Discovery BoxIsaiah 34:4
Context34:4 All the stars in the sky will fade away, 1
the sky will roll up like a scroll;
all its stars will wither,
like a leaf withers and falls from a vine
or a fig withers and falls from a tree. 2
Jeremiah 4:23-26
Context4:23 “I looked at the land and saw 3 that it was an empty wasteland. 4
I looked up at the sky, and its light had vanished.
4:24 I looked at the mountains and saw that they were shaking.
All the hills were swaying back and forth!
4:25 I looked and saw that there were no more people, 5
and that all the birds in the sky had flown away.
4:26 I looked and saw that the fruitful land had become a desert
and that all of the cities had been laid in ruins.
The Lord had brought this all about
because of his blazing anger. 6
Ezekiel 38:20
Context38:20 The fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, the wild beasts, all the things that creep on the ground, and all people who live on the face of the earth will shake 7 at my presence. The mountains will topple, the cliffs 8 will fall, and every wall will fall to the ground.
Joel 2:30-32
Context2:30 I will produce portents both in the sky 9 and on the earth –
blood, fire, and columns of smoke.
2:31 The sunlight will be turned to darkness
and the moon to the color of blood, 10
before the day of the Lord comes –
that great and terrible day!
2:32 It will so happen that
everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be delivered. 11
For on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem 12 there will be those who survive, 13
just as the Lord has promised;
the remnant 14 will be those whom the Lord will call. 15
Joel 3:16
Context3:16 The Lord roars from Zion;
from Jerusalem 16 his voice bellows out. 17
The heavens 18 and the earth shake.
But the Lord is a refuge for his people;
he is a stronghold for the citizens 19 of Israel.
Matthew 24:29-30
Context24:29 “Immediately 20 after the suffering 21 of those days, the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light; the stars will fall from heaven, and the powers of heaven will be shaken. 22 24:30 Then 23 the sign of the Son of Man will appear in heaven, 24 and 25 all the tribes of the earth will mourn. They 26 will see the Son of Man arriving on the clouds of heaven 27 with power and great glory.
Mark 13:24-26
Context13:24 “But in those days, after that suffering, 28 the sun will be darkened and the moon will not give its light; 13:25 the stars will be falling from heaven, and the powers in the heavens will be shaken. 29 13:26 Then everyone 30 will see the Son of Man arriving in the clouds 31 with great power and glory.
Luke 21:25-27
Context21:25 “And there will be signs in the sun and moon and stars, 32 and on the earth nations will be in distress, 33 anxious 34 over the roaring of the sea and the surging waves. 21:26 People will be fainting from fear 35 and from the expectation of what is coming on the world, for the powers of the heavens will be shaken. 36 21:27 Then 37 they will see the Son of Man arriving in a cloud 38 with power and great glory.
Acts 2:19
Context2:19 And I will perform wonders in the sky 39 above
and miraculous signs 40 on the earth below,
blood and fire and clouds of smoke.
Hebrews 12:26
Context12:26 Then his voice shook the earth, but now he has promised, “I will once more shake not only the earth but heaven too.” 41
Revelation 6:12-17
Context6:12 Then 42 I looked when the Lamb opened the sixth seal, and a huge 43 earthquake took place; the sun became as black as sackcloth made of hair, 44 and the full moon became blood red; 45 6:13 and the stars in the sky 46 fell to the earth like a fig tree dropping 47 its unripe figs 48 when shaken by a fierce 49 wind. 6:14 The sky 50 was split apart 51 like a scroll being rolled up, 52 and every mountain and island was moved from its place. 6:15 Then 53 the kings of the earth, the 54 very important people, the generals, 55 the rich, the powerful, and everyone, slave 56 and free, hid themselves in the caves and among the rocks of the mountains. 6:16 They 57 said to the mountains and to the rocks, “Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one who is seated on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb, 58 6:17 because the great day of their 59 wrath has come, and who is able to withstand it?” 60
Revelation 8:5-12
Context8:5 Then 61 the angel took the censer, filled it with fire from the altar, and threw it on the earth, and there were crashes of thunder, roaring, 62 flashes of lightning, and an earthquake.
8:6 Now 63 the seven angels holding 64 the seven trumpets prepared to blow them.
