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Matthew 1:1--4:11

Context
The Genealogy of Jesus Christ

1:1 This is the record of the genealogy 1  of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.

1:2 Abraham was the father 2  of Isaac, Isaac the father of Jacob, Jacob the father of Judah and his brothers, 1:3 Judah the father of Perez and Zerah (by Tamar), Perez the father of Hezron, Hezron the father of Ram, 1:4 Ram the father of Amminadab, Amminadab the father of Nahshon, Nahshon the father of Salmon, 1:5 Salmon the father of Boaz (by Rahab), Boaz the father of Obed (by Ruth), Obed the father of Jesse, 1:6 and Jesse the father of David the king.

David was the father of Solomon (by the wife of Uriah 3 ), 1:7 Solomon the father of Rehoboam, Rehoboam the father of Abijah, Abijah the father of Asa, 4  1:8 Asa the father of Jehoshaphat, Jehoshaphat the father of Joram, Joram the father of Uzziah, 1:9 Uzziah the father of Jotham, Jotham the father of Ahaz, Ahaz the father of Hezekiah, 1:10 Hezekiah the father of Manasseh, Manasseh the father of Amon, 5  Amon the father of Josiah, 1:11 and Josiah 6  the father of Jeconiah and his brothers, at the time of the deportation to Babylon.

1:12 After 7  the deportation to Babylon, Jeconiah became the father of Shealtiel, 8  Shealtiel the father of Zerubbabel, 1:13 Zerubbabel the father of Abiud, Abiud the father of Eliakim, Eliakim the father of Azor, 1:14 Azor the father of Zadok, Zadok the father of Achim, Achim the father of Eliud, 1:15 Eliud the father of Eleazar, Eleazar the father of Matthan, Matthan the father of Jacob, 1:16 and Jacob the father of Joseph, the husband of Mary, by whom 9  Jesus was born, who is called Christ. 10 

1:17 So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations, and from David to the deportation to Babylon, fourteen generations, and from the deportation to Babylon to Christ, 11  fourteen generations.

The Birth of Jesus Christ

1:18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ happened this way. While his mother Mary was engaged to Joseph, but before they came together, 12  she was found to be pregnant through the Holy Spirit. 1:19 Because Joseph, her husband to be, 13  was a righteous man, and because he did not want to disgrace her, he intended to divorce her 14  privately. 1:20 When he had contemplated this, an 15  angel of the Lord 16  appeared to him in a dream and said, “Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary as your wife, because the child conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. 1:21 She will give birth to a son and you will name him 17  Jesus, 18  because he will save his people from their sins.” 1:22 This all happened so that what was spoken by the Lord through the prophet would be fulfilled: 1:23Look! The virgin will conceive and bear a son, and they will call him 19  Emmanuel,” 20  which means 21 God with us.” 22  1:24 When Joseph awoke from sleep he did what the angel of the Lord 23  told him. He took his wife, 1:25 but did not have marital relations 24  with her until she gave birth to a son, whom he named 25  Jesus.

The Visit of the Wise Men

2:1 After Jesus was born in Bethlehem 26  in Judea, in the time 27  of King Herod, 28  wise men 29  from the East came to Jerusalem 30  2:2 saying, “Where is the one who is born king of the Jews? For we saw his star when it rose 31  and have come to worship him.” 2:3 When King Herod 32  heard this he was alarmed, and all Jerusalem with him. 2:4 After assembling all the chief priests and experts in the law, 33  he asked them where the Christ 34  was to be born. 2:5 “In Bethlehem of Judea,” they said, “for it is written this way by the prophet:

2:6And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah,

are in no way least among the rulers of Judah,

for out of you will come a ruler who will shepherd my people Israel.’” 35 

2:7 Then Herod 36  privately summoned the wise men and determined from them when the star had appeared. 2:8 He 37  sent them to Bethlehem and said, “Go and look carefully for the child. When you find him, inform me so that I can go and worship him as well.” 2:9 After listening to the king they left, and once again 38  the star they saw when it rose 39  led them until it stopped above the place where the child was. 2:10 When they saw the star they shouted joyfully. 40  2:11 As they came into the house and saw the child with Mary his mother, they bowed down 41  and worshiped him. They opened their treasure boxes and gave him gifts of gold, frankincense, 42  and myrrh. 43  2:12 After being warned in a dream not to return to Herod, 44  they went back by another route to their own country.

