Text -- Ezekiel 27:1-36 (NET)

A Lament for Tyre

27:1 The word of the Lord came to me: 27:2 “You, son of man, sing a lament for Tyre. 27:3 Say to Tyre, who sits at the entrance of the sea, merchant to the peoples on many coasts, ‘This is what the sovereign Lord says: “‘O Tyre, you have said, “I am perfectly beautiful.” 27:4 Your borders are in the heart of the seas; your builders have perfected your beauty. 27:5 They crafted all your planks out of fir trees from Senir; they took a cedar from Lebanon to make your mast. 27:6 They made your oars from oaks of Bashan; they made your deck with cypresses from the Kittean isles. 27:7 Fine linen from Egypt, woven with patterns, was used for your sail to serve as your banner; blue and purple from the coastlands of Elishah was used for your deck’s awning. 27:8 The leaders of Sidon and Arvad were your rowers; your skilled men, O Tyre, were your captains. 27:9 The elders of Gebal and her skilled men were within you, mending cracks; all the ships of the sea and their mariners were within you to trade for your merchandise. 27:10 Men of Persia, Lud, and Put were in your army, men of war. They hung shield and helmet on you; they gave you your splendor. 27:11 The Arvadites joined your army on your walls all around, and the Gammadites were in your towers. They hung their quivers on your walls all around; they perfected your beauty. 27:12 “‘Tarshish was your trade partner because of your abundant wealth; they exchanged silver, iron, tin, and lead for your products. 27:13 Javan, Tubal, and Meshech were your clients; they exchanged slaves and bronze items for your merchandise. 27:14 Beth Togarmah exchanged horses, chargers, and mules for your products. 27:15 The Dedanites were your clients. Many coastlands were your customers; they paid you with ivory tusks and ebony. 27:16 Edom was your trade partner because of the abundance of your goods; they exchanged turquoise, purple, embroidered work, fine linen, coral, and rubies for your products. 27:17 Judah and the land of Israel were your clients; they traded wheat from Minnith, millet, honey, olive oil, and balm for your merchandise. 27:18 Damascus was your trade partner because of the abundance of your goods and of all your wealth: wine from Helbon, white wool from Zahar, 27:19 and casks of wine from Izal they exchanged for your products. Wrought iron, cassia, and sweet cane were among your merchandise. 27:20 Dedan was your client in saddlecloths for riding. 27:21 Arabia and all the princes of Kedar were your trade partners; for lambs, rams, and goats they traded with you. 27:22 The merchants of Sheba and Raamah engaged in trade with you; they traded the best kinds of spices along with precious stones and gold for your products. 27:23 Haran, Kanneh, Eden, merchants from Sheba, Asshur, and Kilmad were your clients. 27:24 They traded with you choice garments, purple clothes and embroidered work, and multicolored carpets, bound and reinforced with cords; these were among your merchandise. 27:25 The ships of Tarshish were the transports for your merchandise. “‘So you were filled and weighed down in the heart of the seas. 27:26 Your rowers have brought you into surging waters. The east wind has wrecked you in the heart of the seas. 27:27 Your wealth, products, and merchandise, your sailors and captains, your ship’s carpenters, your merchants, and all your fighting men within you, along with all your crew who are in you, will fall into the heart of the seas on the day of your downfall. 27:28 At the sound of your captains’ cry the waves will surge; 27:29 They will descend from their ships– all who handle the oar, the sailors and all the sea captains– they will stand on the land. 27:30 They will lament loudly over you and cry bitterly. They will throw dust on their heads and roll in the ashes; 27:31 they will tear out their hair because of you and put on sackcloth, and they will weep bitterly over you with intense mourning. 27:32 As they wail they will lament over you, chanting: “Who was like Tyre, like a tower in the midst of the sea?” 27:33 When your products went out from the seas, you satisfied many peoples; with the abundance of your wealth and merchandise you enriched the kings of the earth. 27:34 Now you are wrecked by the seas, in the depths of the waters; your merchandise and all your company have sunk along with you. 27:35 All the inhabitants of the coastlands are shocked at you, and their kings are horribly afraid– their faces are troubled. 27:36 The traders among the peoples hiss at you; you have become a horror, and will be no more.’”

Commentary -- Verse Notes / Footnotes

NET Notes: Eze 27:2

¹ tn Heb “lift up over Tyre a lament.”

NET Notes: Eze 27:3

¹ tn Heb “entrances.” The plural noun may reflect the fact that Tyre had two main harbors.

² sn Rome, another economic power, is described in a similar way in Rev 17:1.

NET Notes: Eze 27:4

¹ tn The city of Tyre is described in the following account as a merchant ship.

NET Notes: Eze 27:5

¹ tn Heb “built.”

² tn Perhaps the hull or deck. The term is dual, so perhaps it refers to a double-decked ship.

NET Notes: Eze 27:6

¹ tn Or “hull.”

² tc The Hebrew reads “Your deck they made ivory, daughter of Assyria.” The syntactically difficult “ivory” is understood here as dittography and omitted, though some construe this to refer to ivory inlays. “Daughter of Assyria” is understood here as improper word division and the vowels repointed as “cypresses.”