8:7 The 65 first angel blew his trumpet, and there was hail and fire mixed with blood, and it was thrown at the earth so that 66 a third of the earth was burned up, a third of the trees were burned up, and all the green grass was burned up.
8:8 Then 67 the second angel blew his trumpet, and something like a great mountain of burning fire was thrown into the sea. A 68 third of the sea became blood, 8:9 and a third of the creatures 69 living in the sea died, and a third of the ships were completely destroyed. 70
8:10 Then 71 the third angel blew his trumpet, and a huge star burning like a torch fell from the sky; 72 it landed 73 on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water. 8:11 (Now 74 the name of the star is 75 Wormwood.) 76 So 77 a third of the waters became wormwood, 78 and many people died from these waters because they were poisoned. 79
8:12 Then 80 the fourth angel blew his trumpet, and a third of the sun was struck, and a third of the moon, and a third of the stars, so that a third of them were darkened. And there was no light for a third of the day 81 and for a third of the night likewise.
Revelation 11:9
Context11:9 For three and a half days those from every 82 people, tribe, 83 nation, and language will look at their corpses, because they will not permit them to be placed in a tomb. 84
Revelation 6:2-17
Context6:2 So 85 I looked, 86 and here came 87 a white horse! The 88 one who rode it 89 had a bow, and he was given a crown, 90 and as a conqueror 91 he rode out to conquer.
6:3 Then 92 when the Lamb 93 opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature saying, “Come!” 6:4 And another horse, fiery red, 94 came out, and the one who rode it 95 was granted permission 96 to take peace from the earth, so that people would butcher 97 one another, and he was given a huge sword.
6:5 Then 98 when the Lamb opened the third seal I heard the third living creature saying, “Come!” So 99 I looked, 100 and here came 101 a black horse! The 102 one who rode it 103 had a balance scale 104 in his hand. 6:6 Then 105 I heard something like a voice from among the four living creatures saying, “A quart 106 of wheat will cost a day’s pay 107 and three quarts of barley will cost a day’s pay. But 108 do not damage the olive oil and the wine!”
6:7 Then 109 when the Lamb opened the fourth seal I heard the voice of the fourth living creature saying, “Come!” 6:8 So 110 I looked 111 and here came 112 a pale green 113 horse! The 114 name of the one who rode it 115 was Death, and Hades followed right behind. 116 They 117 were given authority over a fourth of the earth, to kill its population with the sword, 118 famine, and disease, 119 and by the wild animals of the earth.
6:9 Now 120 when the Lamb opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been violently killed 121 because of the word of God and because of the testimony they had given. 6:10 They 122 cried out with a loud voice, 123 “How long, 124 Sovereign Master, 125 holy and true, before you judge those who live on the earth and avenge our blood?” 6:11 Each 126 of them was given a long white robe and they were told to rest for a little longer, until the full number was reached 127 of both their fellow servants 128 and their brothers who were going to be killed just as they had been.
6:12 Then 129 I looked when the Lamb opened the sixth seal, and a huge 130 earthquake took place; the sun became as black as sackcloth made of hair, 131 and the full moon became blood red; 132 6:13 and the stars in the sky 133 fell to the earth like a fig tree dropping 134 its unripe figs 135 when shaken by a fierce 136 wind. 6:14 The sky 137 was split apart 138 like a scroll being rolled up, 139 and every mountain and island was moved from its place. 6:15 Then 140 the kings of the earth, the 141 very important people, the generals, 142 the rich, the powerful, and everyone, slave 143 and free, hid themselves in the caves and among the rocks of the mountains. 6:16 They 144 said to the mountains and to the rocks, “Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one who is seated on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb, 145 6:17 because the great day of their 146 wrath has come, and who is able to withstand it?” 147
[34:4] 1 tc Heb “and all the host of heaven will rot.” The Qumran scroll 1QIsaa inserts “and the valleys will be split open,” but this reading may be influenced by Mic 1:4. On the other hand, the statement, if original, could have been omitted by homoioarcton, a scribe’s eye jumping from the conjunction prefixed to “the valleys” to the conjunction prefixed to the verb “rot.”
[34:4] 2 tn Heb “like the withering of a leaf from a vine, and like the withering from a fig tree.”