The Escape to Egypt

2:13 After they had gone, an 45  angel of the Lord 46  appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, “Get up, take the child and his mother and flee to Egypt, and stay there until I tell you, for Herod 47  is going to look for the child to kill him.” 2:14 Then he got up, took the child and his mother during 48  the night, and went to Egypt. 2:15 He stayed there until Herod 49  died. In this way what was spoken by the Lord through the prophet was fulfilled: “I called my Son out of Egypt.” 50 

2:16 When Herod 51  saw that he had been tricked by the wise men, he became enraged. He sent men 52  to kill all the children in Bethlehem 53  and throughout the surrounding region from the age of two and under, according to the time he had learned from the wise men. 2:17 Then what was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled:

2:18A voice was heard in Ramah,

weeping and loud wailing, 54 

Rachel weeping for her children,

and she did not want to be comforted, because they were 55  gone. 56 

The Return to Nazareth

2:19 After Herod 57  had died, an 58  angel of the Lord 59  appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt 2:20 saying, “Get up, take the child and his mother, and go to the land of Israel, for those who were seeking the child’s life are dead.” 2:21 So 60  he got up and took the child and his mother and returned to the land of Israel. 2:22 But when he heard that Archelaus 61  was reigning over Judea in place of his father Herod, 62  he was afraid to go there. After being warned in a dream, he went to the regions of Galilee. 2:23 He came to a town called Nazareth 63  and lived there. Then what had been spoken by the prophets was fulfilled, that Jesus 64  would be called a Nazarene. 65 

The Ministry of John the Baptist

3:1 In those days John the Baptist came into the wilderness 66  of Judea proclaiming, 3:2 “Repent, 67  for the kingdom of heaven is near.” 3:3 For he is the one about whom Isaiah the prophet had spoken: 68 

The voice 69  of one shouting in the wilderness,

Prepare the way for the Lord, make 70  his paths straight.’” 71 

3:4 Now John wore clothing made from camel’s hair with a leather belt around his waist, and his diet consisted of locusts and wild honey. 72  3:5 Then people from Jerusalem, 73  as well as all Judea and all the region around the Jordan, were going out to him, 3:6 and he was baptizing them 74  in the Jordan River as they confessed their sins.

3:7 But when he saw many Pharisees 75  and Sadducees 76  coming to his baptism, he said to them, “You offspring of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the coming wrath? 3:8 Therefore produce fruit 77  that proves your 78  repentance, 3:9 and don’t think you can say to yourselves, ‘We have Abraham as our father.’ For I tell you that God can raise up children for Abraham from these stones! 3:10 Even now the ax is laid at 79  the root of the trees, and every tree that does not produce good fruit will be cut down and thrown into the fire.

3:11 “I baptize you with water, for repentance, but the one coming after me is more powerful than I am – I am not worthy 80  to carry his sandals. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. 81  3:12 His winnowing fork 82  is in his hand, and he will clean out his threshing floor and will gather his wheat into the storehouse, 83  but the chaff he will burn up with inextinguishable fire.” 84 

The Baptism of Jesus

3:13 Then Jesus came from Galilee to John to be baptized by him in the Jordan River. 85  3:14 But John 86  tried to prevent 87  him, saying, “I need to be baptized by you, and yet you come to me?” 3:15 So Jesus replied 88  to him, “Let it happen now, 89  for it is right for us to fulfill all righteousness.” Then John 90  yielded 91  to him. 3:16 After 92  Jesus was baptized, just as he was coming up out of the water, the 93  heavens 94  opened 95  and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove 96  and coming on him. 3:17 And 97  a voice from heaven said, 98  “This is my one dear Son; 99  in him 100  I take great delight.” 101 

The Temptation of Jesus

4:1 Then Jesus was led by the Spirit into the wilderness 102  to be tempted by the devil. 4:2 After he fasted forty days and forty nights he was famished. 103  4:3 The tempter came and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, command these stones to become bread.” 104  4:4 But he answered, 105  “It is written, ‘Man 106  does not live 107  by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God.’” 108  4:5 Then the devil took him to the holy city, 109  had him stand 110  on the highest point 111  of the temple, 4:6 and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down. For it is written, ‘He will command his angels concerning you 112  and ‘with their hands they will lift you up, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.’” 113  4:7 Jesus said to him, “Once again it is written: ‘You are not to put the Lord your God to the test.’” 114  4:8 Again, the devil took him to a very high mountain, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their grandeur. 115  4:9 And he said to him, “I will give you all these things if you throw yourself to the ground and worship 116  me.” 4:10 Then Jesus said to him, “Go away, 117  Satan! For it is written: ‘You are to worship the Lord your God and serve only him.’” 118  4:11 Then the devil left him, and angels 119  came and began ministering to his needs.

