultery

7:53 ⁹⁵[[And each one departed to his own house.

[7:19] ¹tn Or “accomplishes”; Grk “does.”

[7:19] ²tn Grk “seek.”

[7:20] ³tn Or “The common people” (as opposed to the religious authorities mentioned in 7:15).

[7:20] ⁴tn Grk “You have a demon!”

[7:20] ⁵tn Grk “Who is seeking to kill you?”

[7:21] ⁶tn Grk “Jesus answered and said to them.”

[7:21] ⁷tn Grk “I did one deed.”

[7:21] ⁸sn The “one miracle” that caused them all to be amazed was the last previous public miracle in Jerusalem recorded by the author, the healing of the paralyzed man in John 5:1-9 on the Sabbath. (The synoptic gospels record other Sabbath healings, but John does not mention them.)

[7:22] ⁹tn Grk “gave you circumcision.”

[7:22] ¹⁰tn Grk “a man.” While the text literally reads “circumcise a man” in actual fact the practice of circumcising male infants on the eighth day after birth (see Phil 3:5) is primarily what is in view here.

[7:23] ¹¹tn Grk “a man.” See the note on “male child” in the previous verse.

[7:23] ¹²tn Grk “receives circumcision.”

[7:23] ¹³sn If a male child is circumcised on the Sabbath so that the law of Moses is not broken. The Rabbis counted 248 parts to a man’s body. In the Talmud (b. Yoma 85b) R. Eleazar ben Azariah (ca. a.d. 100) states: “If circumcision, which attaches to one only of the 248 members of the human body, suspends the Sabbath, how much more shall the saving of the whole body suspend the Sabbath?” So absolutely binding did rabbinic Judaism regard the command of Lev 12:3 to circumcise on the eighth day, that in the Mishnah m. Shabbat 18.3; 19.1, 2; and m. Nedarim 3.11 all hold that the command to circumcise overrides the command to observe the Sabbath.

[7:23] ¹⁴tn Or “made an entire man well.”

[7:24] ¹⁵tn Or “based on sight.”

[7:24] ¹⁶tn Or “honest”; Grk “righteous.”

[7:25] ¹⁷map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[7:25] ¹⁸tn Grk “Is it not this one.”

[7:25] ¹⁹tn Grk “seeking.”

[7:26] ²⁰tn Or “speaking openly.”

[7:26] ²¹sn They are saying nothing to him. Some people who had heard Jesus were so impressed with his teaching that they began to infer from the inactivity of the opposing Jewish leaders a tacit acknowledgment of Jesus’ claims.

[7:26] ²²tn Grk “this one.”

[7:26] ²³tn Or “the Messiah” (Both Greek “Christ” and Hebrew and Aramaic “Messiah” mean “one who has been anointed”).

[7:27] ²⁴tn Grk “this one.”

[7:27] ²⁵sn We know where this man comes from. The author apparently did not consider this objection worth answering. The true facts about Jesus’ origins were readily available for any reader who didn’t know already. Here is an instance where the author assumes knowledge about Jesus that is independent from the material he records.

[7:27] ²⁶tn Or “the Messiah” (Both Greek “Christ” and Hebrew and Aramaic “Messiah” mean “one who has been anointed”).

[7:27] ²⁷sn The view of these people regarding the Messiah that no one will know where he comes from reflects the idea that the origin of the Messiah is a mystery. In the Talmud (b. Sanhedrin 97a) Rabbi Zera taught: “Three come unawares: Messiah, a found article, and a scorpion.” Apparently OT prophetic passages like Mal 3:1 and Dan 9:25 were interpreted by some as indicating a sudden appearance of Messiah. It appears that this was not a universal view: The scribes summoned by Herod at the coming of the Magi in Matt 2 knew that the Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem. It is important to remember that Jewish messianic expectations in the early 1st century were not monolithic.

[7:28] ²⁸tn Grk “the temple.”

[7:28] ²⁹tn Grk “Then Jesus cried out in the temple, teaching and saying.”

