Discovery BoxPsalms 51:4-19
Context51:4 Against you – you above all 1 – I have sinned;
I have done what is evil in your sight.
So 2 you are just when you confront me; 3
you are right when you condemn me. 4
51:5 Look, I was guilty of sin from birth,
a sinner the moment my mother conceived me. 5
51:6 Look, 6 you desire 7 integrity in the inner man; 8
you want me to possess wisdom. 9
51:7 Sprinkle me 10 with water 11 and I will be pure; 12
wash me 13 and I will be whiter than snow. 14
51:8 Grant me the ultimate joy of being forgiven! 15
May the bones 16 you crushed rejoice! 17
51:9 Hide your face 18 from my sins!
Wipe away 19 all my guilt!
51:10 Create for me a pure heart, O God! 20
Renew a resolute spirit within me! 21
Do not take your Holy Spirit 23 away from me! 24
51:12 Let me again experience the joy of your deliverance!
Sustain me by giving me the desire to obey! 25
51:13 Then I will teach 26 rebels your merciful ways, 27
and sinners will turn 28 to you.
51:14 Rescue me from the guilt of murder, 29 O God, the God who delivers me!
Then my tongue will shout for joy because of your deliverance. 30
51:15 O Lord, give me the words! 31
Then my mouth will praise you. 32
51:16 Certainly 33 you do not want a sacrifice, or else I would offer it; 34
you do not desire a burnt sacrifice. 35
51:17 The sacrifices God desires are a humble spirit 36 –
O God, a humble and repentant heart 37 you will not reject. 38
51:18 Because you favor Zion, do what is good for her! 39
Fortify 40 the walls of Jerusalem! 41
51:19 Then you will accept 42 the proper sacrifices, burnt sacrifices and whole offerings;
[51:4] 1 tn Heb “only you,” as if the psalmist had sinned exclusively against God and no other. Since the Hebrew verb חָטָא (hata’, “to sin”) is used elsewhere of sinful acts against people (see BDB 306 s.v. 2.a) and David (the presumed author) certainly sinned when he murdered Uriah (2 Sam 12:9), it is likely that the psalmist is overstating the case to suggest that the attack on Uriah was ultimately an attack on God himself. To clarify the point of the hyperbole, the translation uses “especially,” rather than the potentially confusing “only.”
[51:4] 2 tn The Hebrew term לְמַעַן (lÿma’an) normally indicates purpose (“in order that”), but here it introduces a logical consequence of the preceding statement. (Taking the clause as indicating purpose here would yield a theologically preposterous idea – the psalmist purposely sinned so that God’s justice might be vindicated!) For other examples of לְמַעַן indicating result, see 2 Kgs 22:17; Jer 27:15; Amos 2:7, as well as IBHS 638-40 §38.3.
[51:4] 3 tn Heb “when you speak.” In this context the psalmist refers to God’s word of condemnation against his sin delivered through Nathan (cf. 2 Sam 12:7-12).
[51:4] 4 tn Heb “when you judge.”
[51:5] 5 tn Heb “Look, in wrongdoing I was brought forth, and in sin my mother conceived me.” The prefixed verbal form in the second line is probably a preterite (without vav [ו] consecutive), stating a simple historical fact. The psalmist is not suggesting that he was conceived through an inappropriate sexual relationship (although the verse has sometimes been understood to mean that, or even that all sexual relationships are sinful). The psalmist’s point is that he has been a sinner from the very moment his personal existence began. By going back beyond the time of birth to the moment of conception, the psalmist makes his point more emphatically in the second line than in the first.
[51:6] 6 sn The juxtaposition of two occurrences of “look” in vv. 5-6 draws attention to the sharp contrast between the sinful reality of the psalmist’s condition and the lofty ideal God has for him.
[51:6] 7 tn The perfect is used in a generalizing sense here.
[51:6] 8 tn Heb “in the covered [places],” i.e., in the inner man.
[51:6] 9 tn Heb “in the secret [place] wisdom you cause me to know.” The Hiphil verbal form is causative, while the imperfect is used in a modal sense to indicate God’s desire (note the parallel verb “desire”).
[51:7] 10 tn The imperfect verbal form is used here to express the psalmist’s wish or request.
[51:7] 11 tn Heb “cleanse me with hyssop.” “Hyssop” was a small plant (see 1 Kgs 4:33) used to apply water (or blood) in purification rites (see Exod 12:22; Lev 14:4-6, 49-52; Num 19:6-18. The psalmist uses the language and imagery of such rites to describe spiritual cleansing through forgiveness.
[51:7] 12 tn After the preceding imperfect, the imperfect with vav (ו) conjunctive indicates result.
[51:7] 13 tn The imperfect verbal form is used here to express the psalmist’s wish or request.
[51:7] 14 sn I will be whiter than snow. Whiteness here symbolizes the moral purity resulting from forgiveness (see Isa 1:18).