³ tn Heb “from the coastlands (or islands) of Kittim,” generally understood to be a reference to the island of Cyprus, where the Phoenicians had a trading colony on the southeast coast. Many modern English versions have “Cyprus” (CEV, TEV), “the coastlands of Cyprus” (NASB), “the coasts of Cyprus” (NIV, NRSV), or “the southern coasts of Cyprus” (NLT).

sn The Kittean isles is probably a reference to southeast Cyprus where the Phoenicians had a colony.

NET Notes: Eze 27:7

¹ sn This is probably a reference to Cyprus.

NET Notes: Eze 27:8

¹ tc The MT reads “the residents of”; the LXX reads “your rulers who dwell in.” With no apparent reason for the LXX to add “the rulers” many suppose something has dropped out of the Hebrew text. While more than one may be possible, Allen’s proposal, positing a word meaning “elders,” is the most likely to explain the omission in the MT from a graphic standpoint and also provides a parallel to the beginning of v. 9. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:81.a parallel to v. 9.

² map For location see Map1 A1; JP3 F3; JP4 F3.

³ sn Sidon and Arvad, like Tyre, were Phoenician coastal cities.

⁴ tn Or “wise.”

NET Notes: Eze 27:9

¹ sn Another Phoenician coastal city located between Sidon and Arvad.

² tn Heb “strengthening damages.” Here “to strengthen” means to repair. The word for “damages” occurs several times in 1 Kgs 12 about some type of damage to the temple, which may have referred to or included cracks. Since the context describes Tyre in its glory, we do not expect this reference to damages to be of significant scale, even if there are repairmen. This may refer to using pitch to seal the seams of the ship, which had to be done periodically and could be considered routine maintenance rather than repair of damage.

³ sn The reference to “all the ships of the sea…within you” suggests that the metaphor is changing; previously Tyre had been described as a magnificent ship, but now the description shifts back to an actual city. The “ships of the sea” were within Tyre’s harbor. Verse 11 refers to “walls” and “towers” of the city.

NET Notes: Eze 27:10

¹ sn See Gen 10:22.

NET Notes: Eze 27:11

¹ tn Heb “sons of Arvad.”

² sn The identity of the Gammadites is uncertain.

³ tn See note on “quivers” in Jer 51:11 on the meaning of Hebrew שֶׁלֶט (shelet) and also M. Greenberg, Ezekiel (AB), 2:553.

NET Notes: Eze 27:12

¹ sn Tarshish refers to a distant seaport sometimes believed to be located in southern Spain (others identified it as Carthage in North Africa). In any event it represents here a distant, rich, and exotic port which was a trading partner of Tyre.

NET Notes: Eze 27:14

¹ tn The way in which these horses may have been distinguished from other horses is unknown. Cf. ASV “war-horses” (NASB, NIV, NRSV, CEV all similar); NLT “chariot horses.”

NET Notes: Eze 27:15

¹ tn Heb “sons of Dedan.”

² tn Heb “they returned as your gift.”

NET Notes: Eze 27:16

¹ tc Many Hebrew mss, Aquila’s Greek translation, and the Syriac version read “Edom.” The LXX reads “man,” a translation which assumes the same consonants as Edom. This reading is supported from the context as the text deals with Damascus, the capital of Syria (Aram), later (in v. 18).

NET Notes: Eze 27:17

¹ sn The location is mentioned in Judg 11:33.

NET Notes: Eze 27:19

¹ tc The MT leaves v. 18 as an incomplete sentence and begins v. 19 with “and Dan and Javan (Ionia) from Uzal.” The LXX mentions “wine.” The translation follows an emendation assuming some confusions of vav and yod. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:82.

² sn According to L. C. Allen (Ezekiel [WBC], 2:82), Izal was located between Haran and the Tigris and was famous for its wine.

NET Notes: Eze 27:25

¹ tn Or perhaps “Large merchant ships.” The expression “ships of Tarshish” may describe a class of vessel, that is, large oceangoing merchant ships.

NET Notes: Eze 27:27

¹ tn Heb “your repairers of damage.” See v. 9.

NET Notes: Eze 27:28

¹ tn Compare this phrase to Isa 57:20 and Amos 8:8. See M. Greenberg, Ezekiel (AB), 2:561.

NET Notes: Eze 27:30

¹ tn Heb “make heard over you with their voice.”

² tn Note a similar expression to “roll in the ashes” in Mic 1:10.

NET Notes: Eze 27:31

¹ tn Heb “and they will weep concerning you with bitterness of soul, (with) bitter mourning.”

NET Notes: Eze 27:32

¹ tn As it stands, the meaning of the Hebrew text is unclear. The translation follows the suggestion of M. Dahood, “Accadian-Ugaritic dmt in Ezekiel 27:32,” Bib 45 (1964): 83-84. Several other explanations and emendations have been offered. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:83, and D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:85-86, for a list of options.

NET Notes: Eze 27:34

¹ tn Heb “fallen.”

² tn Heb “in the midst of you.”