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Psalms 3:1

Context
Psalm 3 1 

A psalm of David, written when he fled from his son Absalom. 2 

3:1 Lord, how 3  numerous are my enemies!

Many attack me. 4 

Psalms 25:19

Context

25:19 Watch my enemies, for they outnumber me;

they hate me and want to harm me. 5 

Psalms 56:1-2

Context
Psalm 56 6 

For the music director; according to the yonath-elem-rechovim style; 7  a prayer 8  of David, written when the Philistines captured him in Gath. 9 

56:1 Have mercy on me, O God, for men are attacking me! 10 

All day long hostile enemies 11  are tormenting me. 12 

56:2 Those who anticipate my defeat 13  attack me all day long.

Indeed, 14  many are fighting against me, O Exalted One. 15 

Psalms 59:1-3

Context
Psalm 59 16 

For the music director; according to the al-tashcheth style; 17  a prayer 18  of David, written when Saul sent men to surround his house and murder him. 19 

59:1 Deliver me from my enemies, my God!

Protect me 20  from those who attack me! 21 

59:2 Deliver me from evildoers! 22 

Rescue me from violent men! 23 

59:3 For look, they wait to ambush me; 24 

powerful men stalk 25  me,

but not because I have rebelled or sinned, O Lord. 26 

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[3:1]  1 sn Psalm 3. The psalmist acknowledges that he is confronted by many enemies (vv. 1-2). But, alluding to a divine oracle he has received (vv. 4-5), he affirms his confidence in God’s ability to protect him (vv. 3, 6) and requests that God make his promise a reality (vv. 7-8).

[3:1]  2 sn According to Jewish tradition, David offered this prayer when he was forced to flee from Jerusalem during his son Absalom’s attempted coup (see 2 Sam 15:13-17).

[3:1]  3 tn The Hebrew term מָה (mah, “how”) is used here as an adverbial exclamation (see BDB 553 s.v.).

[3:1]  4 tn Heb “many rise up against me.”

[25:19]  5 tn Heb “see my enemies for they are numerous, and [with] violent hatred they hate me.”

[56:1]  6 sn Psalm 56. Despite the threats of his enemies, the psalmist is confident the Lord will keep his promise to protect and deliver him.

[56:1]  7 tn The literal meaning of this phrase is “silent dove, distant ones.” Perhaps it refers to a particular style of music, a tune title, or a type of musical instrument.

[56:1]  8 tn The precise meaning of the Hebrew word מִכְתָּם (miktam), which also appears in the heading to Pss 16 and 57-60 is uncertain. HALOT 582-83 s.v. defines it as “inscription.”

[56:1]  9 sn According to the superscription, David wrote this psalm when the Philistines seized him and took him to King Achish of Gath (see 1 Sam 21:11-15).

[56:1]  10 tn According to BDB 983 s.v. II שָׁאַף, the verb is derived from שָׁאַף (shaaf, “to trample, crush”) rather than the homonymic verb “pant after.”

[56:1]  11 tn Heb “a fighter.” The singular is collective for his enemies (see vv. 5-6). The Qal of לָחַם (lakham, “fight”) also occurs in Ps 35:1.

[56:1]  12 tn The imperfect verbal form draws attention to the continuing nature of the enemies’ attacks.

[56:2]  13 tn Heb “to those who watch me [with evil intent].” See also Pss 5:8; 27:11; 54:5; 59:10.

[56:2]  14 tn Or “for.”

[56:2]  15 tn Some take the Hebrew term מָרוֹם (marom, “on high; above”) as an adverb modifying the preceding participle and translate, “proudly” (cf. NASB; NIV “in their pride”). The present translation assumes the term is a divine title here. The Lord is pictured as enthroned “on high” in Ps 92:8. (Note the substantival use of the term in Isa 24:4 and see C. A. Briggs and E. G. Briggs (Psalms [ICC], 2:34), who prefer to place the term at the beginning of the next verse.)

[59:1]  16 sn Psalm 59. The psalmist calls down judgment on his foreign enemies, whom he compares to ravenous wild dogs.

[59:1]  17 tn Heb “do not destroy.” Perhaps this refers to a particular style of music, a tune title, or a musical instrument. These words also appear in the superscription to Pss 57-58, 75.

[59:1]  18 tn The precise meaning of the Hebrew word מִכְתָּם (miktam), which also appears in the heading to Pss 16, 56-58, 60 is uncertain. HALOT 582-83 s.v. defines it as “inscription.”

[59:1]  19 tn Heb “when Saul sent and they watched his house in order to kill him.”

[59:1]  20 tn Or “make me secure”; Heb “set me on high.”

[59:1]  21 tn Heb “from those who raise themselves up [against] me.”

[59:2]  22 tn Heb “from the workers of wickedness.”

[59:2]  23 tn Heb “from men of bloodshed.”

[59:3]  24 tn Heb “my life.”

[59:3]  25 tn The Hebrew verb is from the root גּוּר (gur), which means “to challenge, attack” in Isa 54:15 and “to stalk” (with hostile intent) in Ps 56:8.

[59:3]  26 sn The point is that the psalmist’s enemies have no justifiable reason for attacking him. He has neither rebelled or sinned against the Lord.



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