Discovery BoxNumbers 21:23-35
Context21:23 But Sihon did not permit Israel to pass through his border; he 1 gathered all his forces 2 together and went out against Israel into the wilderness. When 3 he came to Jahaz, he fought against Israel. 21:24 But the Israelites 4 defeated him in battle 5 and took possession of his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, as far as the Ammonites, for the border of the Ammonites was strongly defended. 21:25 So Israel took all these cities; and Israel settled in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its villages. 6 21:26 For Heshbon was the city of King Sihon of the Amorites. Now he had fought against the former king of Moab and had taken all of his land from his control, 7 as far as the Arnon. 21:27 That is why those who speak in proverbs 8 say,
“Come to Heshbon, let it be built.
Let the city of Sihon be established! 9
21:28 For fire went out from Heshbon,
a flame from the city of Sihon.
It has consumed Ar of Moab
and the lords 10 of the high places of Arnon.
21:29 Woe to you, Moab.
You are ruined, O people of Chemosh! 11
He has made his sons fugitives,
and his daughters the prisoners of King Sihon of the Amorites.
21:30 We have overpowered them; 12
Heshbon has perished as far as Dibon.
We have shattered them as far as Nophah,
which 13 reaches to Medeba.”
21:31 So the Israelites 14 lived in the land of the Amorites. 21:32 Moses sent spies to reconnoiter 15 Jaazer, and they captured its villages 16 and dispossessed the Amorites who were there.
21:33 Then they turned and went up by the road to Bashan. And King Og of Bashan and all his forces 17 marched out against them to do battle at Edrei. 21:34 And the Lord said to Moses, “Do not fear him, for I have delivered him and all his people and his land into your hand. You will do to him what you did to King Sihon of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon. 21:35 So they defeated Og, 18 his sons, and all his people, until there were no survivors, 19 and they possessed his land.
Joshua 6:1--12:24
Context6:1 Now Jericho 20 was shut tightly 21 because of the Israelites. No one was allowed to leave or enter. 22 6:2 The Lord told Joshua, “See, I am about to defeat Jericho for you, 23 along with its king and its warriors. 6:3 Have all the warriors march around the city one time; 24 do this for six days. 6:4 Have seven priests carry seven rams’ horns 25 in front of the ark. On the seventh day march around the city seven times, while the priests blow the horns. 6:5 When you hear the signal from the ram’s horn, 26 have the whole army give a loud battle cry. 27 Then the city wall will collapse 28 and the warriors should charge straight ahead.” 29
6:6 So Joshua son of Nun summoned the priests and instructed them, “Pick up the ark of the covenant, and seven priests must carry seven rams’ horns in front of the ark of the Lord.” 6:7 And he told 30 the army, 31 “Move ahead 32 and march around the city, with armed troops going ahead of the ark of the Lord.”
6:8 When Joshua gave the army its orders, 33 the seven priests carrying the seven rams’ horns before the Lord moved ahead and blew the horns as the ark of the covenant of the Lord followed behind. 6:9 Armed troops marched ahead of the priests blowing the horns, while the rear guard followed along behind the ark blowing rams’ horns. 6:10 Now Joshua had instructed the army, 34 “Do not give a battle cry 35 or raise your voices; say nothing 36 until the day I tell you, ‘Give the battle cry.’ 37 Then give the battle cry!” 38 6:11 So Joshua made sure they marched the ark of the Lord around the city one time. 39 Then they went back to the camp and spent the night there. 40
6:12 Bright and early the next morning Joshua had the priests pick up the ark of the Lord. 41 6:13 The seven priests carrying the seven rams’ horns before the ark of the Lord marched along blowing their horns. Armed troops marched ahead of them, while the rear guard followed along behind the ark of the Lord blowing rams’ horns. 6:14 They marched around the city one time on the second day, then returned to the camp. They did this six days in all.
6:15 On the seventh day they were up at the crack of dawn 42 and marched around the city as before – only this time they marched around it seven times. 43 6:16 The seventh time around, the priests blew the rams’ horns and Joshua told the army, 44 “Give the battle cry, 45 for the Lord is handing the city over to you! 46 6:17 The city and all that is in it must be set apart for the Lord, 47 except for Rahab the prostitute and all who are with her in her house, because she hid the spies 48 we sent. 6:18 But be careful when you are setting apart the riches for the Lord. If you take any of it, you will make the Israelite camp subject to annihilation and cause a disaster. 49 6:19 All the silver and gold, as well as bronze and iron items, belong to the Lord. 50 They must go into the Lord’s treasury.”
6:20 The rams’ horns sounded 51 and when the army 52 heard the signal, 53 they gave a loud battle cry. 54 The wall collapsed 55 and the warriors charged straight ahead into the city and captured it. 56 6:21 They annihilated with the sword everything that breathed in the city, 57 including men and women, young and old, as well as cattle, sheep, and donkeys. 6:22 Joshua told the two men who had spied on the land, “Enter the prostitute’s house 58 and bring out the woman and all who belong to her as you promised her.” 59 6:23 So the young spies went and brought out Rahab, her father, mother, brothers, and all who belonged to her. They brought out her whole family and took them to a place outside 60 the Israelite camp. 6:24 But they burned 61 the city and all that was in it, except for the silver, gold, and bronze and iron items they put in the treasury of the Lord’s house. 62 6:25 Yet Joshua spared 63 Rahab the prostitute, her father’s family, 64 and all who belonged to her. She lives in Israel 65 to this very day because she hid the messengers Joshua sent to spy on Jericho. 66 6:26 At that time Joshua made this solemn declaration: 67 “The man who attempts to rebuild 68 this city of Jericho 69 will stand condemned before the Lord. 70 He will lose his firstborn son when he lays its foundations and his youngest son when he erects its gates!” 71 6:27 The Lord was with Joshua and he became famous throughout the land. 72
7:1 But the Israelites disobeyed the command about the city’s riches. 73 Achan son of Carmi, son of Zabdi, 74 son of Zerah, from the tribe of Judah, stole some of the riches. 75 The Lord was furious with the Israelites. 76
7:2 Joshua sent men from Jericho 77 to Ai (which is located near Beth Aven, east of Bethel 78 ) and instructed them, “Go up and spy on the land.” So the men went up and spied on Ai. 7:3 They returned and reported to Joshua, 79 “Don’t send the whole army. 80 About two or three thousand men are adequate to defeat Ai. 81 Don’t tire out the whole army, for Ai is small.” 82
7:4 So about three thousand men went up, but they fled from the men of Ai. 7:5 The men of Ai killed about thirty-six of them and chased them from in front of the city gate all the way to the fissures 83 and defeated them on the steep slope. 84 The people’s 85 courage melted away like water. 86
7:6 Joshua tore his clothes; 87 he and the leaders 88 of Israel lay face down on the ground before the ark of the Lord until evening 89 and threw dirt on their heads. 90 7:7 Joshua prayed, 91 “O, Master, Lord! Why did you bring these people across the Jordan to hand us over to the Amorites so they could destroy us? 7:8 If only we had been satisfied to live on the other side of the Jordan! O Lord, what can I say now that Israel has retreated 92 before its enemies? 7:9 When the Canaanites and all who live in the land hear about this, they will turn against us and destroy the very memory of us 93 from the earth. What will you do to protect your great reputation?” 94
7:10 The Lord responded 95 to Joshua, “Get up! Why are you lying there face down? 96 7:11 Israel has sinned; they have violated my covenantal commandment! 97 They have taken some of the riches; 98 they have stolen them and deceitfully put them among their own possessions. 99 7:12 The Israelites are unable to stand before their enemies; they retreat because they have become subject to annihilation. 100 I will no longer be with you, 101 unless you destroy what has contaminated you. 102 7:13 Get up! Ritually consecrate the people and tell them this: ‘Ritually consecrate yourselves for tomorrow, because the Lord God of Israel says, “You are contaminated, 103 O Israel! You will not be able to stand before your enemies until you remove what is contaminating you.” 104 7:14 In the morning you must approach in tribal order. 105 The tribe the Lord selects 106 must approach by clans. The clan the Lord selects must approach by families. 107 The family the Lord selects must approach man by man. 108 7:15 The one caught with the riches 109 must be burned up 110 along with all who belong to him, because he violated the Lord’s covenant and did such a disgraceful thing in Israel.’”
