Advanced Commentary
Texts -- Numbers 7:24-89 (NET)
Context
7:24 On the third
<07992> day
<03117> Eliab
<0446> son
<01121> of Helon
<02497>, leader
<05387> of the Zebulunites
<02074> <01121>, presented an offering.
7:25 His offering
<07133> was one
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighing 130
<03967> <07970> shekels
<04948> and one
<0259> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighing 70
<07657> shekels
<08255>, both according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>, each of them
<08147> full
<04392> of fine flour
<05560> mixed
<01101> with olive oil
<08081> as a grain offering
<04503>;
7:26 one
<0259> gold
<02091> pan
<03709> weighing 10
<06235> shekels, full
<04392> of incense
<07004>;
7:27 one
<0259> young
<01241> <01121> bull
<06499>, one ram
<0352>, and one
<0259> male lamb
<03532> in its first
<01121> <0259> year
<08141>, for a burnt offering
<05930>;
7:28 one
<0259> male
<08163> goat
<05795> for a purification offering
<02403>;
7:29 and for the sacrifice
<02077> of peace offerings
<08002>: two
<08147> bulls
<01241>, five
<02568> rams
<0352>, five
<02568> male goats
<06260>, and five
<02568> male lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>. This
<02088> was the offering
<07133> of Eliab
<0446> son
<01121> of Helon
<02497>.
7:30 On the fourth
<07243> day
<03117> Elizur
<0468> son
<01121> <01121> of Shedeur
<07707>, leader
<05387> of the Reubenites
<07205>, presented an offering.
7:31 His offering
<07133> was one
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighing 130
<03967> <07970> shekels
<04948> and one
<0259> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighing 70
<07657> shekels
<08255>, both according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>, each of them
<08147> full
<04392> of fine flour
<05560> mixed
<01101> with olive oil
<08081> as a grain offering
<04503>;
7:32 one
<0259> gold
<02091> pan
<03709> weighing 10
<06235> shekels, full
<04392> of incense
<07004>;
7:33 one
<0259> young
<01241> <01121> bull
<06499>, one ram
<0352>, and one
<0259> male lamb
<03532> in its first
<01121> <0259> year
<08141>, for a burnt offering
<05930>;
7:34 one
<0259> male
<08163> goat
<05795> for a purification offering
<02403>;
7:35 and for the sacrifice
<02077> of peace offerings
<08002>: two
<08147> bulls
<01241>, five
<02568> rams
<0352>, five
<02568> male goats
<06260>, and five
<02568> lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>. This
<02088> was the offering
<07133> of Elizur
<0468> son
<01121> of Shedeur
<07707>.
7:36 On the fifth
<02549> day
<03117> Shelumiel
<08017> son
<01121> of Zurishaddai
<06701>, leader
<05387> of the Simeonites
<08095> <01121>, presented an offering.
7:37 His offering
<07133> was one
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighing 130
<03967> <07970> shekels
<04948> and one
<0259> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighing 70
<07657> shekels
<08255>, both according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>, each of them
<08147> full
<04392> of fine flour
<05560> mixed
<01101> with olive oil
<08081> as a grain offering
<04503>;
7:38 one
<0259> gold
<02091> pan
<03709> weighing
<04392> 10
<06235> shekels
<07004>;
7:39 one
<0259> young
<01241> <01121> bull
<06499>, one ram
<0352>, and one
<0259> male lamb
<03532> in its first
<01121> <0259> year
<08141>, for a burnt offering
<05930>;
7:40 one
<0259> male
<08163> goat
<05795> for a purification offering
<02403>;
7:41 and for the sacrifice
<02077> of peace offerings
<08002>: two
<08147> bulls
<01241>, five
<02568> rams
<0352>, five
<02568> male goats
<06260>, and five
<02568> lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>. This
<02088> was the offering
<07133> of Sheloumiel
<08017> son
<01121> of Zurishaddai
<06701>.
7:42 On the sixth
<08345> day
<03117> Eliasaph
<0460> son
<01121> of Deuel
<01845>, leader
<05387> of the Gadites
<01410> <01121>, presented an offering.