[4:23] 3 tn Heb “I looked at the land and behold...” This indicates the visionary character of Jeremiah’s description of the future condition of the land of Israel.
[4:23] 4 tn Heb “formless and empty.” This is a case of hendiadys (two nouns joined by “and” both describe the same thing): one noun retains its full nominal force, the other functions as an adjective. The words תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ (tohu vavohu) allude to Gen 1:2, hyperbolically picturing a reversal of creation and return to the original precreation chaos.
[4:25] 5 tn Heb “there was no man/human being.”
[4:26] 6 tn Heb “because of the
[38:20] 8 tn The term occurs only here and in Song of Songs 2:14.
[2:30] 9 tn Or “in the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.
[2:31] 10 tn Heb “to blood,” but no doubt this is intended to indicate by metonymy the color of blood rather than the substance itself. The blood red color suggests a visual impression here – something that could be caused by fires, volcanic dust, sandstorms, or other atmospheric phenomena.
[2:32] 11 tn While a number of English versions render this as “saved” (e.g., NIV, NRSV, NLT), this can suggest a “spiritual” or “theological” salvation rather than the physical deliverance from the cataclysmic events of the day of the Lord described in the context.
[2:32] 12 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[2:32] 13 tn Heb “deliverance”; or “escape.” The abstract noun “deliverance” or “escape” probably functions here as an example of antimeria, referring to those who experience deliverance or escape with their lives: “escaped remnant” or “surviving remnant” (Gen 32:8; 45:7; Judg 21:17; 2 Kgs 19:30, 31; Isa 4:2; 10:20; 15:9; 37:31, 32; Ezek 14:22; Obad 1:17; Ezra 9:8, 13-15; Neh 1:2; 1 Chr 4:43; 2 Chr 30:6).
[2:32] 14 tn Heb “and among the remnant.”
[2:32] 15 tn The participle used in the Hebrew text seems to indicate action in the imminent future.
[3:16] 16 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[3:16] 17 tn Heb “he sounds forth his voice.”
[3:16] 18 tn Or “the sky.” See the note on “sky” in 2:30.
[24:29] 20 tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
[24:29] 21 tn Traditionally, “tribulation.”
[24:29] 22 sn An allusion to Isa 13:10, 34:4 (LXX); Joel 2:10. The heavens were seen as the abode of heavenly forces, so their shaking indicates distress in the spiritual realm. Although some take the powers as a reference to bodies in the heavens (like stars and planets, “the heavenly bodies,” NIV) this is not as likely.
[24:30] 23 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.
[24:30] 24 tn Or “in the sky”; the Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) may be translated “sky” or “heaven,” depending on the context.
[24:30] 25 tn Here τότε (tote, “then”) has not been translated to avoid redundancy in English.
[24:30] 26 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.
[24:30] 27 sn An allusion to Dan 7:13. Here is Jesus returning with full authority to judge.
[13:24] 28 tn Traditionally, “tribulation.”
[13:25] 29 sn An allusion to Isa 13:10, 34:4 (LXX); Joel 2:10. The heavens were seen as the abode of heavenly forces, so their shaking indicates distress in the spiritual realm. Although some take the powers as a reference to bodies in the heavens (like stars and planets, “the heavenly bodies,” NIV) this is not as likely.
[13:26] 31 sn An allusion to Dan 7:13. Here is Jesus returning with full judging authority.
[21:25] 32 sn Signs in the sun and moon and stars are cosmic signs that turn our attention to the end and the Son of Man’s return for the righteous. OT imagery is present: See Isa 13:9-10; 24:18-20; 34:4; Ezek 32:7-8; Joel 2:1, 30-31; 3:15.
[21:25] 33 tn Grk “distress of nations.”
[21:25] 34 tn Or “in consternation” (L&N 32.9).
[21:26] 35 tn According to L&N 23.184 this could be mainly a psychological experience rather than actual loss of consciousness. It could also refer to complete discouragement because of fear, leading people to give up hope (L&N 25.293).
[21:26] 36 sn An allusion to Isa 34:4. The heavens were seen as the abode of heavenly forces, so their shaking indicates distress in the spiritual realm. Although some take the powers as a reference to bodies in the heavens (like stars and planets, “the heavenly bodies,” NIV) this is not as likely.