7:16 Bright and early the next morning Joshua made Israel approach in tribal order 111 and the tribe of Judah was selected. 7:17 He then made the clans of Judah approach and the clan of the Zerahites was selected. He made the clan of the Zerahites approach and Zabdi 112 was selected. 113 7:18 He then made Zabdi’s 114 family approach man by man 115 and Achan son of Carmi, son of Zabdi, son of Zerah, from the tribe of Judah, was selected. 7:19 So Joshua said to Achan, “My son, honor 116 the Lord God of Israel and give him praise! Tell me what you did; don’t hide anything from me!” 7:20 Achan told Joshua, “It is true. I have sinned against the Lord God of Israel in this way: 117 7:21 I saw among the goods we seized a nice robe from Babylon, 118 two hundred silver pieces, 119 and a bar of gold weighing fifty shekels. I wanted them, so I took them. They are hidden in the ground right in the middle of my tent with the silver underneath.”
7:22 Joshua sent messengers who ran to the tent. The things were hidden right in his tent, with the silver underneath. 120 7:23 They took it all from the middle of the tent, brought it to Joshua and all the Israelites, and placed 121 it before the Lord. 7:24 Then Joshua and all Israel took Achan, son of Zerah, along with the silver, the robe, the bar of gold, his sons, daughters, ox, donkey, sheep, tent, and all that belonged to him and brought them up to the Valley of Disaster. 122 7:25 Joshua said, “Why have you brought disaster 123 on us? The Lord will bring disaster on you today!” All Israel stoned him to death. (They also stoned and burned the others.) 124 7:26 Then they erected over him a large pile of stones (it remains to this very day 125 ) and the Lord’s anger subsided. So that place is called the Valley of Disaster to this very day.
8:1 The Lord told Joshua, “Don’t be afraid and don’t panic! 126 Take the whole army with you and march against Ai! 127 See, I am handing over to you 128 the king of Ai, along with his people, city, and land. 8:2 Do to Ai and its king what you did to Jericho 129 and its king, except you may plunder its goods and cattle. Set an ambush behind the city!”
8:3 Joshua and the whole army marched against Ai. 130 Joshua selected thirty thousand brave warriors and sent them out at night. 8:4 He told 131 them, “Look, set an ambush behind the city. Don’t go very far from the city; all of you be ready! 8:5 I and all the troops 132 who are with me will approach the city. When they come out to fight us like before, we will retreat from them. 8:6 They will attack 133 us until we have lured them from the city, for they will say, ‘They are retreating from us like before.’ We will retreat from them. 8:7 Then you rise up from your hiding place 134 and seize 135 the city. The Lord your God will hand it over to you. 8:8 When you capture the city, set it 136 on fire. Do as the Lord says! See, I have given you orders.” 137 8:9 Joshua sent them away and they went to their hiding place 138 west of Ai, between Bethel 139 and Ai. 140 Joshua spent that night with the army. 141
8:10 Bright and early the next morning Joshua gathered 142 the army, 143 and he and the leaders 144 of Israel marched 145 at the head of it 146 to Ai. 8:11 All the troops that were with him marched up and drew near the city. 147 They camped north of Ai on the other side of the valley. 148 8:12 He took five thousand men and set an ambush west of the city between Bethel 149 and Ai. 8:13 The army was in position – the main army north of the city and the rear guard west of the city. That night Joshua went into 150 the middle of the valley.
8:14 When the king of Ai saw Israel, he and his whole army quickly got up the next day and went out to fight Israel at the meeting place near the Arabah. 151 But he did not realize 152 men were hiding behind the city. 153 8:15 Joshua and all Israel pretended to be defeated by them and they retreated along the way to the desert. 8:16 All the reinforcements 154 in Ai 155 were ordered 156 to chase them; they chased Joshua and were lured away from the city. 8:17 No men were left in Ai or Bethel; 157 they all went out after Israel. 158 They left the city wide open and chased Israel.
8:18 The Lord told Joshua, “Hold out toward Ai the curved sword in your hand, for I am handing the city 159 over to you.” So Joshua held out toward Ai the curved sword in his hand. 8:19 When he held out his hand, the men waiting in ambush rose up quickly from their place and attacked. 160 They entered the city, captured it, and immediately set it on fire. 8:20 When the men of Ai turned around, they saw 161 the smoke from the city ascending into the sky and were so shocked they were unable to flee in any direction. 162 In the meantime the men who were retreating to the desert turned against their pursuers. 8:21 When Joshua and all Israel saw that the men in ambush had captured the city and that the city was going up in smoke, 163 they turned around and struck down the men of Ai. 8:22 At the same time the men who had taken the city came out to fight, and the men of Ai were trapped in the middle. 164 The Israelites struck them down, leaving no survivors or refugees. 8:23 But they captured the king of Ai alive and brought him to Joshua.
8:24 When Israel had finished killing all the men 165 of Ai who had chased them toward the desert 166 (they all fell by the sword), 167 all Israel returned to Ai and put the sword to it. 8:25 Twelve thousand men and women died 168 that day, including all the men of Ai. 8:26 Joshua kept holding out his curved sword until Israel had annihilated all who lived in Ai. 169 8:27 But Israel did plunder the cattle and the goods of the city, in accordance with the Lord’s orders to Joshua. 170 8:28 Joshua burned Ai and made it a permanently uninhabited mound (it remains that way to this very day). 171 8:29 He hung the king of Ai on a tree, leaving him exposed until evening. 172 At sunset Joshua ordered that his corpse be taken down from the tree. 173 They threw it down at the entrance of the city gate and erected over it a large pile of stones (it remains to this very day). 174
8:30 Then Joshua built an altar for the Lord God of Israel on Mount Ebal, 8:31 just as Moses the Lord’s servant had commanded the Israelites. As described in the law scroll of Moses, it was made with uncut stones untouched by an iron tool. 175 They offered burnt sacrifices on it and sacrificed tokens of peace. 176 8:32 There, in the presence of the Israelites, Joshua inscribed on the stones a duplicate of the law written by Moses. 177 8:33 All the people, 178 rulers, 179 leaders, and judges were standing on either side of the ark, in front of the Levitical priests who carried the ark of the covenant of the Lord. Both resident foreigners and native Israelites were there. 180 Half the people stood in front of Mount Gerizim and the other half in front of Mount Ebal, as Moses the Lord’s servant had previously instructed to them to do for the formal blessing ceremony. 181 8:34 Then 182 Joshua read aloud all the words of the law, including the blessings and the curses, just as they are written in the law scroll. 8:35 Joshua read aloud every commandment Moses had given 183 before the whole assembly of Israel, including the women, children, and resident foreigners who lived among them. 184
9:1 When the news reached all the kings on the west side of the Jordan 185 – in the hill country, the lowlands, 186 and all along the Mediterranean coast 187 as far as 188 Lebanon (including the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites) – 9:2 they formed an alliance to fight against Joshua and Israel. 189
9:3 When the residents of Gibeon heard what Joshua did to Jericho 190 and Ai, 9:4 they did something clever. They collected some provisions 191 and put worn-out sacks on their donkeys, along with worn-out wineskins that were ripped and patched. 9:5 They had worn-out, patched sandals on their feet and dressed in worn-out clothes. All their bread 192 was dry and hard. 193 9:6 They came to Joshua at the camp in Gilgal and said to him and the men of Israel, “We have come from a distant land. Make a treaty with us.” 9:7 The men of Israel said to the Hivites, “Perhaps you live near us. 194 So how can we make a treaty with you?” 9:8 But they said to Joshua, “We are willing to be your subjects.” 195 So Joshua said to them, “Who are you and where do you come from?” 9:9 They told him, “Your subjects 196 have come from a very distant land because of the reputation 197 of the Lord your God, for we have heard the news about all he did in Egypt 198 9:10 and all he did to the two Amorite kings on the other side of the Jordan – King Sihon of Heshbon and King Og of Bashan in Ashtaroth. 9:11 Our leaders and all who live in our land told us, ‘Take provisions for your journey and go meet them. Tell them, “We are willing to be your subjects. 199 Make a treaty with us.”’ 9:12 This bread of ours was warm when we packed it in our homes the day we started out to meet you, 200 but now it is dry and hard. 201 9:13 These wineskins we filled were brand new, but look how they have ripped. Our clothes and sandals have worn out because it has been a very long journey.” 9:14 The men examined 202 some of their provisions, but they failed to ask the Lord’s advice. 203 9:15 Joshua made a peace treaty with them and agreed to let them live. The leaders of the community 204 sealed it with an oath. 205