[7:28] ³⁰sn You both know me and know where I come from! Jesus’ response while teaching in the temple is difficult – it appears to concede too much understanding to his opponents. It is best to take the words as irony: “So you know me and know where I am from, do you?” On the physical, literal level, they did know where he was from: Nazareth of Galilee (at least they thought they knew). But on another deeper (spiritual) level, they did not: He came from heaven, from the Father. Jesus insisted that he has not come on his own initiative (cf. 5:37), but at the bidding of the Father who sent him.

[7:28] ³¹tn Grk “And I have not come from myself.”

[7:28] ³²tn The phrase “the one who sent me” refers to God.

[7:28] ³³tn Grk “the one who sent me is true, whom you do not know.”

[7:29] ³⁴tn Although the conjunction “but” is not in the Greek text, the contrast is implied (an omitted conjunction is called asyndeton).

[7:29] ³⁵tn The preposition παρά (para) followed by the genitive has the local sense preserved and can be used of one person sending another. This does not necessarily imply origin in essence or eternal generation.

[7:29] ³⁶tn Grk “and that one.”

[7:30] ³⁷tn Grk “him”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[7:30] ³⁸tn Grk “his hour.”

[7:31] ³⁹tn Or “The common people” (as opposed to the religious authorities).

[7:31] ⁴⁰tn Or “the Messiah” (Both Greek “Christ” and Hebrew and Aramaic “Messiah” mean “one who has been anointed”).

[7:31] ⁴¹tn Questions prefaced with μή (mh) in Greek anticipate a negative answer. This can sometimes be indicated by using a “tag” at the end in English (here it is “will he?”).

[7:32] ⁴²sn See the note on Pharisees in 1:24.

[7:32] ⁴³tn Or “The common people” (as opposed to the religious authorities like the Pharisees).

[7:32] ⁴⁴tn Grk “him”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[7:32] ⁴⁵tn Or “servants.” The “chief priests and Pharisees” is a comprehensive term for the groups represented in the ruling council (the Sanhedrin) as in John 7:45; 18:3; Acts 5:22, 26. As “servants” or “officers” of the Sanhedrin their representatives should be distinguished from the Levites serving as temple police (perhaps John 7:30 and 44; also John 8:20; 10:39; 19:6; Acts 4:3). Even when performing “police” duties such as here, their “officers” are doing so only as part of their general tasks (see K. H. Rengstorf, TDNT 8:540).

[7:32] ⁴⁶tn Grk “to seize him.” In the context of a deliberate attempt by the servants of the chief priests and Pharisees to detain Jesus, the English verb “arrest” conveys the point more effectively.

[7:33] ⁴⁷tn Grk “Yet a little I am with you.”

[7:33] ⁴⁸tn The word “then” is not in the Greek text, but is implied.

[7:34] ⁴⁹tn Grk “seek me.”

[7:35] ⁵⁰tn Or “the Jewish authorities”; Grk “the Jews.” In NT usage the term ᾿Ιουδαῖοι (Ioudaioi) may refer to the entire Jewish people, the residents of Jerusalem and surrounding territory, the authorities in Jerusalem, or merely those who were hostile to Jesus. (For further information see R. G. Bratcher, “‘The Jews’ in the Gospel of John,” BT 26 [1975]: 401-9.) Here the phrase is understood to refer to the Jewish authorities or leaders, since the Jewish leaders are mentioned in this context both before and after the present verse (7:32, 45).

[7:35] ⁵¹tn Grk “this one.”

[7:35] ⁵²tn Grk “will not find him.”

[7:35] ⁵³sn The Jewish people dispersed (Grk “He is not going to the Diaspora”). The Greek term diaspora (“dispersion”) originally meant those Jews not living in Palestine, but dispersed or scattered among the Gentiles.

[7:35] ⁵⁴tn Questions prefaced with μή (mh) in Greek anticipate a negative answer. This can sometimes be indicated by using a “tag” at the end in English (here the tag is “is he?”).

[7:36] ⁵⁵tn Grk “What is this word that he said.”

