Romans 9:18

9:18 So then, ¹  God ²  has mercy on whom he chooses to have mercy, and he hardens whom he chooses to harden. ³ 

Romans 9:22-23

9:22 But what if God, willing to demonstrate his wrath and to make known his power, has endured with much patience the objects ⁴  of wrath ⁵  prepared for destruction? ⁶  9:23 And what if he is willing to make known the wealth of his glory on the objects ⁷  of mercy that he has prepared beforehand for glory –

[9:18]  ¹ sn There is a double connective here that cannot be easily preserved in English: “consequently therefore,” emphasizing the conclusion of what he has been arguing.

[9:18]  ² tn Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[9:18]  ³ tn Grk “So then, he has mercy on whom he desires, and he hardens whom he desires.”

[9:22]  ⁴ tn Grk “vessels.” This is the same Greek word used in v. 21.

[9:22]  ⁵ tn Or “vessels destined for wrath.” The genitive ὀργῆς (orghs) could be taken as a genitive of destination.

[9:22]  ⁶ tn Or possibly “objects of wrath that have fit themselves for destruction.” The form of the participle could be taken either as a passive or middle (reflexive). ExSyn 417-18 argues strongly for the passive sense (which is followed in the translation), stating that “the middle view has little to commend it.” First, καταρτίζω (katartizw) is nowhere else used in the NT as a direct or reflexive middle (a usage which, in any event, is quite rare in the NT). Second, the lexical force of this verb, coupled with the perfect tense, suggests something of a “done deal” (against some commentaries that see these vessels as ready for destruction yet still able to avert disaster). Third, the potter-clay motif seems to have one point: The potter prepares the clay.

[9:23]  ⁷ tn Grk “vessels.” This is the same Greek word used in v. 21.