9:16 Three days after they made the treaty with them, the Israelites found out they were from the local area and lived nearby. 206 9:17 So the Israelites set out and on the third day arrived at their cities – Gibeon, Kephirah, Beeroth, and Kiriath Jearim. 9:18 The Israelites did not attack them because the leaders of the community had sworn an oath to them in the name of the Lord God of Israel. 207 The whole community criticized 208 the leaders, 9:19 but all the leaders told the whole community, “We swore an oath to them in the name of 209 the Lord God of Israel. So now we can’t hurt 210 them! 9:20 We must let them live so we can escape the curse attached to the oath we swore to them.” 211 9:21 The leaders then added, 212 “Let them live.” So they became 213 woodcutters and water carriers for the whole community, as the leaders had decided. 214
9:22 215 Joshua summoned the Gibeonites 216 and said to them, “Why did you trick 217 us by saying, ‘We live far away from you,’ when you really live nearby? 218 9:23 Now you are condemned to perpetual servitude as woodcutters and water carriers for the house of my God.” 219 9:24 They said to Joshua, “It was carefully reported to your subjects 220 how the Lord your God commanded Moses his servant to assign you the whole land and to destroy all who live in the land from before you. Because of you we were terrified 221 we would lose our lives, so we did this thing. 9:25 So now we are in your power. 222 Do to us what you think is good and appropriate. 223 9:26 Joshua did as they said; he kept the Israelites from killing them 224 9:27 and that day made them woodcutters and water carriers for the community and for the altar of the Lord at the divinely chosen site. (They continue in that capacity to this very day.) 225
10:1 Adoni-Zedek, king of Jerusalem, 226 heard how Joshua captured Ai and annihilated it and its king as he did Jericho 227 and its king. 228 He also heard how 229 the people of Gibeon made peace with Israel and lived among them. 10:2 All Jerusalem was terrified 230 because Gibeon was a large city, like one of the royal cities. It was larger than Ai and all its men were warriors. 10:3 So King Adoni-Zedek of Jerusalem sent this message to King Hoham of Hebron, King Piram of Jarmuth, King Japhia of Lachish, and King Debir of Eglon: 10:4 “Come to my aid 231 so we can attack Gibeon, for it has made peace with Joshua and the Israelites.” 10:5 So the five Amorite kings (the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon) and all their troops gathered together and advanced. They deployed their troops and fought against Gibeon. 232
10:6 The men of Gibeon sent this message to Joshua at the camp in Gilgal, “Do not abandon 233 your subjects! 234 Rescue us! Help us! For all the Amorite kings living in the hill country are attacking us.” 235 10:7 So Joshua and his whole army, including the bravest warriors, marched up from Gilgal. 236 10:8 The Lord told Joshua, “Don’t be afraid of them, for I am handing them over to you. 237 Not one of them can resist you.” 238 10:9 Joshua attacked them by surprise after marching all night from Gilgal. 239 10:10 The Lord routed 240 them before Israel. Israel 241 thoroughly defeated them 242 at Gibeon. They chased them up the road to the pass 243 of Beth Horon and struck them down all the way to Azekah and Makkedah. 10:11 As they fled from Israel on the slope leading down from 244 Beth Horon, the Lord threw down on them large hailstones from the sky, 245 all the way to Azekah. They died – in fact, more died from the hailstones than the Israelites killed with the sword.
10:12 The day the Lord delivered the Amorites over to the Israelites, Joshua prayed to the Lord before Israel: 246
“O sun, stand still over Gibeon!
O moon, over the Valley of Aijalon!”
10:13 The sun stood still and the moon stood motionless while the nation took vengeance on its enemies. The event is recorded in the Scroll of the Upright One. 247 The sun stood motionless in the middle of the sky and did not set for about a full day. 248 10:14 There has not been a day like it before or since. The Lord obeyed 249 a man, for the Lord fought for Israel! 10:15 Then Joshua and all Israel returned to the camp at Gilgal.
10:16 The five Amorite kings 250 ran away and hid in the cave at Makkedah. 10:17 Joshua was told, “The five kings have been found hiding in the cave at Makkedah.” 10:18 Joshua said, “Roll large stones over the mouth of the cave and post guards in front of it. 251 10:19 But don’t you delay! Chase your enemies and catch them! 252 Don’t allow them to retreat to 253 their cities, for the Lord your God is handing them over to you.” 254 10:20 Joshua and the Israelites almost totally wiped them out, but some survivors did escape to the fortified cities. 255 10:21 Then the whole army safely returned to Joshua at the camp in Makkedah. 256 No one 257 dared threaten the Israelites. 258 10:22 Joshua said, “Open the cave’s mouth and bring the five kings 259 out of the cave to me.” 10:23 They did as ordered; 260 they brought the five kings 261 out of the cave to him – the kings of Jerusalem, 262 Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon. 10:24 When they brought the kings out to Joshua, he 263 summoned all the men of Israel and said to the commanders of the troops who accompanied him, “Come here 264 and put your feet on the necks of these kings.” So they came up 265 and put their feet on their necks. 10:25 Then Joshua said to them, “Don’t be afraid and don’t panic! 266 Be strong and brave, for the Lord will do the same thing to all your enemies you fight. 10:26 Then Joshua executed them 267 and hung them on five trees. They were left hanging on the trees until evening. 10:27 At sunset Joshua ordered his men to take them down from the trees. 268 They threw them into the cave where they had hidden and piled large stones over the mouth of the cave. (They remain to this very day.) 269
10:28 That day Joshua captured Makkedah and put the sword to it and its king. He annihilated everyone who lived in it; he left no survivors. He did to its king what he had done to the king of Jericho. 270
10:29 Joshua and all Israel marched from Makkedah to Libnah and fought against it. 271 10:30 The Lord handed it and its king over to Israel, and Israel 272 put the sword to all who lived there; they 273 left no survivors. They 274 did to its king what they 275 had done to the king of Jericho. 276
10:31 Joshua and all Israel marched from Libnah to Lachish. He deployed his troops 277 and fought against it. 10:32 The Lord handed Lachish over to Israel and they 278 captured it on the second day. They put the sword to all who lived there, just as they had done to Libnah. 10:33 Then King Horam of Gezer came up to help Lachish, but Joshua struck down him and his army 279 until no survivors remained.
10:34 Joshua and all Israel marched from Lachish to Eglon. They deployed troops 280 and fought against it. 10:35 That day they captured it and put the sword to all who lived there. That day they 281 annihilated it just as they 282 had done to Lachish.
10:36 Joshua and all Israel marched up from Eglon to Hebron and fought against it. 10:37 They captured it and put the sword to its king, all its surrounding cities, and all who lived in it; they 283 left no survivors. As they 284 had done at Eglon, they 285 annihilated it and all who lived there.
10:38 Joshua and all Israel turned to Debir and fought against it. 10:39 They 286 captured it, its king, and all its surrounding cities and put the sword to them. They annihilated everyone who lived there; they 287 left no survivors. They 288 did to Debir and its king what they 289 had done to Libnah and its king and to Hebron. 290
10:40 Joshua defeated the whole land, including the hill country, the Negev, the lowlands, 291 the slopes, and all their kings. He left no survivors. He annihilated everything that breathed, just as the Lord God of Israel had commanded. 10:41 Joshua conquered the area between Kadesh Barnea and Gaza and the whole region of Goshen, all the way to Gibeon. 292 10:42 Joshua captured in one campaign 293 all these kings and their lands, for the Lord God of Israel fought for Israel. 10:43 Then Joshua and all Israel returned to the camp at Gilgal.