[21:27] 37 tn Grk “And then” (καὶ τότε, kai tote). Here καί has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[21:27] 38 sn An allusion to Dan 7:13. Here is Jesus returning with full judging authority.
[2:19] 39 tn Or “in the heaven.” The Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) may be translated “sky” or “heaven” depending on the context. Here, in contrast to “the earth below,” a reference to the sky is more likely.
[2:19] 40 tn Here the context indicates the miraculous nature of the signs mentioned; this is made explicit in the translation.
[12:26] 41 sn A quotation from Hag 2:6.
[6:12] 42 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[6:12] 43 tn Or “powerful”; Grk “a great.”
[6:12] 44 tn Or “like hairy sackcloth” (L&N 8.13).
[6:12] 45 tn Grk “like blood,” understanding αἷμα (aima) as a blood-red color rather than actual blood (L&N 8.64).
[6:13] 46 tn Or “in heaven” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”). The genitive τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (tou ouranou) is taken as a genitive of place.
[6:13] 47 tn Grk “throws [off]”; the indicative verb has been translated as a participle due to English style.
[6:13] 48 tn L&N 3.37 states, “a fig produced late in the summer season (and often falling off before it ripens) – ‘late fig.’ ὡς συκὴ βάλλει τοὺς ὀλύνθους αὐτῆς ὑπὸ ἀνέμου μεγάλου σειομένη ‘as the fig tree sheds its late figs when shaken by a great wind’ Re 6:13. In the only context in which ὄλυνθος occurs in the NT (Re 6:13), one may employ an expression such as ‘unripe fig’ or ‘fig which ripens late.’”
[6:13] 49 tn Grk “great wind.”
[6:14] 50 tn Or “The heavens were.” The Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) can mean either “heaven” or “sky.”
[6:14] 51 tn BDAG 125 s.v. ἀποχωρίζω states, “ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπεχωρίσθη the sky was split Rv 6:14.” Although L&N 79.120 gives the meaning “the sky disappeared like a rolled-up scroll” here, a scroll that is rolled up does not “disappear,” and such a translation could be difficult for modern readers to understand.
[6:14] 52 tn On this term BDAG 317 s.v. ἑλίσσω states, “ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον like a scroll that is rolled up…Rv 6:14.”
[6:15] 53 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[6:15] 54 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated; nor is it translated before each of the following categories, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
[6:15] 55 tn Grk “chiliarchs.” A chiliarch was normally a military officer commanding a thousand soldiers, but here probably used of higher-ranking commanders like generals (see L&N 55.15; cf. Rev 6:15).
[6:15] 56 tn See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.
[6:16] 57 tn Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[6:16] 58 tn It is difficult to say where this quotation ends. The translation ends it after “withstand it” at the end of v. 17, but it is possible that it should end here, after “Lamb” at the end of v. 16. If it ends after “Lamb,” v. 17 is a parenthetical explanation by the author.
[6:17] 59 tc Most
[6:17] 60 tn The translation “to withstand (it)” for ἵστημι (Jisthmi) is based on the imagery of holding one’s ground in a military campaign or an attack (BDAG 482 s.v. B.4).
[8:5] 61 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[8:5] 62 tn Or “sounds,” “voices.” It is not entirely clear what this refers to. BDAG 1071 s.v. φωνή 1 states, “In Rv we have ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταί (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm?…).”
[8:6] 63 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic.
[8:7] 65 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[8:7] 66 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so that” because what follows has the logical force of a result clause.
[8:8] 67 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[8:8] 68 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[8:9] 69 tn Or “a third of the living creatures in the sea”; Grk “the third of the creatures which were in the sea, the ones having life.”
[8:9] 70 tn On the term translated “completely destroyed,” L&N 20.40 states, “to cause the complete destruction of someone or something – ‘to destroy utterly.’ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθάρησαν ‘a third of the ships were completely destroyed’ Re 8:9.”
[8:10] 71 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[8:10] 72 tn Or “from heaven” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”).
[8:11] 74 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” in keeping with the parenthetical nature of this remark.
[8:11] 75 tn Grk “is called,” but this is somewhat redundant in contemporary English.
