Matthew 21:23-46

Context

The Authority of Jesus

21:23 Now after Jesus¹ entered the temple courts,² the chief priests and elders of the people came up to him as he was teaching and said, “By what authority³ are you doing these things, and who gave you this authority?” 21:24 Jesus⁴ answered them, “I will also ask you one question. If you answer me then I will also tell you by what authority I do these things. 21:25 Where did John’s baptism come from? From heaven or from people?”⁵ They discussed this among themselves, saying, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say, ‘Then why did you not believe him?’ 21:26 But if we say, ‘From people,’ we fear the crowd, for they all consider John to be a prophet.” 21:27 So⁶ they answered Jesus,⁷ “We don’t know.”⁸ Then he said to them, “Neither will I tell you⁹ by what authority¹⁰ I am doing these things.

The Parable of the Two Sons

21:28 “What¹¹ do you think? A man had two sons. He went to the first and said, ‘Son, go and work in the vineyard today.’ 21:29 The boy answered,¹² ‘I will not.’ But later he had a change of heart¹³ and went. 21:30 The father¹⁴ went to the other son and said the same thing. This boy answered,¹⁵ ‘I will, sir,’ but did not go. 21:31 Which of the two did his father’s will?” They said, “The first.”¹⁶ Jesus said to them, “I tell you the truth,¹⁷ tax collectors¹⁸ and prostitutes will go ahead of you into the kingdom of God! 21:32 For John came to you in the way of righteousness, and you did not believe him. But the tax collectors and prostitutes did believe. Although¹⁹ you saw this, you did not later change your minds²⁰ and believe him.

The Parable of the Tenants

21:33 “Listen to another parable: There was a landowner²¹ who planted a vineyard.²² He put a fence around it, dug a pit for its winepress, and built a watchtower. Then²³ he leased it to tenant farmers²⁴ and went on a journey. 21:34 When the harvest time was near, he sent his slaves²⁵ to the tenants to collect his portion of the crop.²⁶ 21:35 But the tenants seized his slaves, beat one,²⁷ killed another, and stoned another. 21:36 Again he sent other slaves, more than the first, and they treated them the same way. 21:37 Finally he sent his son to them,²⁸ saying, ‘They will respect my son.’ 21:38 But when the tenants saw the son, they said to themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let’s kill him and get his inheritance!’ 21:39 So²⁹ they seized him,³⁰ threw him out of the vineyard,³¹ and killed him. 21:40 Now when the owner of the vineyard comes, what will he do to those tenants?” 21:41 They said to him, “He will utterly destroy those evil men! Then he will lease the vineyard to other tenants who will give him his portion at the harvest.”

21:42 Jesus said to them, “Have you never read in the scriptures:

‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone.³²

This is from the Lord, and it is marvelous in our eyes’?³³

21:43 For this reason I tell you that the kingdom of God will be taken from you and given to a people³⁴ who will produce its fruit. 21:44 The one who falls on this stone will be broken to pieces, and the one on whom it falls will be crushed.”³⁵ 21:45 When³⁶ the chief priests and the Pharisees³⁷ heard his parables, they realized that he was speaking about them. 21:46 They wanted to arrest him, but they were afraid of the crowds, because the crowds³⁸ regarded him as a prophet.

[21:23] ¹tn Grk “he.”

[21:23] ²tn Grk “the temple.”

[21:23] ³tn On this phrase, see BDAG 844 s.v. ποῖος 2.a.γ.1

[21:24] ⁴tn Grk “answering, Jesus said to them.” This is somewhat redundant and has been simplified in the translation. Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[21:25] ⁵tn The plural Greek term ἀνθρώπων (anqrwpwn) is used here (and in v. 26) in a generic sense, referring to both men and women (cf. NAB, NRSV, “of human origin”; TEV, “from human beings”; NLT, “merely human”).

[21:27] ⁶tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “So” to indicate that the clause is a result of the deliberations of the leaders.

[21:27] ⁷tn Grk “answering Jesus, they said.” This construction is somewhat awkward in English and has been simplified in the translation.

[21:27] ⁸sn Very few questions could have so completely revealed the wicked intentions of the religious leaders. Jesus’ question revealed the motivation of the religious leaders and exposed them for what they really were – hypocrites. They indicted themselves when they cited only two options and chose neither of them (“We do not know”). The point of Matt 21:23-27 is that no matter what Jesus said in response to their question, they were not going to believe it and would in the end use it against him.

[21:27] ⁹sn Neither will I tell you. Though Jesus gave no answer, the analogy he used to their own question makes his view clear. His authority came from heaven.

[21:27] ¹⁰tn On this phrase, see BDAG 844 s.v. ποῖος 2.a.γ. This is exactly the same phrase as in v. 23.

[21:28] ¹¹tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[21:29] ¹²tn Grk “And answering, he said.” This is somewhat redundant and has been simplified in the translation. Here the referent (“the boy”) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[21:29] ¹³tn The Greek text reads here μεταμέλομαι (metamelomai): “to change one’s mind about something, with the probable implication of regret” (L&N 31.59); cf. also BDAG 639 s.v. The idea in this context involves more than just a change of mind, for the son regrets his initial response. The same verb is used in v. 32.