11:1 When King Jabin of Hazor 294 heard the news, he organized a coalition, including 295 King Jobab of Madon, the king of Shimron, the king of Acshaph, 11:2 and the northern kings who ruled in 296 the hill country, the Arabah south of Kinnereth, 297 the lowlands, and the heights of Dor to the west. 11:3 Canaanites came 298 from the east and west; Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, and Jebusites from the hill country; and Hivites from below Hermon in the area 299 of Mizpah. 11:4 These kings came out with their armies; they were as numerous as the sand on the seashore and had a large number of horses and chariots. 300 11:5 All these kings gathered and joined forces 301 at the Waters of Merom to fight Israel.
11:6 The Lord told Joshua, “Don’t be afraid of them, for about this time tomorrow I will cause all of them to lie dead before Israel. You must hamstring their horses and burn 302 their chariots.” 11:7 Joshua and his whole army caught them by surprise at the Waters of Merom and attacked them. 303 11:8 The Lord handed them over to Israel and they struck them down and chased them all the way to Greater Sidon, 304 Misrephoth Maim, 305 and the Mizpah Valley to the east. They struck them down until no survivors remained. 11:9 Joshua did to them as the Lord had commanded him; he hamstrung their horses and burned 306 their chariots.
11:10 At that time Joshua turned, captured Hazor, 307 and struck down its king with the sword, for Hazor was at that time 308 the leader of all these kingdoms. 11:11 They annihilated everyone who lived there with the sword 309 – no one who breathed remained – and burned 310 Hazor.
11:12 Joshua captured all these royal cities and all their kings and annihilated them with the sword, 311 as Moses the Lord’s servant had commanded. 11:13 But Israel did not burn any of the cities located on mounds, 312 except for Hazor; 313 it was the only one Joshua burned. 11:14 The Israelites plundered all the goods of these cities and the cattle, but they totally destroyed all the people 314 and allowed no one who breathed to live. 11:15 Moses the Lord’s servant passed on the Lord’s commands to Joshua, and Joshua did as he was told. He did not ignore any of the commands the Lord had given Moses. 315
11:16 Joshua conquered the whole land, 316 including the hill country, all the Negev, all the land of Goshen, the lowlands, 317 the Arabah, the hill country of Israel and its lowlands, 11:17 from Mount Halak on up to Seir, as far as Baal Gad in the Lebanon Valley below Mount Hermon. He captured all their kings and executed them. 318 11:18 Joshua campaigned against 319 these kings for quite some time. 320 11:19 No city made peace with the Israelites (except the Hivites living in Gibeon); 321 they had to conquer all of them, 322 11:20 for the Lord determined to make them obstinate so they would attack Israel. He wanted Israel to annihilate them without mercy, as he had instructed Moses. 323
11:21 At that time Joshua attacked and eliminated the Anakites from the hill country 324 – from Hebron, Debir, Anab, and all the hill country of Judah and Israel. 325 Joshua annihilated them and their cities. 11:22 No Anakites were left in Israelite territory, though some remained in Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod. 11:23 Joshua conquered 326 the whole land, just as the Lord had promised Moses, 327 and he assigned Israel their tribal portions. 328 Then the land was free of war.
12:1 Now these are the kings of the land whom the Israelites defeated and drove from their land 329 on the east side of the Jordan, 330 from the Arnon Valley to Mount Hermon, including all the eastern Arabah:
12:2 King Sihon of the Amorites who lived 331 in Heshbon and ruled from Aroer (on the edge of the Arnon Valley) – including the city in the middle of the valley 332 and half of Gilead – all the way to the Jabbok Valley bordering Ammonite territory. 12:3 His kingdom included 333 the eastern Arabah from the Sea of Kinnereth 334 to the Sea of the Arabah (the Salt Sea), 335 including the route to Beth Jeshimoth and the area southward below the slopes of Pisgah.
12:4 The territory of King Og of Bashan, one of the few remaining Rephaites, 336 who lived 337 in Ashtaroth and Edrei 12:5 and ruled over Mount Hermon, Salecah, all of Bashan to the border of the Geshurites and Maacathites, and half of Gilead as far as the border of King Sihon of Heshbon.
12:6 Moses the Lord’s servant and the Israelites defeated them and Moses the Lord’s servant assigned their land 338 to Reuben, Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh.
12:7 These are the kings of the land whom Joshua and the Israelites defeated on the west side of the Jordan, from Baal Gad in the Lebanon Valley to Mount Halak on up to Seir. Joshua assigned this territory to the Israelite tribes, 339 12:8 including the hill country, the lowlands, 340 the Arabah, the slopes, the wilderness, and the Negev – the land of 341 the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites:
12:9 the king of Jericho 342 (one),
the king of Ai – located near Bethel – (one),
12:10 the king of Jerusalem 343 (one),
the king of Hebron (one),
12:11 the king of Jarmuth (one),
the king of Lachish (one),
12:12 the king of Eglon (one),
the king of Gezer (one),
12:13 the king of Debir (one),
the king of Geder (one),
12:14 the king of Hormah (one),
the king of Arad (one),
12:15 the king of Libnah (one),
the king of Adullam (one),
12:16 the king of Makkedah (one),
the king of Bethel 344 (one),
12:17 the king of Tappuah (one),
the king of Hepher (one),
12:18 the king of Aphek (one),
the king of Lasharon (one),
12:19 the king of Madon (one),
the king of Hazor 345 (one),
12:20 the king of Shimron Meron (one),
the king of Acshaph (one),
12:21 the king of Taanach (one),
the king of Megiddo 346 (one),
12:22 the king of Kedesh (one),
the king of Jokneam near Carmel (one),
12:23 the king of Dor – near Naphath Dor – (one),
the king of Goyim – near Gilgal – (one),
12:24 the king of Tirzah (one),
a total of thirty-one kings.
Nehemiah 9:22-24
Context9:22 “You gave them kingdoms and peoples, and you allocated them to every corner of the land. 347 They inherited the land of King Sihon of Heshbon 348 and the land of King Og of Bashan. 9:23 You multiplied their descendants like the stars of the sky. You brought them to the land you had told their ancestors to enter in order to possess. 9:24 Their descendants 349 entered and possessed the land. You subdued before them the Canaanites who were the inhabitants of the land. You delivered them into their hand, together with their kings and the peoples of the land, to deal with as they pleased.
Psalms 44:1-3
ContextFor the music director; by the Korahites, a well-written song. 351
44:1 O God, we have clearly heard; 352
our ancestors 353 have told us
what you did 354 in their days,
in ancient times. 355
44:2 You, by your power, 356 defeated nations and settled our fathers on their land; 357
you crushed 358 the people living there 359 and enabled our ancestors to occupy it. 360
44:3 For they did not conquer 361 the land by their swords,
and they did not prevail by their strength, 362
but rather by your power, 363 strength 364 and good favor, 365
for you were partial to 366 them.
Psalms 78:55
Context78:55 He drove the nations out from before them;
he assigned them their tribal allotments 367
and allowed the tribes of Israel to settle down. 368
Acts 13:19
Context13:19 After 369 he had destroyed 370 seven nations 371 in the land of Canaan, he gave his people their land as an inheritance. 372
[21:23] 3 tn The clause begins with a preterite with vav (ו) consecutive, but may be subordinated to the next preterite as a temporal clause.
[21:24] 4 tn The Hebrew text has “Israel,” but the verb is plural.
[21:24] 5 tn Heb “with the edge of the sword.”
[21:25] 6 tn Heb “its daughters.”