[51:8] 15 tn Heb “cause me to hear happiness and joy.” The language is metonymic: the effect of forgiveness (joy) has been substituted for its cause. The psalmist probably alludes here to an assuring word from God announcing that his sins are forgiven (a so-called oracle of forgiveness). The imperfect verbal form is used here to express the psalmist’s wish or request. The synonyms “happiness” and “joy” are joined together as a hendiadys to emphasize the degree of joy he anticipates.
[51:8] 16 sn May the bones you crushed rejoice. The psalmist compares his sinful condition to that of a person who has been physically battered and crushed. Within this metaphorical framework, his “bones” are the seat of his emotional strength.
[51:8] 17 tn In this context of petitionary prayer, the prefixed verbal form is understood as a jussive, expressing the psalmist’s wish or request.
[51:9] 18 sn In this context Hide your face from my sins means “Do not hold me accountable for my sins.”
[51:9] 19 tn See the note on the similar expression “wipe away my rebellious acts” in v. 1.
[51:10] 20 sn The heart is viewed here as the seat of the psalmist’s motives and moral character.
[51:10] 21 tn Heb “and a reliable spirit renew in my inner being.”
[51:11] 22 tn Heb “do not cast me away from before you.”
[51:11] 23 sn Your Holy Spirit. The personal Spirit of God is mentioned frequently in the OT, but only here and in Isa 63:10-11 is he called “your/his Holy Spirit.”
[51:11] 24 sn Do not take…away. The psalmist expresses his fear that, due to his sin, God will take away the Holy Spirit from him. NT believers enjoy the permanent gift of the Holy Spirit and need not make such a request nor fear such a consequence. However, in the OT God’s Spirit empowered certain individuals for special tasks and only temporarily resided in them. For example, when God rejected Saul as king and chose David to replace him, the divine Spirit left Saul and came upon David (1 Sam 16:13-14).
[51:12] 25 tn Heb “and [with] a willing spirit sustain me.” The psalmist asks that God make him the kind of person who willingly obeys the divine commandments. The imperfect verbal form is used here to express the psalmist’s wish or request.
[51:13] 26 tn The cohortative expresses the psalmist’s resolve. This may be a vow or promise. If forgiven, the psalmist will “repay” the Lord by declaring God’s mercy and motivating other sinners to repent.
[51:13] 27 tn Heb “your ways.” The word “merciful” is added for clarification. God’s “ways” are sometimes his commands, but in this context, where the teaching of God’s ways motivates repentance (see the next line), it is more likely that God’s merciful and compassionate way of dealing with sinners is in view. Thanksgiving songs praising God for his deliverance typically focus on these divine attributes (see Pss 34, 41, 116, 138).
[51:13] 28 tn Or “return,” i.e., in repentance.
[51:14] 29 tn Heb “from bloodshed.” “Bloodshed” here stands by metonymy for the guilt which it produces.
[51:14] 30 tn Heb “my tongue will shout for joy your deliverance.” Another option is to take the prefixed verbal form as a jussive, “may my tongue shout for joy.” However, the pattern in vv. 12-15 appears to be prayer/request (see vv. 12, 14a, 15a) followed by promise/vow (see vv. 13, 14b, 15b).
[51:15] 31 tn Heb “open my lips.” The imperfect verbal form is used here to express the psalmist’s wish or request.
[51:15] 32 tn Heb “and my mouth will declare your praise.”
[51:16] 33 tn Or “For.” The translation assumes the particle is asseverative (i.e., emphasizing: “certainly”). (Some translations that consider the particle asseverative leave it untranslated.) If taken as causal or explanatory (“for”, cf. NRSV), the verse would explain why the psalmist is pleading for forgiveness, rather than merely offering a sacrifice.
[51:16] 34 tn The translation assumes that the cohortative is used in a hypothetical manner in a formally unmarked conditional sentence, “You do not want a sacrifice, should I offer [it]” (cf. NEB). For other examples of cohortatives in the protasis (“if” clause) of a conditional sentence, see GKC 320 §108.e. (It should be noted, however, that GKC understands this particular verse in a different manner. See GKC 320 §108.f, where it is suggested that the cohortative is part of an apodosis with the protasis being suppressed.)
[51:16] 35 sn You do not desire a burnt sacrifice. The terminology used in v. 16 does not refer to expiatory sacrifices, but to dedication and communion offerings. This is not a categorical denial of the sacrificial system in general or of the importance of such offerings. The psalmist is talking about his specific situation. Dedication and communion offerings have their proper place in worship (see v. 19), but God requires something more fundamental, a repentant and humble attitude (see v. 17), before these offerings can have real meaning.
[51:17] 36 tn Heb “a broken spirit.”
[51:17] 37 tn Heb “a broken and crushed heart.”
[51:18] 39 tn Heb “do what is good for Zion in your favor.”
[51:18] 40 tn Or “Build.” The imperfect verbal form is used here to express the psalmist’s wish or request.
[51:18] 41 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[51:19] 42 tn Or “desire, take delight in.”
[51:19] 43 tn Heb “then they will offer up bulls.” The third plural subject is indefinite.
[51:19] 44 sn Verses 18-19 appear to reflect the exilic period, when the city’s walls lay in ruins and the sacrificial system had been disrupted.
