Revelation 13:1-9

Context

The Two Beasts

13:1 Then¹ I saw a beast coming up out of the sea. It² had ten horns and seven heads, and on its horns were ten diadem crowns,³ and on its heads a blasphemous name.⁴ 13:2 Now⁵ the beast that I saw was like a leopard, but its feet were like a bear’s, and its mouth was like a lion’s mouth. The⁶ dragon gave the beast⁷ his power, his throne, and great authority to rule.⁸ 13:3 One of the beast’s⁹ heads appeared to have been killed,¹⁰ but the lethal wound had been healed.¹¹ And the whole world followed¹² the beast in amazement; 13:4 they worshiped the dragon because he had given ruling authority¹³ to the beast, and they worshiped the beast too, saying: “Who is like the beast?” and “Who is able to make war against him?”¹⁴ 13:5 The beast¹⁵ was given a mouth speaking proud words¹⁶ and blasphemies, and he was permitted¹⁷ to exercise ruling authority¹⁸ for forty-two months. 13:6 So¹⁹ the beast²⁰ opened his mouth to blaspheme against God – to blaspheme both his name and his dwelling place,²¹ that is, those who dwell in heaven. 13:7 The beast²² was permitted to go to war against the saints and conquer them.²³ He was given ruling authority²⁴ over every tribe, people,²⁵ language, and nation, 13:8 and all those who live on the earth will worship the beast,²⁶ everyone whose name has not been written since the foundation of the world²⁷ in the book of life belonging to the Lamb who was killed.²⁸ 13:9 If anyone has an ear, he had better listen!

[13:1] ¹tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

[13:1] ²tn Grk “having” (a continuation of the previous sentence). All of the pronouns referring to this beast (along with the second beast appearing in 13:11) could be translated as “it” because the word for beast (θηρίον, qhrion) is neuter gender in Greek and all the pronouns related to it are parsed as neuter in the Gramcord/Accordance database. Nevertheless, most interpreters would agree that the beast ultimately represents a human ruler, so beginning at the end of v. 4 the masculine pronouns (“he,” “him,” etc.) are used to refer to the first beast as well as the second beast appearing in 13:11.

[13:1] ³tn For the translation of διάδημα (diadhma) as “diadem crown” see L&N 6.196.

[13:1] ⁴tc ‡ Several mss (A 051 1611 1854 2053 2344 2351 Ï^K) read the plural ὀνόματα (onomata, “[blasphemous] names”), while the singular ὄνομα (onoma, “name”) has somewhat better support (Ì⁴⁷ א C 1006 1841 2329 Ï^A). The plural reading seems motivated by the fact that what is written is written “on its heads.” In the least, it is a clarifying reading. NA²⁷ puts the plural in brackets, indicating doubts as to its authenticity.

[13:2] ⁵tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the parenthetical nature of the following description of the beast.

[13:2] ⁶tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[13:2] ⁷tn Grk “gave it”; the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[13:2] ⁸tn For the translation “authority to rule” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.

[13:3] ⁹tn Grk “one of its heads”; the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[13:3] ¹⁰tn Grk “killed to death,” an expression emphatic in its redundancy. The phrase behind this translation is ὡς ἐσφαγμένον (Jw" ejsfagmenon). The particle ὡς is used in Greek generally for comparison, and in Revelation it is used often to describe the appearance of what the author saw. In this instance, the appearance of the beast’s head did not match reality, because the next phrase shows that in fact it did not die. This text does not affirm that the beast died and was resurrected, but some draw this conclusion because of the only other use of the phrase, which refers to Jesus in 5:6.

[13:3] ¹¹tn The phrase τοῦ θανάτου (tou qanatou) can be translated as an attributive genitive (“deathly wound”) or an objective genitive (the wound which caused death) and the final αὐτοῦ (autou) is either possessive or reference/respect.

[13:3] ¹²tn On the phrase “the whole world followed the beast in amazement,” BDAG 445 s.v. θαυμάζω 2 states, “wonder, be amazed…Rv 17:8. In pregnant constr. ἐθαυμάσθη ὅλη ἡ γῆ ὀπίσω τ. θηρίου the whole world followed the beast, full of wonder 13:3 (here wonder becomes worship: cp. Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 290 D.; 39 p. 747 of Dionysus and Heracles, οἳ ὑφ᾿ ἡμῶν ἐθαυμάσθησαν. Sir 7:29; Jos., Ant. 3, 65. – The act. is also found in this sense: Cebes 2, 3 θ. τινά = ‘admire’ or ‘venerate’ someone; Epict. 1, 17, 19 θ. τὸν θεόν).”

[13:4] ¹³tn For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.

[13:4] ¹⁴tn On the use of the masculine pronoun to refer to the beast, see the note on the word “It” in 13:1.

[13:5] ¹⁵tn Grk “and there was given to him.” Here the passive construction has been simplified, the referent (the beast) has been specified for clarity, and καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[13:5] ¹⁶tn For the translation “proud words” (Grk “great things” or “important things”) see BDAG 624 s.v. μέγας 4.b.

[13:5] ¹⁷tn Grk “to it was granted.”

[13:5] ¹⁸tn For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.

[13:6] ¹⁹tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the permission granted to the beast.

[13:6] ²⁰tn Grk “he” (or “it”); the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[13:6] ²¹tc The reading “and his dwelling place” does not occur in codex C, but its omission is probably due to scribal oversight since the phrase has the same ending as the phrase before it, i.e., they both end in “his” (αὐτοῦ, autou). This is similar to the mistake this scribe made in 12:14 with the omission of the reading “and half a time” (καὶ ἥμισυ καιροῦ, kai {hmisu kairou).

[13:7] ²²tn Grk “and it was given to him to go to war.” Here the passive construction has been simplified, the referent (the beast) has been specified for clarity, and καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[13:7] ²³tc Many mss omit the phrase “it was given to make war with the saints and to overcome them” (Ì⁴⁷ A C 2053 Ï^A sa). It is, however, found in Ì^115vid א 051 1006 (1611) 1841 (1854) 2329 2344 2351 (Ï^K) lat sy^ph,(h) bo. Although the ms evidence is somewhat in favor of the shorter reading, the support of Ì¹¹⁵ (a recently-discovered ms) for the longer reading balances things out. Normally, the shorter reading should be given preference. However, in an instance in which homoioteleuton could play a role, caution must be exercised. In this passage, accidental omission is quite likely. That this could have happened seems apparent from the two occurrences of the identical phrase “and it was given to him” (καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ, kai edoqh autw) in v. 7. The scribe’s eye skipped over the first καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ and went to the second, hence creating an accidental omission of eleven words.

[13:7] ²⁴tn For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.

[13:7] ²⁵tn Grk “and people,” but καί (kai) has not been translated here or before the following term since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

[13:8] ²⁶tn Grk “it”; the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[13:8] ²⁷tn The prepositional phrase “since the foundation of the world” is traditionally translated as a modifier of the immediately preceding phrase in the Greek text, “the Lamb who was killed” (so also G. B. Caird, Revelation [HNTC], 168), but it is more likely that the phrase “since the foundation of the world” modifies the verb “written” (as translated above). Confirmation of this can be found in Rev 17:8 where the phrase “written in the book of life since the foundation of the world” occurs with no ambiguity.

[13:8] ²⁸tn Or “slaughtered”; traditionally, “slain.”