Matthew 12:1-2

Lord of the Sabbath

12:1 At that time Jesus went through the grain fields on a Sabbath. His ¹  disciples were hungry, and they began to pick heads of wheat ²  and eat them. 12:2 But when the Pharisees ³  saw this they said to him, “Look, your disciples are doing what is against the law to do on the Sabbath.”

Mark 2:23

Lord of the Sabbath

2:23 Jesus ⁴  was going through the grain fields on a Sabbath, and his disciples began to pick some heads of wheat ⁵  as they made their way.

Luke 6:1-2

Lord of the Sabbath

6:1 Jesus ⁶  was going through the grain fields on ⁷  a Sabbath, ⁸  and his disciples picked some heads of wheat, ⁹  rubbed them in their hands, and ate them. ¹⁰  6:2 But some of the Pharisees ¹¹  said, “Why are you ¹²  doing what is against the law ¹³  on the Sabbath?”

[12:1]  ¹ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[12:1]  ² tn Or “heads of grain.” While the generic term στάχυς (stacus) can refer to the cluster of seeds at the top of grain such as barley or wheat, in the NT the term is restricted to wheat (L&N 3.40; BDAG 941 s.v. 1).

[12:2]  ³ sn See the note on Pharisees in 3:7.

[2:23]  ⁴ tn Grk “He”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[2:23]  ⁵ tn Or “heads of grain.” While the generic term στάχυς (stacus) can refer to the cluster of seeds at the top of grain such as barley or wheat, in the NT the term is restricted to wheat (L&N 3.40; BDAG 941 s.v. 1).

[6:1]  ⁶ tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[6:1]  ⁷ tn Grk “Now it happened that on.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[6:1]  ⁸ tc Most later mss (A C D Θ Ψ [˹³] Ï lat) read ἐν σαββάτῳ δευτεροπρώτῳ (en sabbatw deuteroprwtw, “a second-first Sabbath”), while the earlier and better witnesses have simply ἐν σαββάτῳ (Ì⁴ א B L W ˹ 33 579 1241 2542 it sa). The longer reading is most likely secondary, though various explanations may account for it (for discussion, see TCGNT 116).

[6:1]  ⁹ tn Or “heads of grain.” While the generic term στάχυς (stacus) can refer to the cluster of seeds at the top of grain such as barley or wheat, in the NT the term is restricted to wheat (L&N 3.40; BDAG 941 s.v. 1).

[6:1]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “picked and ate some heads of grain, rubbing them in their hands.” The participle ψώχοντες (ywconte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style, and the order of the clauses has been transposed to reflect the logical order, which sounds more natural in English.

[6:2]  ¹¹ sn See the note on Pharisees in 5:17.

[6:2]  ¹² tn Note that the verb is second person plural (with an understood plural pronominal subject in Greek). The charge is again indirectly made against Jesus by charging the disciples.

[6:2]  ¹³ sn The alleged violation expressed by the phrase what is against the law is performing work on the Sabbath. That the disciples ate from such a field is no problem given Deut 23:25, but Sabbath activity is another matter in the leaders’ view (Exod 20:8-11 and Mishnah, m. Shabbat 7.2). The supposed violation involved reaping, threshing, winnowing, and preparing food. This probably explains why the clause describing the disciples “rubbing” the heads of grain in their hands is mentioned last, in emphatic position. This was preparation of food.