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[1:1]  1 tn Grk “the book of the genealogy.” The noun βίβλος (biblo"), though it is without the article, is to be translated as definite due to Apollonius’ corollary and the normal use of anarthrous nouns in titles.

[1:2]  2 tn Grk “fathered.”

[1:6]  3 sn By the wife of Uriah, i.e., Bathsheba (cf. 2 Sam 11:3).

[1:7]  4 tc The reading ᾿Ασάφ (Asaf), a variant spelling on ᾿Ασά (Asa), is found in the earliest and most widespread witnesses (Ì1vid א B C [Dluc] Ë1,13 700 pc it co). Although Asaph was a psalmist and Asa was a king, it is doubtful that the author mistook one for the other since other ancient documents have variant spellings on the king’s name (such as “Asab,” “Asanos,” and “Asaph”). Thus the spelling ᾿Ασάφ that is almost surely found in the original of Matt 1:7-8 has been translated as “Asa” in keeping with the more common spelling of the king’s name.

[1:10]  5 tc ᾿Αμώς (Amws) is the reading found in the earliest and best witnesses (א B C [Dluc] γ δ θ Ë1 33 pc it sa bo), and as such is most likely original, but this is a variant spelling of the name ᾿Αμών (Amwn). The translation uses the more well-known spelling “Amon” found in the Hebrew MT and the majority of LXX mss. See also the textual discussion of “Asa” versus “Asaph” (vv. 7-8); the situation is similar.

[1:11]  6 sn Before the mention of Jeconiah, several medieval mss add Jehoiakim, in conformity with the genealogy in 1 Chr 3:15-16. But this alters the count of fourteen generations (v. 17). It is evident that the author is selective in his genealogy for a theological purpose.

[1:12]  7 tn Because of the difference between Greek style, which usually begins a sentence with a conjunction, and English style, which generally does not, the conjunction δέ (de) has not been translated here.

[1:12]  8 sn The Greek text and the KJV read Salathiel. Most modern English translations use the OT form of the name (cf. Ezra 3:2).

[1:16]  9 tc There are three significant variant readings at this point in the text. Some mss and versional witnesses (Θ Ë13 it) read, “Joseph, to whom the virgin Mary, being betrothed, bore Jesus, who is called Christ.” This reading makes even more explicit than the feminine pronoun (see sn below) the virginal conception of Jesus and as such seems to be a motivated reading. The Sinaitic Syriac ms alone indicates that Joseph was the father of Jesus (“Joseph, to whom was betrothed Mary the virgin, fathered Jesus who is called the Christ”). Although much discussed, this reading has not been found in any Greek witnesses. B. M. Metzger suggests that it was produced by a careless scribe who simply reproduced the set formula of the preceding lines in the genealogy (TCGNT 6). In all likelihood, the two competing variants were thus produced by intentional and unintentional scribal alterations respectively. The reading adopted in the translation has overwhelming support from a variety of witnesses (Ì1 א B C L W [Ë1] 33 Ï co), and therefore should be regarded as authentic. For a detailed discussion of this textual problem, see TCGNT 2-6.

[1:16]  10 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[1:17]  11 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[1:18]  12 tn The connotation of the Greek is “before they came together in marital and domestic union” (so BDAG 970 s.v. συνέρχομαι 3).

[1:19]  13 tn Grk “husband.” See following note for discussion.

[1:19]  14 tn Or “send her away.”

[1:20]  15 tn Grk “behold, an angel.” The Greek word ἰδού (idou) has not been translated because it has no exact English equivalent here, but adds interest and emphasis (BDAG 468 s.v. 1).

[1:20]  16 tn Or “the angel of the Lord.” Linguistically, “angel of the Lord” is the same in both testaments (and thus, he is either “an angel of the Lord” or “the angel of the Lord” in both testaments). For arguments and implications, see ExSyn 252; M. J. Davidson, “Angels,” DJG, 9; W. G. MacDonald argues for “an angel” in both testaments: “Christology and ‘The Angel of the Lord’,” Current Issues in Biblical and Patristic Interpretation, 324-35.