[8:11] 76 sn Wormwood refers to a particularly bitter herb with medicinal value. According to L&N 3.21, “The English term wormwood is derived from the use of the plant as a medicine to kill intestinal worms.” This remark about the star’s name is parenthetical in nature.
[8:11] 77 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the star falling on the waters.
[8:11] 78 tn That is, terribly bitter (see the note on “Wormwood” earlier in this verse).
[8:11] 79 tn Grk “and many of the men died from these waters because they were bitter.”
[8:12] 80 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[8:12] 81 tn Grk “the day did not shine [with respect to] the third of it.”
[11:9] 82 tn The word “every” is not in the Greek text, but is implied by the following list.
[11:9] 83 tn The Greek term καί (kai) has not been translated before this and the following items in the list, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
[11:9] 84 tn Or “to be buried.”
[6:2] 85 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of hearing the voice summon the first rider.
[6:2] 86 tc The reading “and I looked” (καὶ εἶδον, kai eidon) or some slight variation (e.g., ἶδον, idon) has excellent ms support ({א A C P 1611}) and its omission seems to come through the
[6:2] 87 tn The phrase “and here came” expresses the sense of καὶ ἰδού (kai idou).
[6:2] 88 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[6:2] 89 tn Grk “the one sitting on it.”
[6:2] 90 sn See the note on the word crown in Rev 3:11.
[6:2] 91 tn The participle νικῶν (nikwn) has been translated as substantival, the subject of the verb ἐξῆλθεν (exhlqen). Otherwise, as an adverbial participle of manner, it is somewhat redundant: “he rode out conquering and to conquer.”
[6:3] 92 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[6:3] 93 tn Grk “he”; the referent (the Lamb) has been specified in the translation for clarity here and throughout the rest of the chapter.
[6:4] 94 tn L&N 79.31 states, “‘fiery red’ (probably with a tinge of yellow or orange).”
[6:4] 95 tn Grk “the one sitting on it.”
[6:4] 96 tn The word “permission” is implied; Grk “it was given to him to take peace from the earth.”
[6:4] 97 tn BDAG 979 s.v. σφάζω states, “Of the killing of a person by violence…σφάζειν τινά butcher or murder someone (4 Km 10:7; Jer 52:10; Manetho: 609 fgm. 8, 76 Jac. [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 76]; Demetr.[?]: 722 fgm. 7; Ar. 10, 9) 1J 3:12; Rv 6:4. Pass. (Hdt. 5, 5) 5:9; 6:9; 18:24.”
[6:5] 98 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[6:5] 99 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the summons by the third creature.
[6:5] 100 tc The reading “and I looked” (καὶ εἶδον, kai eidon) or some slight variation (e.g., ἶδον, idon) has excellent ms support ({א A C P 1611}) and its omission seems to have come through the
[6:5] 101 tn The phrase “and here came” expresses the sense of καὶ ἰδού (kai idou).
[6:5] 102 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[6:5] 103 tn Grk “the one sitting on it.”
[6:5] 104 sn A balance scale would have been a rod held by a rope in the middle with pans attached to both ends for measuring.
[6:6] 105 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[6:6] 106 tn BDAG 1086 s.v. χοῖνιξ states, “a dry measure, oft. used for grain, approximately equivalent to one quart or one liter, quart. A χ.of grain was a daily ration for one pers.…Rv 6:6ab.”
[6:6] 107 tn Grk “a quart of wheat for a denarius.” A denarius was one day’s pay for an average worker. The words “will cost” are used to indicate the genitive of price or value; otherwise the English reader could understand the phrase to mean “a quart of wheat to be given as a day’s pay.”
[6:6] 108 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
[6:7] 109 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[6:8] 110 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the summons by the fourth creature.
[6:8] 111 tc The reading “and I looked” (καὶ εἶδον, kai eidon) or some slight variation (e.g., ἶδον, idon) has excellent ms support ({א A C P 1611}) and its omission seems to have come through the
[6:8] 112 tn The phrase “and here came” expresses the sense of καὶ ἰδού (kai idou).