[7:36] ⁵⁶tn Grk “seek me.”

[7:37] ⁵⁷sn There is a problem with the identification of this reference to the last day of the feast, the greatest day: It appears from Deut 16:13 that the feast went for seven days. Lev 23:36, however, makes it plain that there was an eighth day, though it was mentioned separately from the seven. It is not completely clear whether the seventh or eighth day was the climax of the feast, called here by the author the “last great day of the feast.” Since according to the Mishnah (m. Sukkah 4.1) the ceremonies with water and lights did not continue after the seventh day, it seems more probable that this is the day the author mentions.

[7:37] ⁵⁸tn Grk “Jesus stood up and cried out, saying.”

[7:38] ⁵⁹tn An alternate way of punctuating the Greek text of vv. 37-38 results in this translation: “If anyone is thirsty, let him come to me and drink. The one who believes in me, just as the scripture says, ‘From within him will flow rivers of living water.’” John 7:37-38 has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate. Certainly Jesus picks up on the literal water used in the ceremony and uses it figuratively. But what does the figure mean? According to popular understanding, it refers to the coming of the Holy Spirit to dwell in the believer. There is some difficulty in locating an OT text which speaks of rivers of water flowing from within such a person, but Isa 58:11 is often suggested: “The Lord will continually lead you, he will feed you even in parched regions. He will give you renewed strength, and you will be like a well-watered garden, like a spring that continually produces water.” Other passages which have been suggested are Prov 4:23 and 5:15; Isa 44:3 and 55:1; Ezek 47:1 ff.; Joel 3:18; and Zech 13:1 and 14:8. The meaning in this case is that when anyone comes to believe in Jesus the scriptures referring to the activity of the Holy Spirit in a person’s life are fulfilled. “When the believer comes to Christ and drinks he not only slakes his thirst but receives such an abundant supply that veritable rivers flow from him” (L. Morris, John [NICNT], 424-25). In other words, with this view, the believer himself becomes the source of the living water. This is the traditional understanding of the passage, often called the “Eastern interpretation” following Origen, Athanasius, and the Greek Fathers. It is supported by such modern scholars as Barrett, Behm, Bernard, Cadman, Carson, R. H. Lightfoot, Lindars, Michaelis, Morris, Odeberg, Schlatter, Schweizer, C. H. Turner, M. M. B. Turner, Westcott, and Zahn. In addition it is represented by the following Greek texts and translations: KJV, RSV, NASB, NA²⁷, and UBS⁴. D. A. Carson, John, 322-29, has a thorough discussion of the issues and evidence although he opts for the previous interpretation. There is another interpretation possible, however, called the “Western interpretation” because of patristic support by Justin, Hippolytus, Tertullian, and Irenaeus. Modern scholars who favor this view are Abbott, Beasley-Murray, Bishop, Boismard, Braun, Brown, Bullinger, Bultmann, Burney, Dodd, Dunn, Guilding, R. Harris, Hoskyns, Jeremias, Loisy, D. M. Stanley, Thüsing, N. Turner, and Zerwick. This view is represented by the translation in the RSV margin and by the NEB. It is also sometimes called the “christological interpretation” because it makes Jesus himself the source of the living water in v. 38, by punctuating as follows: (37b) ἐάν τι διψᾷ ἐρχέσθω πρός με, καὶ πινέτω (38) ὁ πιστεύων εἰς ἐμέ. Καθὼς εἶπεν ἡ γραφή, ποταμοὶ ἐκ τῆς κοιλίας αὐτοῦ ῥεύσουσιν ὕδατος ζῶντος. Three crucial questions are involved in the solution of this problem: (1) punctuation; (2) determining the antecedent of αὐτοῦ (autou); and (3) the source of the scripture quotation. With regard to (1) Ì⁶⁶ does place a full stop after πινέτω (pinetw), but this may be theologically motivated and could have been added later. Grammatical and stylistic arguments are inconclusive. More important is (2) the determination of the antecedent of αὐτοῦ. Can any other Johannine parallels be found which make the believer the source of the living water? John 4:14 is often mentioned in this regard, but unlike 4:14 the water here becomes a source for others also. Neither does 14:12 provide a parallel. Furthermore, such an interpretation becomes even more problematic in light of the explanation given in v. 39 that the water refers to the Holy Spirit, since it is extremely difficult to see the individual believer becoming the ‘source’ of the Spirit for others. On the other hand, the Gospel of John repeatedly places Jesus himself in this role as source of the living water: 4:10, of course, for the water itself; but according to 20:22 Jesus provides the Spirit (cf. 14:16). Furthermore, the symbolism of 19:34 is difficult to explain as anything other than a deliberate allusion to what is predicted here. This also explains why the Spirit cannot come to the disciples unless Jesus “departs” (16:7). As to (3) the source of the scripture quotation, M. E. Boismard has argued that John is using a targumic rendering of Ps 78:15-16 which describes the water brought forth from the rock in the wilderness by Moses (“Les citations targumiques dans le quatrième évangile,” RB 66 [1959]: 374-78). The frequency of Exodus motifs in the Fourth Gospel (paschal lamb, bronze serpent, manna from heaven) leads quite naturally to the supposition that the author is here drawing on the account of Moses striking the rock in the wilderness to bring forth water (Num 20:8 ff.). That such imagery was readily identified with Jesus in the early church is demonstrated by Paul’s understanding of the event in 1 Cor 10:4. Jesus is the Rock from which the living water – the Spirit – will flow. Carson (see note above) discusses this imagery although he favors the traditional or “Eastern” interpretation. In summary, the latter or “Western” interpretation is to be preferred.