[21:26] 7 sn There is a justice, always, in the divine plan for the conquest of the land. Modern students of the Bible often think that the conquest passages are crude and unjust. But an understanding of the ancient Near East is critical here. This Sihon was not a part of the original population of the land. He himself invaded the territory and destroyed the population of Moab that was indigenous there and established his own kingdom. The ancient history is filled with such events; it is the way of life they chose – conquer or be conquered. For Israel to defeat them was in part a turning of their own devices back on their heads – “those that live by the sword will die by the sword.” Sihon knew this, and he did not wait, but took the war to Israel. Israel wanted to pass through, not fight. But now they would either fight or be pushed into the gorge. So God used Israel to defeat Sihon, who had no claim to the land, as part of divine judgment.
[21:27] 8 sn Proverbs of antiquity could include pithy sayings or longer songs, riddles, or poems composed to catch the significance or the irony of an event. This is a brief poem to remember the event, like an Egyptian victory song. It may have originated as an Amorite war taunt song; it was sung to commemorate this victory. It was cited later by Jeremiah (48:45-46). The composer invites his victorious people to rebuild the conquered city as a new capital for Sihon. He then turns to address the other cities which his God(s) has/have given to him. See P. D. Hanson, “The Song of Heshbon and David’s Nir,” HTR 61 (1968): 301.
[21:27] 9 tn Meaning, “rebuilt and restored.”
[21:28] 10 tc Some scholars emend to בָּלְעָה (bal’ah), reading “and devoured,” instead of בַּעֲלֵי (ba’aley, “its lords”); cf. NAB, NRSV, TEV. This emendation is closer to the Greek and makes a better parallelism, but the MT makes good sense as it stands.
[21:29] 11 sn The note of holy war emerges here as the victory is a victory over the local gods as well as over the people.
[21:30] 12 tc The first verb is difficult. MT has “we shot at them.” The Greek has “their posterity perished” (see GKC 218 §76.f).
[21:30] 13 tc The relative pronoun “which” (אֲשֶׁר, ’asher) posed a problem for the ancient scribes here, as indicated by the so-called extraordinary point (punta extraordinaria) over the letter ר (resh) of אֲשֶׁר. Smr and the LXX have “fire” (אֵשׁ, ’esh) here (cf. NAB, NJB, RSV, NRSV). Some modern scholars emend the word to שֹׁאָה (sho’ah, “devastation”).
[21:32] 15 tn Heb “Moses sent to spy out.”
[21:32] 16 tn Heb “daughters.”
[21:35] 18 tn Heb “him”; the referent (Og) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[21:35] 19 tn Heb “no remnant.”
[6:1] 20 map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.
[6:1] 21 tn Heb “was shutting and shut up.” HALOT 2:743 paraphrases, “blocking [any way of access] and blocked [against any who would leave].”
[6:1] 22 tn Heb “there was no one going out and there was no one coming in.”
[6:2] 23 tn Heb “I have given into your hand Jericho.” The Hebrew verb נָתַתִּי (natatti, “I have given”) is probably best understood as a perfect of certitude, indicating the certainty of the action. The Hebrew pronominal suffix “your” is singular, being addressed to Joshua as the leader and representative of the nation. To convey to the modern reader what is about to happen and who is doing it, the translation “I am about to defeat Jericho for you” has been used.
[6:3] 24 tn Heb “and go around the city, all [you] men of war, encircling the city one time.” The Hebrew verb וְסַבֹּתֶם (vÿsabbotem, “and go around”) is plural, being addressed to the whole army.
[6:4] 25 tn Heb “rams’ horns, trumpets.”
[6:5] 26 tn Heb “and it will be at the sounding of the horn, the ram’s horn, when you hear the sound of the ram’s horn.” The text of Josh 6:5 seems to be unduly repetitive, so for the sake of English style and readability, it is best to streamline the text here. The reading in the Hebrew looks like a conflation of variant readings, with the second (“when you hear the sound of the ram’s horn”) being an interpolation that assimilates the text to verse 20 (“when the army heard the sound of the horn”). Note that the words “when you hear the sound of the ram's horn” do not appear in the LXX of verse 5.
[6:5] 27 tn Heb “all the people will shout with a loud shout.”
[6:5] 28 tn Heb “fall in its place.”
[6:5] 29 tn Heb “and the people will go up, each man straight ahead.”
[6:7] 30 tn An alternative reading is “and they said.” In this case the subject is indefinite and the verb should be translated as passive, “[the army] was told.”
[6:8] 33 tn Heb “when Joshua spoke to the people.”
[6:10] 34 tn Heb “the people.”
[6:10] 36 tn Heb “do not let a word come out of your mouths.”
[6:11] 39 tn Heb “and he made the ark of the
[6:11] 40 tn Heb “and they entered the camp and spent the night in the camp.”
[6:12] 41 tn Heb “Joshua rose early in the morning and the priests picked up the ark of the
[6:15] 42 tn Heb “On the seventh day they rose early, when the dawn ascended.”
[6:15] 43 tn Heb “and they went around the city according to this manner seven times, only on that day they went around the city seven times.”
[6:16] 44 tn Heb “the people.”
[6:16] 46 tn Heb “for the
[6:17] 47 tn Or “dedicated to the
[6:17] 48 tn Heb “messengers.”
[6:18] 49 tn Heb “Only you keep [away] from what is set apart [to the
[6:19] 50 tn Heb “it is holy to the
[6:20] 51 tc Heb “and the people shouted and they blew the rams’ horns.” The initial statement (“and the people shouted”) seems premature, since the verse goes on to explain that the battle cry followed the blowing of the horns. The statement has probably been accidentally duplicated from what follows. It is omitted in the LXX.
[6:20] 52 tn Heb “the people.”
[6:20] 53 tn Heb “the sound of the horn.”
[6:20] 54 tn Heb “they shouted with a loud shout.”
[6:20] 55 tn Heb “fell in its place.”
[6:20] 56 tn Heb “and the people went up into the city, each one straight ahead, and they captured the city.”
[6:21] 57 tn Heb “all which was in the city.”
[6:22] 58 tn Heb “the house of the woman, the prostitute.”
[6:22] 59 tn Heb “and bring out from there the woman and all who belong to her as you swore on oath to her.”
[6:23] 60 tn Or “placed them outside.”
[6:24] 61 tn The Hebrew text adds “with fire.”
[6:24] 62 tn Heb “the treasury of the house of the
[6:25] 63 tn Heb “kept alive.”
[6:25] 64 tn Heb the house of her father.”
[6:25] 65 tn Or “among the Israelites”; Heb “in the midst of Israel.”
[6:25] 66 map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.
[6:26] 67 tn Normally the Hiphil of שָׁבַע (shava’) has a causative sense (“make [someone] take an oath”; see Josh 2:17, 20), but here (see also Josh 23:7) no object is stated or implied. If Joshua is calling divine judgment down upon the one who attempts to rebuild Jericho, then “make a solemn appeal [to God as judge]” or “pronounce a curse” would be an appropriate translation. However, the tone seems stronger. Joshua appears to be announcing the certain punishment of the violator. 1 Kgs 16:34, which records the fulfillment of Joshua’s prediction, supports this. Casting Joshua in a prophetic role, it refers to Joshua’s statement as the “word of the
[6:26] 68 tn Heb “rises up and builds.”
[6:26] 69 tc The LXX omits “Jericho.” It is probably a scribal addition.
[6:26] 70 tn The Hebrew phrase אָרוּר לִפְנֵי יְהוָה (’arur lifney yÿhvah, “cursed [i.e., condemned] before the
[6:26] 71 tn Heb “With his firstborn he will lay its foundations and with his youngest he will erect its gates.” The Hebrew verb יַצִּיב (yatsiv, “he will erect”) is imperfect, not jussive, suggesting Joshua’s statement is a prediction, not an imprecation.
[6:27] 72 tn Heb “and the report about him was in all the land.” The Hebrew term אֶרֶץ (’erets, “land”) may also be translated “earth.”
[7:1] 73 tn Heb “But the sons of Israel were unfaithful with unfaithfulness concerning what was set apart [to the
[7:1] 74 tn 1 Chr 2:6 lists a “Zimri” (but no Zabdi) as one of the five sons of Zerah (cf. also 1 Chr 7:17, 18).
[7:1] 75 tn Heb “took from what was set apart [to the
[7:1] 76 tn Heb “the anger of the
[7:2] 77 map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.