[1:21]  17 tn Grk “you will call his name.”

[1:21]  18 sn The Greek form of the name Ihsous, which was translated into Latin as Jesus, is the same as the Hebrew Yeshua (Joshua), which means “Yahweh saves” (Yahweh is typically rendered as “Lord” in the OT). It was a fairly common name among Jews in 1st century Palestine, as references to a number of people by this name in the LXX and Josephus indicate.

[1:23]  19 tn Grk “they will call his name.”

[1:23]  20 sn A quotation from Isa 7:14.

[1:23]  21 tn Grk “is translated.”

[1:23]  22 sn An allusion to Isa 8:8, 10 (LXX).

[1:24]  23 tn See the note on the word “Lord” in 1:20. Here the translation “the angel of the Lord” is used because the Greek article (, Jo) which precedes ἄγγελος (angelos) is taken as an anaphoric article (ExSyn 217-19) referring back to the angel mentioned in v. 20.

[1:25]  24 tn Or “did not have sexual relations”; Grk “was not knowing her.” The verb “know” (in both Hebrew and Greek) is a frequent biblical euphemism for sexual relations. However, a translation like “did not have sexual relations with her” is too graphic in light of the popularity and wide use of Matthew’s infancy narrative. Thus the somewhat more subdued but still clear “did not have marital relations” was selected.

[1:25]  25 tn Grk “and he called his name Jesus.” The coordinate clause has been translated as a relative clause in English for stylistic reasons.

[2:1]  26 map For location see Map5 B1; Map7 E2; Map8 E2; Map10 B4.

[2:1]  27 tn Grk “in the days.”

[2:1]  28 sn King Herod was Herod the Great, who ruled Palestine from 37 b.c. until he died in 4 b.c. He was known for his extensive building projects (including the temple in Jerusalem) and for his cruelty.

[2:1]  29 sn The Greek term magi here describes a class of wise men and priests who were astrologers (L&N 32.40).

[2:1]  30 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[2:2]  31 tn Or “in its rising,” referring to the astrological significance of a star in a particular portion of the sky. The term used for the “East” in v. 1 is ἀνατολαί (anatolai, a plural form that is used typically of the rising of the sun), while in vv. 2 and 9 the singular ἀνατολή (anatolh) is used. The singular is typically used of the rising of a star and as such should not normally be translated “in the east” (cf. BDAG 74 s.v. 1: “because of the sg. and the article in contrast to ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν, vs. 1, [it is] prob. not a geograph. expr. like the latter, but rather astronomical…likew. vs. 9”).

[2:3]  32 sn See the note on King Herod in 2:1.

[2:4]  33 tn Or “and scribes of the people.” The traditional rendering of γραμματεύς (grammateu") as “scribe” does not communicate much to the modern English reader, for whom the term might mean “professional copyist,” if it means anything at all. The people referred to here were recognized experts in the law of Moses and in traditional laws and regulations. Thus “expert in the law” comes closer to the meaning for the modern reader.

[2:4]  34 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[2:6]  35 sn A quotation from Mic 5:2.

[2:7]  36 sn See the note on King Herod in 2:1.

[2:8]  37 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.

[2:9]  38 tn Grk “and behold the star.”

[2:9]  39 tn See the note on the word “rose” in 2:2.

[2:10]  40 tn Grk “they rejoiced with very great joy.”

[2:11]  41 tn Grk “they fell down.” BDAG 815 s.v. πίπτω 1.b.α.ב has “fall down, throw oneself to the ground as a sign of devotion, before high-ranking persons or divine beings.”

[2:11]  42 sn Frankincense refers to the aromatic resin of certain trees, used as a sweet-smelling incense (L&N 6.212).

[2:11]  43 sn Myrrh consisted of the aromatic resin of certain shrubs (L&N 6.208). It was used in preparing a corpse for burial.

[2:12]  44 sn See the note on King Herod in 2:1.

[2:13]  45 tn Grk “behold, an angel.” The Greek word ἰδού (idou) has not been translated because it has no exact English equivalent here, but adds interest and emphasis (BDAG 468 s.v. 1).