[7:38] ⁶⁰tn Or “out of the innermost part of his person”; Grk “out of his belly.”

[7:38] ⁶¹sn An OT quotation whose source is difficult to determine; Isa 44:3, 55:1, 58:11, and Zech 14:8 have all been suggested.

[7:39] ⁶²tn Grk “for the Spirit was not yet.” Although only B and a handful of other NT mss supply the participle δεδομένον (dedomenon), this is followed in the translation to avoid misunderstanding by the modern English reader that prior to this time the Spirit did not exist. John’s phrase is expressed from a human standpoint and has nothing to do with the preexistence of the third Person of the Godhead. The meaning is that the era of the Holy Spirit had not yet arrived; the Spirit was not as yet at work in a way he later would be because Jesus had not yet returned to his Father. Cf. also Acts 19:2.

[7:39] ⁶³sn This is a parenthetical note by the author.

[7:40] ⁶⁴tn Or “The common people” (as opposed to the religious authorities like the chief priests and Pharisees).

[7:40] ⁶⁵tn Or “truly.”

[7:40] ⁶⁶sn The Prophet is a reference to the “prophet like Moses” of Deut 18:15, by this time an eschatological figure in popular belief.

[7:41] ⁶⁷tn Or “the Messiah” (Both Greek “Christ” and Hebrew and Aramaic “Messiah” mean “one who has been anointed”).

[7:41] ⁶⁸tn An initial negative reply (“No”) is suggested by the causal or explanatory γάρ (gar) which begins the clause.

[7:41] ⁶⁹tn Questions prefaced with μή (mh) in Greek anticipate a negative answer. This can sometimes be indicated by using a “tag” at the end in English (here the tag is “does he?”).

[7:42] ⁷⁰tn Grk “is from the seed” (an idiom for human descent).

[7:42] ⁷¹sn An allusion to Ps 89:4.

[7:42] ⁷²sn An allusion to Mic 5:2.

[7:42] ⁷³tn Grk “the village where David was.”

[7:43] ⁷⁴tn Or “among the common people” (as opposed to the religious authorities like the chief priests and Pharisees).

[7:43] ⁷⁵tn Grk “him”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[7:44] ⁷⁶sn Compare John 7:30 regarding the attempt to seize Jesus.

