Matthew 21:33-46

The Parable of the Tenants

21:33 “Listen to another parable: There was a landowner ¹  who planted a vineyard. ²  He put a fence around it, dug a pit for its winepress, and built a watchtower. Then ³  he leased it to tenant farmers ⁴  and went on a journey. 21:34 When the harvest time was near, he sent his slaves ⁵  to the tenants to collect his portion of the crop. ⁶  21:35 But the tenants seized his slaves, beat one, ⁷  killed another, and stoned another. 21:36 Again he sent other slaves, more than the first, and they treated them the same way. 21:37 Finally he sent his son to them, ⁸  saying, ‘They will respect my son.’ 21:38 But when the tenants saw the son, they said to themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let’s kill him and get his inheritance!’ 21:39 So ⁹  they seized him, ¹⁰  threw him out of the vineyard, ¹¹  and killed him. 21:40 Now when the owner of the vineyard comes, what will he do to those tenants?” 21:41 They said to him, “He will utterly destroy those evil men! Then he will lease the vineyard to other tenants who will give him his portion at the harvest.”

21:42 Jesus said to them, “Have you never read in the scriptures:

‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone. ¹² 

This is from the Lord, and it is marvelous in our eyes’? ¹³ 

21:43 For this reason I tell you that the kingdom of God will be taken from you and given to a people ¹⁴  who will produce its fruit. 21:44 The one who falls on this stone will be broken to pieces, and the one on whom it falls will be crushed.” ¹⁵  21:45 When ¹⁶  the chief priests and the Pharisees ¹⁷  heard his parables, they realized that he was speaking about them. 21:46 They wanted to arrest him, but they were afraid of the crowds, because the crowds ¹⁸  regarded him as a prophet.

Mark 12:1-12

The Parable of the Tenants

12:1 Then ¹⁹  he began to speak to them in parables: “A man planted a vineyard. ²⁰  He put a fence around it, dug a pit for its winepress, and built a watchtower. Then ²¹  he leased it to tenant farmers ²²  and went on a journey. 12:2 At harvest time he sent a slave ²³  to the tenants to collect from them ²⁴  his portion of the crop. ²⁵  12:3 But ²⁶  those tenants ²⁷  seized his slave, ²⁸  beat him, ²⁹  and sent him away empty-handed. ³⁰  12:4 So ³¹  he sent another slave to them again. This one they struck on the head and treated outrageously. 12:5 He sent another, and that one they killed. This happened to many others, some of whom were beaten, others killed. 12:6 He had one left, his one dear son. ³²  Finally he sent him to them, saying, ‘They will respect my son.’ 12:7 But those tenants said to one another, ‘This is the heir. Come, let’s kill him and the inheritance will be ours!’ 12:8 So ³³  they seized him, ³⁴  killed him, and threw his body ³⁵  out of the vineyard. ³⁶  12:9 What then will the owner of the vineyard do? He will come and destroy ³⁷  those tenants and give the vineyard to others. ³⁸  12:10 Have you not read this scripture:

‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone. ³⁹ 

12:11 This is from the Lord, and it is marvelous in our eyes’?” ⁴⁰ 

12:12 Now ⁴¹  they wanted to arrest him (but they feared the crowd), because they realized that he told this parable against them. So ⁴²  they left him and went away. ⁴³ 

[21:33]  ¹ tn The term here refers to the owner and manager of a household.

[21:33]  ² sn The vineyard is a figure for Israel in the OT (Isa 5:1-7). The nation and its leaders are the tenants, so the vineyard here may well refer to the promise that resides within the nation. The imagery is like that in Rom 11:11-24.

[21:33]  ³ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.

[21:33]  ⁴ sn The leasing of land to tenant farmers was common in this period.

[21:34]  ⁵ tn See the note on the word “slave” in 8:9.

[21:34]  ⁶ tn Grk “to collect his fruits.”

[21:35]  ⁷ sn The image of the tenants mistreating the owner’s slaves pictures the nation’s rejection of the prophets and their message.

[21:37]  ⁸ sn The owner’s decision to send his son represents God sending Jesus.

[21:39]  ⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the tenants’ decision to kill the son in v. 38.

[21:39]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “seizing him.” The participle λαβόντες (labontes) has been translated as attendant circumstance.