[2:13]  46 tn Or “the angel of the Lord.” See the note on the word “Lord” in 1:20.

[2:13]  47 sn See the note on King Herod in 2:1. Herod the Great was particularly ruthless regarding the succession to his throne.

[2:14]  48 tn The feminine singular genitive noun νυκτός (nuktos, “night”) indicates the time during which the action of the main verb takes place (ExSyn 124).

[2:15]  49 sn See the note on King Herod in 2:1.

[2:15]  50 sn A quotation from Hos 11:1.

[2:16]  51 sn See the note on King Herod in 2:1. Note the fulfillment of the prophecy given by the angel in 2:13.

[2:16]  52 tn Or “soldiers.”

[2:16]  53 map For location see Map5 B1; Map7 E2; Map8 E2; Map10 B4.

[2:18]  54 tc The LXX of Jer 38:15 (31:15 ET) has “lamentation, weeping, and loud wailing”; most later mss (C D L W 0233 Ë13 33 Ï) have a quotation in Matthew which conforms to that of the LXX (θρῆνος καὶ κλαυθμός καὶ ὀδυρμός; qrhno" kai klauqmo" kai odurmo"). But such assimilations were routine among the scribes; as such, they typically should be discounted because they are both predictable and motivated. The shorter reading, without “lamentation and,” is thus to be preferred, especially since it cannot easily be accounted for unless it is the original wording here. Further, it is found in the better mss along with a good cross-section of other witnesses (א B Z 0250 Ë1 pc lat co).

[2:18]  55 tn Grk “are”; the Greek text uses a present tense verb.

[2:18]  56 sn A quotation from Jer 31:15.

[2:19]  57 sn See the note on King Herod in 2:1. When Herod the Great died in 4 b.c., his kingdom was divided up among his three sons: Archelaus, who ruled over Judea (where Bethlehem was located, v. 22); Philip, who became tetrarch of Iturea and Trachonitis (cf. Luke 3:1); and Antipas, who became tetrarch of Galilee.

[2:19]  58 tn Grk “behold, an angel.” The Greek word ἰδού (idou) has not been translated because it has no exact English equivalent here, but adds interest and emphasis (BDAG 468 s.v. 1).

[2:19]  59 tn Or “the angel of the Lord.” See the note on the word “Lord” in 1:20.

[2:21]  60 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the angel’s instructions.

[2:22]  61 sn Archelaus took after his father Herod the Great in terms of cruelty and ruthlessness, so Joseph was afraid to go there. After further direction in a dream, he went instead to Galilee.

[2:22]  62 sn See the note on King Herod in 2:1.

[2:23]  63 sn Nazareth was a very small village in the region of Galilee (Galilee lay north of Samaria and Judea). The town was located about 15 mi (25 km) west of the southern edge of the Sea of Galilee. According to Luke 1:26, Mary was living in Nazareth when the birth of Jesus was announced to her.

[2:23]  64 tn There is no expressed subject of the third person singular verb here; the pronoun “he” is implied. Instead of this pronoun the referent “Jesus” has been supplied in the text to clarify to whom this statement refers.

[2:23]  65 tn The Greek could be indirect discourse (as in the text), or direct discourse (“he will be called a Nazarene”). Judging by the difficulty of finding OT quotations (as implied in the plural “prophets”) to match the wording here, it appears that the author was using a current expression of scorn that conceptually (but not verbally) found its roots in the OT.

[3:1]  66 tn Or “desert.”

[3:2]  67 tn Grk “and saying, ‘Repent.’” The participle λέγων (legwn) at the beginning of v. 2 is redundant in English and has not been translated.

[3:3]  68 tn Grk “was spoken of by Isaiah the prophet, saying.” The participle λέγοντος (legonto") is redundant and has not been translated. The passive construction has also been rendered as active in the translation for the sake of English style.

[3:3]  69 tn Or “A voice.”

[3:3]  70 sn This call to “make paths straight” in this context is probably an allusion to preparation through repentance.

[3:3]  71 sn A quotation from Isa 40:3.

[3:4]  72 sn John’s lifestyle was in stark contrast to many of the religious leaders of Jerusalem who lived in relative ease and luxury. While his clothing and diet were indicative of someone who lived in the desert, they also depicted him in his role as God’s prophet (cf. Zech 13:4); his appearance is similar to the Prophet Elijah (2 Kgs 1:8). Locusts and wild honey were a common diet in desert regions, and locusts (dried insects) are listed in Lev 11:22 among the “clean” foods.