[7:45] ⁷⁷tn Or “servants.” The “chief priests and Pharisees” is a comprehensive term for the groups represented in the ruling council (the Sanhedrin) as in John 7:45; 18:3; Acts 5:22, 26. As “servants” or “officers” of the Sanhedrin, their representatives should be distinguished from the Levites serving as temple police (perhaps John 7:30 and 44; also John 8:20; 10:39; 19:6; Acts 4:3). Even when performing ‘police’ duties such as here, their “officers” are doing so only as part of their general tasks (See K. H. Rengstorf, TDNT 8:540).

[7:45] ⁷⁸tn Grk “came.”

[7:45] ⁷⁹sn See the note on Pharisees in 1:24.

[7:45] ⁸⁰tn Grk “Why did you not bring him?” The words “back with you” are implied.

[7:47] ⁸¹tn Grk “answered them.”

[7:47] ⁸²tn Questions prefaced with μή (mh) in Greek anticipate a negative answer. This can sometimes be indicated by using a “tag” at the end in English (here the tag is “have you?”).

[7:48] ⁸³sn The chief priests and Pharisees (John 7:45) is a comprehensive term for the groups represented in the ruling council (the Sanhedrin) as in John 7:45; 18:3; Acts 5:22, 26. Likewise the term ruler here denotes a member of the Sanhedrin, the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews. Note the same word (“ruler”) is used to describe Nicodemus in John 3:1, and Nicodemus also speaks up in this episode (John 7:50).

[7:48] ⁸⁴tn Questions prefaced with μή (mh) in Greek anticipate a negative answer. This can sometimes be indicated by using a “tag” at the end in English (here the tag is “have they?”).

[7:49] ⁸⁵tn Grk “crowd.” “Rabble” is a good translation here because the remark by the Pharisees is so derogatory.

[7:50] ⁸⁶tn Grk “him”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[7:50] ⁸⁷tn Grk “who was one of them”; the referent (the rulers) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[7:50] ⁸⁸tn Grk “said to them.”

[7:51] ⁸⁹tn Grk “judge.”

[7:51] ⁹⁰tn Grk “knows.”

[7:51] ⁹¹tn Questions prefaced with μή (mh) in Greek anticipate a negative answer. This can sometimes be indicated by using a “tag” at the end in English (here the tag is “does it?”).

[7:52] ⁹²tn Grk “They answered and said to him.”

[7:52] ⁹³tn Questions prefaced with μή (mh) in Greek anticipate a negative answer. This can sometimes be indicated by using a “tag” at the end in English (here the tag is “are you?”).

[7:52] ⁹⁴tc At least one early and important ms (Ì^66*) places the article before “prophet” (ὁ προφήτης, Jo profhths), making this a reference to the “prophet like Moses” mentioned in Deut 18:15.