[21:30] ¹⁴tn “And he”; here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[21:30] ¹⁵tn Grk “And answering, he said.” This is somewhat redundant and has been simplified in the translation. Here δέ (de) has not been translated. Here the referent (“this boy”) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[21:31] ¹⁶tc Verses 29-31 involve a rather complex and difficult textual problem. The variants cluster into three different groups: (1) The first son says “no” and later has a change of heart, and the second son says “yes” but does not go. The second son is called the one who does his father’s will. This reading is found in the Western mss (D it). But the reading is so hard as to be nearly impossible. One can only suspect some tampering with the text, extreme carelessness on the part of the scribe, or possibly a recognition of the importance of not shaming one’s parent in public. (Any of these reasons is not improbable with this texttype, and with codex D in particular.) The other two major variants are more difficult to assess. Essentially, the responses make sense (the son who does his father’s will is the one who changes his mind after saying “no”): (2) The first son says “no” and later has a change of heart, and the second son says “yes” but does not go. But here, the first son is called the one who does his father’s will (unlike the Western reading). This is the reading found in (א) C L W (Z) 0102 0281 Ë¹ 33 Ï and several versional witnesses. (3) The first son says “yes” but does not go, and the second son says “no” but later has a change of heart. This is the reading found in B Θ Ë¹³ 700 and several versional witnesses. Both of these latter two readings make good sense and have significantly better textual support than the first reading. The real question, then, is this: Is the first son or the second the obedient one? If one were to argue simply from the parabolic logic, the second son would be seen as the obedient one (hence, the third reading). The first son would represent the Pharisees (or Jews) who claim to obey God, but do not (cf. Matt 23:3). This accords well with the parable of the prodigal son (in which the oldest son represents the unbelieving Jews). Further, the chronological sequence of the second son being obedient fits well with the real scene: Gentiles and tax collectors and prostitutes were not, collectively, God’s chosen people, but they did repent and come to God, while the Jewish leaders claimed to be obedient to God but did nothing. At the same time, the external evidence is weaker for this reading (though stronger than the first reading), not as widespread, and certainly suspect because of how neatly it fits. One suspects scribal manipulation at this point. Thus the second reading looks to be superior to the other two on both external and transcriptional grounds. But what about intrinsic evidence? One can surmise that Jesus didn’t always give predictable responses. In this instance, he may well have painted a picture in which the Pharisees saw themselves as the first son, only to stun them with his application (v. 32).

[21:31] ¹⁷tn Grk “Truly (ἀμήν, amhn), I say to you.”

[21:31] ¹⁸sn See the note on tax collectors in 5:46.

[21:32] ¹⁹tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[21:32] ²⁰sn The word translated change your minds is the same verb used in v. 29 (there translated had a change of heart). Jesus is making an obvious comparison here, in which the religious leaders are viewed as the disobedient son.

[21:33] ²¹tn The term here refers to the owner and manager of a household.

[21:33] ²²sn The vineyard is a figure for Israel in the OT (Isa 5:1-7). The nation and its leaders are the tenants, so the vineyard here may well refer to the promise that resides within the nation. The imagery is like that in Rom 11:11-24.

[21:33] ²³tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.

[21:33] ²⁴sn The leasing of land to tenant farmers was common in this period.

[21:34] ²⁵tn See the note on the word “slave” in 8:9.

[21:34] ²⁶tn Grk “to collect his fruits.”

[21:35] ²⁷sn The image of the tenants mistreating the owner’s slaves pictures the nation’s rejection of the prophets and their message.

[21:37] ²⁸sn The owner’s decision to send his son represents God sending Jesus.

[21:39] ²⁹tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the tenants’ decision to kill the son in v. 38.

[21:39] ³⁰tn Grk “seizing him.” The participle λαβόντες (labontes) has been translated as attendant circumstance.

[21:39] ³¹sn Throwing the heir out of the vineyard pictures Jesus’ death outside of Jerusalem.

[21:42] ³²tn Or “capstone,” “keystone.” Although these meanings are lexically possible, the imagery in Eph 2:20-22 and 1 Cor 3:11 indicates that the term κεφαλὴ γωνίας (kefalh gwnia") refers to a cornerstone, not a capstone.

[21:42] ³³sn A quotation from Ps 118:22-23.

[21:43] ³⁴tn Or “to a nation” (so KJV, NASB, NLT).

[21:44] ³⁵tc A few witnesses, especially of the Western text (D 33 it sy^s Or Eus^syr), do not contain 21:44. However, the verse is found in א B C L W Z (Θ) 0102 Ë^1,13 Ï lat sy^c,p,h co and should be included as authentic.

[21:45] ³⁶tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.

[21:45] ³⁷sn See the note on Pharisees in 3:7.

[21:46] ³⁸tn Grk “they”; the referent (the crowds) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Both previous occurrences of “they” in this verse refer to the chief priests and the Pharisees.