[3:5]  73 tn Grk “Then Jerusalem.”

[3:6]  74 tn Grk “they were being baptized by him.” The passive construction has been rendered as active in the translation for the sake of English style.

[3:7]  75 sn Pharisees were members of one of the most important and influential religious and political parties of Judaism in the time of Jesus. There were more Pharisees than Sadducees (according to Josephus, Ant. 17.2.4 [17.42] there were more than 6,000 Pharisees at about this time). Pharisees differed with Sadducees on certain doctrines and patterns of behavior. The Pharisees were strict and zealous adherents to the laws of the OT and to numerous additional traditions such as angels and bodily resurrection.

[3:7]  76 sn The Sadducees controlled the official political structures of Judaism at this time, being the majority members of the Sanhedrin. They were known as extremely strict on law and order issues (Josephus, J. W. 2.8.2 [2.119], 2.8.14 [2.164-166]; Ant. 13.5.9 [13.171-173], 13.10.6 [13.293-298], 18.1.2 [18.11], 18.1.4 [18.16-17], 20.9.1 [20.199]; Life 2 [10-11]). See also Matt 16:1-12; 22:23-34; Mark 12:18-27; Luke 20:27-38; Acts 5:17; 23:6-8.

[3:8]  77 sn Fruit worthy of repentance refers to the deeds that indicate a change of attitude (heart) on the part of John’s hearers.

[3:8]  78 tn Grk “fruit worthy of.”

[3:10]  79 sn Laid at the root. That is, placed and aimed, ready to begin cutting.

[3:11]  80 tn Grk “of whom I am not worthy.”

[3:11]  81 sn With the Holy Spirit and fire. There are differing interpretations for this phrase regarding the number of baptisms and their nature. (1) Some see one baptism here, and this can be divided further into two options. (a) The baptism of the Holy Spirit and fire could refer to the cleansing, purifying work of the Spirit in the individual believer through salvation and sanctification, or (b) it could refer to two different results of Christ’s ministry: Some accept Christ and are baptized with the Holy Spirit, but some reject him and receive judgment. (2) Other interpreters see two baptisms here: The baptism of the Holy Spirit refers to the salvation Jesus brings at his first advent, in which believers receive the Holy Spirit, and the baptism of fire refers to the judgment Jesus will bring upon the world at his second coming. One must take into account both the image of fire and whether individual or corporate baptism is in view. A decision is not easy on either issue. The image of fire is used to refer to both eternal judgment (e.g., Matt 25:41) and the power of the Lord’s presence to purge and cleanse his people (e.g., Isa 4:4-5). The pouring out of the Spirit at Pentecost, a fulfillment of this prophecy no matter which interpretation is taken, had both individual and corporate dimensions. It is possible that since Holy Spirit and fire are governed by a single preposition in Greek, the one-baptism view may be more likely, but this is not certain. Simply put, there is no consensus view in scholarship at this time on the best interpretation of this passage.

[3:12]  82 sn A winnowing fork was a pitchfork-like tool used to toss threshed grain in the air so that the wind blew away the chaff, leaving the grain to fall to the ground. The note of purging is highlighted by the use of imagery involving sifting though threshed grain for the useful kernels.

[3:12]  83 tn Or “granary,” “barn” (referring to a building used to store a farm’s produce rather than a building to house livestock).

[3:12]  84 sn The image of fire that cannot be extinguished is from the OT: Job 20:26; Isa 34:8-10; 66:24.

[3:13]  85 tn “River” is not in the Greek text but is supplied for clarity.

[3:14]  86 tc ‡ The earliest mss (א* B sa) lack the name of John here (“but he tried to prevent him,” instead of “but John tried to prevent him”). It is, however, clearly implied (and is thus supplied in translation). Although the longer reading has excellent support (Ì96 א1 C Ds L W 0233 0250 Ë1,13 33 Ï lat[t] sy mae bo), it looks to be a motivated and predictable reading: Scribes apparently could not resist adding this clarification.

[3:14]  87 tn The imperfect verb has been translated conatively.

[3:15]  88 tn Grk “but Jesus, answering, said.” This construction with passive participle and finite verb is pleonastic (redundant) and has been simplified in the translation to “replied to him.”