[7:2] 78 map For the location of Bethel see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.
[7:3] 79 tn Heb “and they returned to Joshua and said to him.”
[7:3] 80 tn Heb “Don’t let all the people go up.”
[7:3] 81 tn Heb “Let about two thousand men or about three thousand men go up to defeat Ai.”
[7:3] 82 tn Heb “all the people for they are small.”
[7:5] 83 tn The meaning and correct translation of the Hebrew word שְׁבָרִים (shÿvarim) is uncertain. The translation “fissures” is based on usage of the plural form of the noun in Ps 60:4 HT (60:2 ET), where it appears to refer to cracks in the earth caused by an earthquake. Perhaps deep ravines or gorges are in view, or the word is a proper noun (“all the way to Shebarim”).
[7:5] 84 sn The precise geographical location of the Israelite defeat at this “steep slope” is uncertain.
[7:5] 86 tn Heb “and the heart of the people melted and became water.”
[7:6] 87 sn Tearing one’s clothes was an outward expression of extreme sorrow (see Gen 37:34; 44:13).
[7:6] 89 tn Heb “and fell on his face to the ground before the ark of the
[7:6] 90 sn Throwing dirt on one’s head was an outward expression of extreme sorrow (see Lam 2:10; Ezek 27:30).
[7:8] 92 tn Heb “turned [the] back.”
[7:9] 93 tn Heb “and cut off our name.”
[7:9] 94 tn Heb “What will you do for your great name?”
[7:10] 96 tn Heb “Why are you falling on your face?”
[7:11] 97 tn Heb “They have violated my covenant which I commanded them.”
[7:11] 98 tn Heb “what was set apart [to the
[7:11] 99 tn Heb “and also they have stolen, and also they have lied, and also they have placed [them] among their items.”
[7:12] 100 tn Heb “they turn [the] back before their enemies because they are set apart [to destruction by the
[7:12] 101 tn The second person pronoun is plural in Hebrew, indicating these words are addressed to the entire nation.
[7:12] 102 tn Heb “what is set apart [to destruction by the
[7:13] 103 tn Heb “what is set apart [to destruction by the
[7:13] 104 tn Heb “remove what is set apart [i.e., to destruction by the
[7:14] 105 tn Heb “by your tribes.”
[7:14] 106 tn Heb “takes forcefully, seizes.”
[7:15] 109 tn Heb “with what was set apart [to the
[7:15] 110 tn Heb “burned with fire.”
[7:16] 111 tn Heb “by tribes.”
[7:17] 112 tn See the note on “Zabdi” in 1 Chr 7:1.
[7:17] 113 tn Heb “and he selected Zabdi.” The
[7:18] 114 tn Heb “his”; the referent (Zabdi) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[7:19] 116 tn Heb “give glory to.”
[7:20] 117 tn Heb “like this and like this I did.”
[7:21] 118 tn Heb “Shinar,” a reference to Babylon (cf. Gen 10:10; 11:2; 14:1). Many modern translations retain the Hebrew name “Shinar” (cf. NEB, NRSV) but some use the more familiar “Babylon” (cf. NIV, NLT).
[7:22] 120 tn Heb “Look, [it was] hidden in his tent, and the silver was beneath it.”
[7:23] 121 tn Heb “poured out,” probably referring to the way the silver pieces poured out of their container.
[7:24] 122 tn Or “Trouble” The name is “Achor” in Hebrew, which means “disaster” or “trouble” (also in v. 26).
[7:25] 123 tn Or “trouble.” The word is “achor” in Hebrew (also in the following clause).
[7:25] 124 tc Heb “and they burned them with fire and they stoned them with stones.” These words are somewhat parenthetical in nature and are omitted in the LXX; they may represent a later scribal addition.
[7:26] 125 tc Heb “to this day.” The phrase “to this day” is omitted in the LXX and may represent a later scribal addition.
[8:1] 126 tn Or perhaps “and don’t get discouraged!”
[8:1] 127 tn Heb “Take with you all the people of war and arise, go up against Ai!”
[8:1] 128 tn Heb “I have given into our hand.” The verbal form, a perfect, is probably best understood as a perfect of certitude, indicating the certainty of the action.
[8:2] 129 map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.
[8:3] 130 tn “And Joshua and all the people of war arose to go up [against] Ai.”
[8:4] 131 tn Or “commanded, ordered.”
[8:5] 132 tn Heb “the people.”
[8:6] 133 tn Heb “come out after.”
[8:7] 134 tn Heb “from the ambush.”
[8:7] 135 tn Heb “take possession of.”
[8:8] 137 tn Heb “I have commanded you.”
[8:9] 138 tn Or “the place of ambush.”
[8:9] 139 map For location see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.
[8:9] 140 tn Heb “and they stayed between Bethel and Ai, west of Ai.”
[8:9] 141 tn Heb “in the midst of the people.”
[8:10] 142 tn Or “summoned, mustered.”
[8:10] 143 tn Heb “the people.”
[8:10] 146 tn Heb “them” (referring to “the people” in the previous clause, which requires a plural pronoun). Since the translation used “army” in the previous clause, a singular pronoun (“it”) is required in English.
[8:11] 147 tn Heb “All the people of war who were with him went up and approached and came opposite the city.”
[8:11] 148 tn Heb “and the valley [was] between them and Ai.”
[8:12] 149 map For location see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.
[8:13] 150 tn Some Hebrew
[8:14] 151 tn Heb “When the king of Ai saw, the men of Ai hurried and rose early and went out to meet Israel for battle, he and all his people at the meeting place before the Arabah.”
[8:14] 153 tn Heb “that (there was) an ambush for him behind the city.”
[8:16] 154 tn Heb “All the people.”
[8:16] 155 tc Some textual witnesses read “the city.”
[8:16] 156 tn Or “were summoned”; or “were mustered.”
[8:17] 157 tc The LXX omits the words “or Bethel.”
[8:17] 158 tn Heb “who did not go out after Israel.”
[8:18] 159 tn Heb “it”; the referent (the city of Ai) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[8:20] 161 tn Heb “and they saw, and look.” The Hebrew term הִנֵּה (hinneh, “look”) draws attention to the scene and invites the audience to view the events from the perspective of the men of Ai.
[8:20] 162 tn Heb “and there was not in them hands to flee here or there.” The Hebrew term יָדַיִם (yadayim, “hands”) is idiomatic for “strength.”
[8:21] 163 tn Heb “and that the smoke of the city ascended.”
[8:22] 164 tn Heb “and these went out from the city to meet them and they were for Israel in the middle, some on this side, and others on the other side.”
[8:24] 165 tn Heb “residents.”
[8:24] 166 tn Heb “in the field, in the desert in which they chased them.”
[8:24] 167 tc Heb “and all of them fell by the edge of the sword until they were destroyed.” The LXX omits the words, “and all of them fell by the edge of the sword.” They may represent a later scribal addition.
[8:26] 169 tn Heb “Joshua did not draw back his hand which held out the curved sword until he had annihilated all the residents of Ai.”
[8:27] 170 tn Heb “according to the word of the
[8:28] 171 tn Heb “and made it a permanent mound, a desolation, to this day.”
[8:29] 172 tn Heb “on a tree until evening.” The words “leaving him exposed” are supplied in the translation for clarity.
[8:29] 173 sn For the legal background of this action, see Deut 21:22-23.
[8:29] 174 tn Heb “to this day.”
[8:31] 175 tn Heb “as it is written in the scroll of the law of Moses, an altar of whole stones on which no one had wielded iron.” The expression “whole stones” refers to stones in their natural condition, i.e., not carved or shaped artificially with tools (“wielded iron”).
[8:31] 176 tn Or “peace offerings.”
[8:32] 177 tn Heb “and he wrote there on the stones a duplicate of the law of Moses which he wrote before the sons of Israel.”
[8:33] 178 tn Heb “All Israel.”
[8:33] 180 tn Heb “like the resident alien, like the citizen.” The language is idiomatic, meaning that both groups were treated the same, at least in this instance.