[21:39]  ¹¹ sn Throwing the heir out of the vineyard pictures Jesus’ death outside of Jerusalem.

[21:42]  ¹² tn Or “capstone,” “keystone.” Although these meanings are lexically possible, the imagery in Eph 2:20-22 and 1 Cor 3:11 indicates that the term κεφαλὴ γωνίας (kefalh gwnia") refers to a cornerstone, not a capstone.

[21:42]  ¹³ sn A quotation from Ps 118:22-23.

[21:43]  ¹⁴ tn Or “to a nation” (so KJV, NASB, NLT).

[21:44]  ¹⁵ tc A few witnesses, especially of the Western text (D 33 it sy^s Or Eus^syr), do not contain 21:44. However, the verse is found in א B C L W Z (Θ) 0102 Ë^1,13 Ï lat sy^c,p,h co and should be included as authentic.

[21:45]  ¹⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.

[21:45]  ¹⁷ sn See the note on Pharisees in 3:7.

[21:46]  ¹⁸ tn Grk “they”; the referent (the crowds) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Both previous occurrences of “they” in this verse refer to the chief priests and the Pharisees.

[12:1]  ¹⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.

[12:1]  ²⁰ sn The vineyard is a figure for Israel in the OT (Isa 5:1-7). The nation and its leaders are the tenants, so the vineyard here may well refer to the promise that resides within the nation. The imagery is like that in Rom 11:11-24.

[12:1]  ²¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.

[12:1]  ²² sn The leasing of land to tenant farmers was common in this period.

[12:2]  ²³ tn See the note on the word “slave” in 10:44.

[12:2]  ²⁴ tn Grk “from the tenants,” but this is redundant in English, so the pronoun (“them”) was used in the translation.

[12:2]  ²⁵ tn Grk “from the fruits of the vineyard.”

[12:3]  ²⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.

[12:3]  ²⁷ tn Grk “But they”; the referent (the tenants, v. 1) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[12:3]  ²⁸ tn Grk “seizing him, they beat and sent away empty-handed.” The referent of the direct object of “seizing” (the slave sent by the owner) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The objects of the verbs “beat” and “sent away” have been supplied in the translation to conform to English style. Greek often omits direct objects when they are clear from the context.

[12:3]  ²⁹ sn The image of the tenants beating up the owner’s slave pictures the nation’s rejection of the prophets and their message.

[12:3]  ³⁰ sn The slaves being sent empty-handed suggests that the vineyard was not producing any fruit – and thus neither was the nation of Israel.

[12:4]  ³¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the tenants’ mistreatment of the first slave.

[12:6]  ³² tn Grk “one beloved son.” See comment at Mark 1:11.

[12:8]  ³³ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of previous action(s) in the narrative.

[12:8]  ³⁴ tn Grk “seizing him.” The participle λαβόντες (labontes) has been translated as attendant circumstance.

[12:8]  ³⁵ tn Grk “him.”

[12:8]  ³⁶ sn Throwing the heir’s body out of the vineyard pictures Jesus’ death outside of Jerusalem.

[12:9]  ³⁷ sn The statement that the owner will come and destroy those tenants is a promise of judgment; see Luke 13:34-35; 19:41-44.

[12:9]  ³⁸ sn The warning that the owner would give the vineyard to others suggests that the care of the promise and the nation’s hope would be passed to others. This eventually looks to Gentile inclusion; see Eph 2:11-22.

[12:10]  ³⁹ tn Or “capstone,” “keystone.” Although these meanings are lexically possible, the imagery in Eph 2:20-22 and 1 Cor 3:11 indicates that the term κεφαλὴ γωνίας (kefalh gwnia") refers to a cornerstone, not a capstone.

[12:11]  ⁴⁰ sn A quotation from Ps 118:22-23.

[12:12]  ⁴¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to introduce a somewhat parenthetical remark by the author.

[12:12]  ⁴² tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of previous action(s) in the narrative.

[12:12]  ⁴³ sn The point of the parable in Mark 12:1-12 is that the leaders of the nation have been rejected by God and the vineyard (v. 9, referring to the nation and its privileged status) will be taken from them and given to others (an allusion to the Gentiles).