[3:15]  89 tn Grk “Permit now.”

[3:15]  90 tn Grk “he”; the referent (John the Baptist) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[3:15]  91 tn Or “permitted him.”

[3:16]  92 tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[3:16]  93 tn Grk “behold the heavens.” The Greek word ἰδού (idou) has not been translated because it has no exact English equivalent here, but adds interest and emphasis (BDAG 468 s.v. 1).

[3:16]  94 tn Or “sky.” The Greek word οὐρανός (ourano") may be translated “sky” or “heaven,” depending on the context. The same word is used in v. 17.

[3:16]  95 tcαὐτῷ (autw, “to/before him”) is found in the majority of witnesses (א1 C Ds L W 0233 Ë1,13 33 Ï lat), perhaps added as a point of clarification or emphasis. NA27 includes the word in brackets, indicating doubts as to its authenticity.

[3:16]  96 sn The phrase like a dove is a descriptive comparison. The Spirit is not a dove, but descended like one in some sort of bodily representation.

[3:17]  97 tn Grk “and behold.” The Greek word ἰδού (idou) has not been translated here.

[3:17]  98 tn Grk “behold, a voice from the cloud, saying.” This is an incomplete sentence in Greek which portrays intensity and emotion. The participle λέγουσα (legousa) was translated as a finite verb in keeping with English style.

[3:17]  99 tn Grk “my beloved Son,” or “my Son, the beloved [one].” The force of ἀγαπητός (agaphtos) is often “pertaining to one who is the only one of his or her class, but at the same time is particularly loved and cherished” (L&N 58.53; cf. also BDAG 7 s.v. 1).

[3:17]  100 tn Grk “in whom.”

[3:17]  101 tn Or “with whom I am well pleased.”

[4:1]  102 tn Or “desert.”

[4:2]  103 tn Grk “and having fasted forty days and forty nights, afterward he was hungry.”

[4:3]  104 tn Grk “say that these stones should become bread.”

[4:4]  105 tn Grk “answering, he said.” The participle ἀποκριθείς (apokriqeis) is redundant, but the syntax of the phrase has been changed for clarity.

[4:4]  106 tn Or “a person.” Greek ὁ ἄνθρωπος (Jo anqrwpo") is used generically for humanity. The translation “man” is used because the emphasis in Jesus’ response seems to be on his dependence on God as a man.

[4:4]  107 tn Grk “will not live.” The verb in Greek is a future tense, but it is unclear whether it is meant to be taken as a command (also known as an imperatival future) or as a statement of reality (predictive future).

[4:4]  108 sn A quotation from Deut 8:3.

[4:5]  109 sn The order of the second and third temptations differs in Luke’s account (4:5-12) from the order given in Matthew.

[4:5]  110 tn Grk “and he stood him.”

[4:5]  111 sn The highest point of the temple probably refers to the point on the temple’s southeast corner where it looms directly over a cliff some 450 ft (135 m) high. However, some have suggested the reference could be to the temple’s high gate.

[4:6]  112 sn A quotation from Ps 91:11. This was not so much an incorrect citation as a use in a wrong context (a misapplication of the passage).

[4:6]  113 sn A quotation from Ps 91:12.

[4:7]  114 sn A quotation from Deut 6:16.

[4:8]  115 tn Grk “glory.”

[4:9]  116 tn Grk “if, falling down, you will worship.” BDAG 815 s.v. πίπτω 1.b.α.ב has “fall down, throw oneself to the ground as a sign of devotion, before high-ranking persons or divine beings.”

[4:10]  117 tc The majority of later witnesses (C2 D L Z 33 Ï) have “behind me” (ὀπίσω μου; opisw mou) after “Go away.” But since this is the wording in Matt 16:23, where the text is certain, scribes most likely added the words here to conform to the later passage. Further, the shorter reading has superior support (א B C*vid K P W Δ 0233 Ë1,13 565 579* 700 al). Thus, both externally and internally, the shorter reading is strongly preferred.

[4:10]  118 sn A quotation from Deut 6:13. The word “only” is an interpretive expansion not found in either the Hebrew or Greek (LXX) text of the OT.

[4:11]  119 tn Grk “and behold, angels.” The Greek word ἰδού (idou) has not been translated because it has no exact English equivalent here, but adds interest and emphasis (BDAG 468 s.v. 1).



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