[8:33] 181 tn Heb “as Moses, the
[8:35] 183 tn Heb “There was not a word from all which Moses commanded that Joshua did not read aloud.”
[8:35] 184 tn Heb “walked in their midst.”
[9:1] 185 tn Heb “When all the kings who were beyond the Jordan heard.”
[9:1] 186 tn Or “foothills”; Heb “the Shephelah.”
[9:1] 187 tn Heb “all the coast of the Great Sea.” The “Great Sea” was the typical designation for the Mediterranean Sea.
[9:1] 188 tn Heb “in front of.”
[9:2] 189 tn Heb “they gathered together to fight against Joshua and Israel [with] one mouth.”
[9:3] 190 map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.
[9:4] 191 tc Heb “and they went and [?].” The root and meaning of the verb form יִצְטַיָּרוּ (yitstayyaru) are uncertain. The form is most likely a corruption of יִצְטַיָּדוּ (yitstayyadu), read by some Hebrew
[9:5] 192 tn Heb “all the bread of their provisions.”
[9:7] 194 tn Heb “in our midst.”
[9:8] 195 tn Heb “we are your servants.”
[9:9] 198 tn Heb “the report about him, all that he did in Egypt.”
[9:11] 199 tn Heb “your servants.”
[9:12] 200 tn Heb “in the day we went out to come to you.”
[9:14] 202 tn Heb “took.” This probably means they tasted some of the food to make sure it was stale.
[9:14] 203 tn Heb “but they did not ask the mouth of the
[9:15] 205 tn Heb “Joshua made peace with them and made a treaty with them to let them live, and the leaders of the community swore an oath to them.”
[9:16] 206 tn Heb “At the end of three days, after they made the treaty with them, they heard that they were neighbors to them and in their midst they were living.”
[9:18] 207 tn Heb “by the
[9:18] 208 tn Or “grumbled against.”
[9:19] 209 tn Heb “to them by….”
[9:20] 211 tn Heb “This is what we will do to them, keeping them alive so there will not be upon us anger concerning the oath which we swore to them.”
[9:21] 212 tc Heb “and the leaders said to them.” The LXX omits the words “and the leaders said to them.”
[9:21] 213 tn The vav (ו) consecutive construction in the Hebrew text suggests that the narrative resumes at this point. The LXX reads here, “and they will be,” understanding what follows to be a continuation of the leaders’ words rather than a comment by the narrator.
[9:21] 214 tn Heb “as the leaders said to them.”
[9:22] 215 sn Verses 22-27 appear to elaborate on v. 21b.
[9:22] 218 tn Heb “live in our midst?”
[9:23] 219 tn Heb “Now you are cursed and a servant will not be cut off from you, woodcutters and water carriers for the house of my God.”
[9:24] 220 tn Heb “your servants.”
[9:24] 221 tn Or “we were very afraid.”
[9:25] 222 tn Heb “so now, look, we are in your hand.”
[9:25] 223 tn Heb “according to what is good and according to what is upright in your eyes to do us, do.”
[9:26] 224 tn Heb “And he did to them so and he rescued them from the hand of the sons of Israel and they did not kill them.”
[9:27] 225 tn Heb “and Joshua made them in that day woodcutters and water carriers for the community, and for the altar of the
[10:1] 226 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[10:1] 227 map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.
[10:1] 228 tn Heb “as he had done to Jericho and to its king, so he did to Ai and to its king.”
[10:2] 230 tn This statement is subordinated to v. 1 in the Hebrew text, which reads literally, “When Adoni-Zedek…they feared greatly.” The subject of the plural verb at the beginning of v. 2 is probably the residents of Jerusalem.
[10:4] 231 tn Heb “Come up to me and help me.”
[10:5] 232 tn Heb “and they camped against Gibeon and fought against it.”
[10:6] 233 tn Heb “do not let your hand drop from us.”
[10:6] 234 tn Heb “your servants!”
[10:6] 235 tn Heb “have gathered against us.”
[10:7] 236 tn Heb “And Joshua went up from Gilgal, he and all the people of war with him, and all the brave warriors.”
[10:8] 237 tn Heb “I have given them into your hand.” The verbal form is a perfect of certitude, emphasizing the certainty of the action.
[10:8] 238 tn Heb “and not a man [or “one”] of them will stand before you.”
[10:9] 239 tn Heb “Joshua came upon them suddenly, all the night he went up from Gilgal.”
[10:10] 240 tn Or “caused to panic.”
[10:10] 241 tn Heb “he.” The referent is probably Israel (mentioned at the end of the previous sentence in the verse; cf. NIV, NRSV), but it is also possible that the
[10:10] 242 tn Heb “struck them down with a great striking down.”
[10:11] 244 tn Heb “on the descent of.”
[10:11] 245 tn Or “heaven” (also in v. 13). The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heaven(s)” or “sky” depending on the context.
[10:12] 246 tn Heb “Then Joshua spoke to the
[10:13] 247 tn Heb “Is it not written down in the Scroll of the Upright One.” Many modern translations render, “the Scroll [or Book] of Jashar,” leaving the Hebrew name “Jashar” (which means “Upright One”) untranslated.
[10:13] 248 tn Heb “and did not hurry to set [for] about a full day.”
[10:14] 249 tn Heb “listened to the voice of.”
[10:16] 250 tn Heb “these five kings.”
[10:18] 251 tn Heb “and appoint by it men to guard them.”
[10:19] 252 tn Heb “But [as for] you, don’t stand still, chase after your enemies and attack them from the rear.”
[10:19] 253 tn Or “enter into.”
[10:19] 254 tn Heb “has given them into your hand.” The verbal form is a perfect of certitude, emphasizing the certainty of the action.
[10:20] 255 tn Heb “When Joshua and the sons of Israel finished defeating them with a very great defeat until they were destroyed (now the survivors escaped to the fortified cities).” In the Hebrew text the initial temporal clause (“when Joshua…finished”) is subordinated to v. 21 (“the whole army returned”).
[10:21] 256 tn Heb “all the people returned to the camp, to Joshua [at] Makkedah [in] peace.”
[10:21] 257 tc Heb “No man.” The lamed (ל) prefixed to אִישׁ (’ish, “man”) is probably dittographic (note the immediately preceding יִשְׂרָאֵל [isra’el] which ends in lamed, ל); cf. the LXX.
[10:21] 258 tn Heb “no man sharpened [or perhaps, “pointed”] his tongue against the sons of Israel.” Cf. NEB “not a man of the Israelites suffered so much as a scratch on his tongue,” which understands “sharpened” as “scratched” (referring to a minor wound). Most modern translations understand the Hebrew expression “sharpened his tongue” figuratively for opposition or threats against the Israelites.
[10:22] 259 tn Heb “these five kings.”
[10:23] 260 tn Heb “they did so.”
[10:23] 261 tn Heb “these five kings.”
[10:23] 262 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[10:24] 263 tn Heb “Joshua.” The translation has replaced the proper name with the pronoun (“he”) because a repetition of the proper name here would be redundant according to English style.
[10:24] 264 tn Or “Draw near.”
[10:24] 265 tn Or “drew near.”
[10:25] 266 tn Or perhaps “and don’t get discouraged!”
[10:26] 267 tn Heb “struck them down and killed them.”
[10:27] 268 sn For the legal background of the removal of the corpses before sundown, see Deut 21:22-23.
[10:27] 269 tn Heb “to this very day.” The words “They remain” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[10:28] 270 map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.
[10:29] 271 tn Heb “Libnah.” Repetition of the proper name here would be redundant according to English style, so the pronoun (“it”) has been employed in the translation.
[10:30] 272 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:30] 273 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:30] 274 tn Heb “He”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:30] 275 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:30] 276 map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.
[10:31] 277 tn Heb “encamped against it.”
[10:32] 278 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:34] 280 tn Heb “they encamped against it.”
[10:35] 281 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:35] 282 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:37] 283 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:37] 284 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:37] 285 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:39] 286 tn Heb “He”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:39] 287 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:39] 288 tn Heb “He”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:39] 289 tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
[10:39] 290 tn Heb “as he did to Hebron, so he did to Debir and its king, and as he did to Libnah and its king.” The clauses have been rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[10:40] 291 tn Or “foothills”; Heb “the Shephelah.”