[6:8] 113 tn A sickly pallor, when referring to persons, or the green color of plants. BDAG 1085 s.v. χλωρός 2 states, “pale, greenish gray…as the color of a pers. in sickness contrasted with appearance in health…so the horse ridden by Death…ἵππος χλωρός Rv 6:8.” Because the color of the horse is symbolic, “pale green” is used in the translation. Cf. NIV, NCV “pale”; NASB “ashen.”
[6:8] 114 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[6:8] 115 tn Grk “the one sitting on it.”
[6:8] 116 tn Grk “And Hades was following with him.” The Greek expression μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ (met’ autou, “with him”) is Semitic and indicates close proximity. The translation “followed right behind” reflects this.
[6:8] 117 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
[6:8] 118 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[6:8] 119 tn Grk “with death.” θάνατος (qanatos) can in particular contexts refer to a manner of death, specifically a contagious disease (see BDAG 443 s.v. 3; L&N 23.158).
[6:9] 120 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of a new and somewhat different topic after the introduction of the four riders.
[6:9] 121 tn Or “murdered.” See the note on the word “butcher” in 6:4.
[6:10] 122 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[6:10] 123 tn Grk “voice, saying”; the participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated here.
[6:10] 124 tn The expression ἕως πότε (ews pote) was translated “how long.” Cf. BDAG 423 s.v. ἕως 1.b.γ.
[6:10] 125 tn The Greek term here is δεσπότης (despoths; see L&N 37.63).
[6:11] 126 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[6:11] 127 tn Grk “until they had been completed.” The idea of a certain “number” of people is implied by the subject of πληρωθῶσιν (plhrwqwsin).
[6:11] 128 tn Though σύνδουλος (sundoulos) has been translated “fellow servant,” the word does not bear the connotation of a free individual serving another. See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.
[6:12] 129 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[6:12] 130 tn Or “powerful”; Grk “a great.”
[6:12] 131 tn Or “like hairy sackcloth” (L&N 8.13).
[6:12] 132 tn Grk “like blood,” understanding αἷμα (aima) as a blood-red color rather than actual blood (L&N 8.64).
[6:13] 133 tn Or “in heaven” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”). The genitive τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (tou ouranou) is taken as a genitive of place.
[6:13] 134 tn Grk “throws [off]”; the indicative verb has been translated as a participle due to English style.
[6:13] 135 tn L&N 3.37 states, “a fig produced late in the summer season (and often falling off before it ripens) – ‘late fig.’ ὡς συκὴ βάλλει τοὺς ὀλύνθους αὐτῆς ὑπὸ ἀνέμου μεγάλου σειομένη ‘as the fig tree sheds its late figs when shaken by a great wind’ Re 6:13. In the only context in which ὄλυνθος occurs in the NT (Re 6:13), one may employ an expression such as ‘unripe fig’ or ‘fig which ripens late.’”
[6:13] 136 tn Grk “great wind.”
[6:14] 137 tn Or “The heavens were.” The Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) can mean either “heaven” or “sky.”
[6:14] 138 tn BDAG 125 s.v. ἀποχωρίζω states, “ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπεχωρίσθη the sky was split Rv 6:14.” Although L&N 79.120 gives the meaning “the sky disappeared like a rolled-up scroll” here, a scroll that is rolled up does not “disappear,” and such a translation could be difficult for modern readers to understand.
[6:14] 139 tn On this term BDAG 317 s.v. ἑλίσσω states, “ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον like a scroll that is rolled up…Rv 6:14.”
[6:15] 140 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
[6:15] 141 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated; nor is it translated before each of the following categories, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
[6:15] 142 tn Grk “chiliarchs.” A chiliarch was normally a military officer commanding a thousand soldiers, but here probably used of higher-ranking commanders like generals (see L&N 55.15; cf. Rev 6:15).
[6:15] 143 tn See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.
[6:16] 144 tn Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[6:16] 145 tn It is difficult to say where this quotation ends. The translation ends it after “withstand it” at the end of v. 17, but it is possible that it should end here, after “Lamb” at the end of v. 16. If it ends after “Lamb,” v. 17 is a parenthetical explanation by the author.
[6:17] 146 tc Most
[6:17] 147 tn The translation “to withstand (it)” for ἵστημι (Jisthmi) is based on the imagery of holding one’s ground in a military campaign or an attack (BDAG 482 s.v. B.4).