[7:53] ⁹⁵tc This entire section, 7:53-8:11, traditionally known as the pericope adulterae, is not contained in the earliest and best mss and was almost certainly not an original part of the Gospel of John. Among modern commentators and textual critics, it is a foregone conclusion that the section is not original but represents a later addition to the text of the Gospel. B. M. Metzger summarizes: “the evidence for the non-Johannine origin of the pericope of the adulteress is overwhelming” (TCGNT 187). External evidence is as follows. For the omission of 7:53-8:11: Ì^66,75 א B L N T W Δ Θ Ψ 0141 0211 33 565 1241 1424* 2768 al. In addition codices A and C are defective in this part of John, but it appears that neither contained the pericope because careful measurement shows that there would not have been enough space on the missing pages to include the pericope 7:53-8:11 along with the rest of the text. Among the mss that include 7:53-8:11 are D Ï lat. In addition E S Λ 1424^mg al include part or all of the passage with asterisks or obeli, 225 places the pericope after John 7:36, Ë¹ places it after John 21:25, {115} after John 8:12, Ë¹³ after Luke 21:38, and the corrector of 1333 includes it after Luke 24:53. (For a more complete discussion of the locations where this “floating” text has ended up, as well as a minority opinion on the authenticity of the passage, see M. A. Robinson, “Preliminary Observations regarding the Pericope Adulterae Based upon Fresh Collations of nearly All Continuous-Text Manuscripts and All Lectionary Manuscripts containing the Passage,” Filologia Neotestamentaria 13 [2000]: 35-59, especially 41-42.) In evaluating this ms evidence, it should be remembered that in the Gospels A is considered to be of Byzantine texttype (unlike in the epistles and Revelation, where it is Alexandrian), as are E F G (mss with the same designation are of Western texttype in the epistles). This leaves D as the only major Western uncial witness in the Gospels for the inclusion. Therefore the evidence could be summarized by saying that almost all early mss of the Alexandrian texttype omit the pericope, while most mss of the Western and Byzantine texttype include it. But it must be remembered that “Western mss” here refers only to D, a single witness (as far as Greek mss are concerned). Thus it can be seen that practically all of the earliest and best mss extant omit the pericope; it is found only in mss of secondary importance. But before one can conclude that the passage was not originally part of the Gospel of John, internal evidence needs to be considered as well. Internal evidence in favor of the inclusion of 8:1-11 (7:53-8:11): (1) 7:53 fits in the context. If the “last great day of the feast” (7:37) refers to the conclusion of the Feast of Tabernacles, then the statement refers to the pilgrims and worshipers going home after living in “booths” for the week while visiting Jerusalem. (2) There may be an allusion to Isa 9:1-2 behind this text: John 8:12 is the point when Jesus describes himself as the Light of the world. But the section in question mentions that Jesus returned to the temple at “early dawn” (῎Ορθρου, Orqrou, in 8:2). This is the “dawning” of the Light of the world (8:12) mentioned by Isa 9:2. (3) Furthermore, note the relationship to what follows: Just prior to presenting Jesus’ statement that he is the Light of the world, John presents the reader with an example that shows Jesus as the light. Here the woman “came to the light” while her accusers shrank away into the shadows, because their deeds were evil (cf. 3:19-21). Internal evidence against the inclusion of 8:1-11 (7:53-8:11): (1) In reply to the claim that the introduction to the pericope, 7:53, fits the context, it should also be noted that the narrative reads well without the pericope, so that Jesus’ reply in 8:12 is directed against the charge of the Pharisees in 7:52 that no prophet comes from Galilee. (2) The assumption that the author “must” somehow work Isa 9:1-2 into the narrative is simply that – an assumption. The statement by the Pharisees in 7:52 about Jesus’ Galilean origins is allowed to stand without correction by the author, although one might have expected him to mention that Jesus was really born in Bethlehem. And 8:12 does directly mention Jesus’ claim to be the Light of the world. The author may well have presumed familiarity with Isa 9:1-2 on the part of his readers because of its widespread association with Jesus among early Christians. (3) The fact that the pericope deals with the light/darkness motif does not inherently strengthen its claim to authenticity, because the motif is so prominent in the Fourth Gospel that it may well have been the reason why someone felt that the pericope, circulating as an independent tradition, fit so well here. (4) In general the style of the pericope is not Johannine either in vocabulary or grammar (see D. B. Wallace, “Reconsidering ‘The Story of the Woman Taken in Adultery Reconsidered’,” NTS 39 [1993]: 290-96). According to R. E. Brown it is closer stylistically to Lukan material (John [AB], 1:336). Interestingly one important family of mss (Ë¹³) places the pericope after Luke 21:38. Conclusion: In the final analysis, the weight of evidence in this case must go with the external evidence. The earliest and best mss do not contain the pericope. It is true with regard to internal evidence that an attractive case can be made for inclusion, but this is by nature subjective (as evidenced by the fact that strong arguments can be given against such as well). In terms of internal factors like vocabulary and style, the pericope does not stand up very well. The question may be asked whether this incident, although not an original part of the Gospel of John, should be regarded as an authentic tradition about Jesus. It could well be that it is ancient and may indeed represent an unusual instance where such a tradition survived outside of the bounds of the canonical literature. However, even that needs to be nuanced (see B. D. Ehrman, “Jesus and the Adulteress,” NTS 34 [1988]: 24–44).