[10:41] 292 tn Heb “and Joshua struck them down, from Kadesh Barnea even to Gaza, and all the land of Goshen, even to Gibeon.”
[10:42] 293 tn Heb “at one time.”
[11:1] 294 map For location see Map1 D2; Map2 D3; Map3 A2; Map4 C1.
[11:1] 295 tn Heb “he sent to.”
[11:2] 296 tn Heb “and to the kings who [are] from the north in.”
[11:2] 297 tn Heb “Chinneroth,” a city and plain located in the territory of Naphtali in Galilee (BDB 490 s.v. כִּנֶּרֶת, כִּנֲרוֹת).
[11:3] 298 tn The verb “came” is supplied in the translation (see v. 4).
[11:4] 300 tn Heb “They and all their camps with them came out, a people as numerous as the sand which is on the edge of the sea in multitude, and [with] horses and chariots very numerous.”
[11:5] 301 tn Heb “and came and camped together.”
[11:6] 302 tn Heb “burn with fire”; the words “with fire” are redundant in English and have not been included in the translation.
[11:7] 303 tn Heb “Joshua and all the people of war with him came upon them at the Waters of Merom suddenly and fell upon them.”
[11:8] 304 map For location see Map1 A1; JP3 F3; JP4 F3.
[11:8] 305 tn The meaning of the Hebrew name “Misrephoth Maim” is perhaps “lime-kilns by the water” (see HALOT 2:641).
[11:9] 306 tn Heb “burned with fire”; the words “with fire” are redundant in English and have not been included in the translation.
[11:10] 307 map For location see Map1 D2; Map2 D3; Map3 A2; Map4 C1.
[11:11] 309 tn Heb “and they struck down all life which was in it with the edge of the sword, annihilating.”
[11:11] 310 tn Heb “burned with fire”; the words “with fire” are redundant in English and have not been included in the translation.
[11:12] 311 tn Heb “and he struck them down with the edge of the sword, he annihilated them.”
[11:13] 312 tn Heb “standing on their mounds.”
[11:13] 313 map For location see Map1 D2; Map2 D3; Map3 A2; Map4 C1.
[11:14] 314 tn Heb “but all the people they struck down with the edge of the sword until they destroyed them.”
[11:15] 315 tn Heb “As the
[11:16] 316 tn Heb “Joshua took all this land.”
[11:16] 317 tn Or “foothills”; Heb “the Shephelah.”
[11:17] 318 tn Heb “and struck them down and killed them.”
[11:18] 319 tn Heb “made war with.”
[11:18] 320 tn Heb “for many days.”
[11:19] 321 tn The LXX omits this parenthetical note, which may represent a later scribal addition.
[11:19] 322 tn Heb “the whole they took in battle.”
[11:20] 323 tn Heb “for from the
[11:21] 324 tn Heb “went and cut off the Anakites from the hill country.”
[11:21] 325 tn Heb “and from all the hill country of Israel.”
[11:23] 327 tn Heb “according to all which the
[11:23] 328 tn Heb “and Joshua gave it for an inheritance to Israel according to their allotted portions by their tribes.”
[12:1] 329 tn Heb “and took possession of their land.”
[12:1] 330 tn Heb “beyond the Jordan, toward the rising of the sun.”
[12:2] 331 tn Or perhaps, “reigned.”
[12:2] 332 tc The MT reads here, “and the middle of the valley,” but the reading “the city in the middle of valley” can be reconstructed on the basis of Josh 13:9, 16.
[12:3] 333 tn The words “his kingdom included” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[12:3] 334 sn The Sea of Kinnereth is another name for the Sea of Galilee. See the note on the word “Kinnereth” in 11:2.
[12:3] 335 sn The Salt Sea is another name for the Dead Sea.
[12:4] 336 tn Heb “from the remnant of the Rephaites.”
[12:4] 337 tn Or perhaps “who reigned.”
[12:6] 338 tn Heb “gave it for a possession.”
[12:7] 339 tn Heb “Joshua gave it to the tribes of Israel as a possession according to their allotted portions.”
[12:8] 340 tn Or “the foothills”; Heb “the Shephelah.”
[12:8] 341 tn The words “the land of” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[12:9] 342 map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.
[12:10] 343 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[12:16] 344 map For location see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.
[12:19] 345 map For location see Map1 D2; Map2 D3; Map3 A2; Map4 C1.
[12:21] 346 map For location see Map1 D4; Map2 C1; Map4 C2; Map5 F2; Map7 B1.
[9:22] 347 tn The words “of the land” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for clarity.
[9:22] 348 tc Most Hebrew
[44:1] 350 sn Psalm 44. The speakers in this psalm (the worshiping community within the nation Israel) were disappointed with God. The psalm begins on a positive note, praising God for leading Israel to past military victories. Verses 1-8 appear to be a song of confidence and petition which the people recited prior to battle. But suddenly the mood changes as the nation laments a recent defeat. The stark contrast between the present and the past only heightens the nation’s confusion. Israel trusted in God for victory, but the Lord rejected them and allowed them to be humiliated in battle. If Israel had been unfaithful to God, their defeat would make sense, but the nation was loyal to the Lord. Comparing the Lord to a careless shepherd, the nation urges God to wake up and to extend his compassion to his suffering people.
[44:1] 351 tn The meaning of the Hebrew term מַשְׂכִּיל (maskil) is uncertain. See the note on the phrase “well-written song” in the superscription of Ps 42.
[44:1] 352 tn Heb “with our ears we have heard.”
[44:1] 353 tn Heb “fathers” (also in v. 2; the same Hebrew word may be translated either “fathers” or “ancestors” depending on the context.
[44:1] 354 tn Heb “the work you worked.”
[44:1] 355 tn Heb “in the days of old.” This refers specifically to the days of Joshua, during Israel’s conquest of the land, as vv. 2-3 indicate.
[44:2] 356 tn Heb “you, your hand.”
[44:2] 357 tn Heb “dispossessed nations and planted them.” The third masculine plural pronoun “them” refers to the fathers (v. 1). See Ps 80:8, 15.
[44:2] 358 tn The verb form in the Hebrew text is a Hiphil preterite (without vav [ו] consecutive) from רָעַע (ra’a’, “be evil; be bad”). If retained it apparently means, “you injured; harmed.” Some prefer to derive the verb from רָעַע (“break”; cf. NEB “breaking up the peoples”), in which case the form must be revocalized as Qal (since this verb is unattested in the Hiphil).
[44:2] 360 tn Heb “and you sent them out.” The translation assumes that the third masculine plural pronoun “them” refers to the fathers (v. 1), as in the preceding parallel line. See Ps 80:11, where Israel, likened to a vine, “spreads out” its tendrils to the west and east. Another option is to take the “peoples” as the referent of the pronoun and translate, “and you sent them away,” though this does not provide as tight a parallel with the corresponding line.
[44:3] 361 tn Or “take possession of.”
[44:3] 362 tn Heb “and their arm did not save them.” The “arm” here symbolizes military strength.
[44:3] 363 tn Heb “your right hand.” The
[44:3] 365 tn Heb “light of your face.” The idiom “light of your face” probably refers to a smile (see Eccl 8:1), which in turn suggests favor and blessing (see Num 6:25; Pss 4:6; 31:16; 67:1; 80:3, 7, 19; 89:15; Dan 9:17).
[44:3] 366 tn Or “favorable toward.”
[78:55] 367 tn Heb “he caused to fall [to] them with a measuring line an inheritance.”
[78:55] 368 tn Heb “and caused the tribes of Israel to settle down in their tents.”
[13:19] 369 tn Grk “And after.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
[13:19] 370 tn The participle καθελών (kaqelwn) is taken temporally.
[13:19] 371 sn Seven nations. See Deut 7:1.
[13:19] 372 tn Grk “he gave their land as an inheritance.” The words “his people” are supplied to complete an ellipsis specifying the recipients of the land.