7:43 His offering
<07133> was one
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighing 130
<03967> <07970> shekels
<04948> and one
<0259> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighing 70
<07657> shekels
<08255>, both according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>, each of them
<08147> full
<04392> of fine flour
<05560> mixed
<01101> with olive oil
<08081> as a grain offering
<04503>;
7:44 one
<0259> gold
<02091> pan
<03709> weighing
<04392> 10
<06235> shekels
<07004>;
7:45 one
<0259> young
<01241> <01121> bull
<06499>, one ram
<0352>, and one
<0259> male lamb
<03532> in its first
<01121> <0259> year
<08141>, for a burnt offering
<05930>;
7:46 one
<0259> male
<08163> goat
<05795> for a purification offering
<02403>;
7:47 and for the sacrifice
<02077> of peace offerings
<08002>: two
<08147> bulls
<01241>, five
<02568> rams
<0352>, five
<02568> male goats
<06260>, and five
<02568> lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>. This
<02088> was the offering
<07133> of Eliasaph
<0460> son
<01121> of Deuel
<01845>.
7:48 On the seventh
<07637> day
<03117> Elishama
<0476> son
<01121> of Ammihud
<05989>, leader
<05387> of the Ephraimites
<0669> <01121>, presented an offering.
7:49 His offering
<07133> was one
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighing 130
<03967> <07970> shekels
<04948> and one
<0259> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighing 70
<07657> shekels
<08255>, both according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>, each of them
<08147> full
<04392> of fine flour
<05560> mixed
<01101> with olive oil
<08081> as a grain offering
<04503>;
7:50 one
<0259> gold
<02091> pan
<03709> weighing 10
<06235> shekels, full
<04392> of incense
<07004>;
7:51 one
<0259> young
<01241> <01121> bull
<06499>, one ram
<0352>, and one
<0259> male lamb
<03532> in its first
<01121> <0259> year
<08141>, for a burnt offering
<05930>;
7:52 one
<0259> male
<08163> goat
<05795> for a purification offering
<02403>;
7:53 and for the sacrifice
<02077> of peace offerings
<08002>: two
<08147> bulls
<01241>, five
<02568> rams
<0352>, five
<02568> male goats
<06260>, and five
<02568> lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>. This
<02088> was the offering
<07133> of Elishama
<0476> son
<01121> of Ammihud
<05989>.
7:54 On the eighth
<08066> day
<03117> Gamaliel
<01583> son
<01121> of Pedahzur
<06301>, leader
<05387> of the Manassehites
<04519> <01121>, presented an offering.
7:55 His offering
<07133> was one
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighing 130
<03967> <07970> shekels
<04948> and one
<0259> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighing 70
<07657> shekels
<08255>, both according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>, each of them
<08147> full
<04392> of fine flour
<05560> mixed
<01101> with olive oil
<08081> as a grain offering
<04503>;
7:56 one
<0259> gold
<02091> pan
<03709> weighing 10
<06235> shekels, full
<04392> of incense
<07004>;
7:57 one
<0259> young
<01241> <01121> bull
<06499>, one ram
<0352>, and one
<0259> male lamb
<03532> in its first
<01121> <0259> year
<08141>, for a burnt offering
<05930>;
7:58 one
<0259> male
<08163> goat
<05795> for a purification offering
<02403>;
7:59 and for the sacrifice
<02077> of peace offerings
<08002>: two
<08147> bulls
<01241>, five
<02568> rams
<0352>, five
<02568> male goats
<06260>, and five
<02568> lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>. This
<02088> was the offering
<07133> of Gamaliel
<01583> son
<01121> of Pedahzur
<06301>.
7:60 On the ninth
<08671> day
<03117> Abidan
<027> son
<01121> <01121> of Gideoni
<01441>, leader
<05387> of the Benjaminites
<01144>, presented an offering.
7:61 His offering
<07133> was one
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighing 130
<03967> <07970> shekels
<04948> and one
<0259> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighing 70
<07657> shekels
<08255>, both according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>, each of them
<08147> full
<04392> of fine flour
<05560> mixed
<01101> with olive oil
<08081> as a grain offering
<04503>;
7:62 one
<0259> gold
<02091> pan
<03709> weighing 10
<06235> shekels, full
<04392> of incense
<07004>;
7:63 one
<0259> young
<01241> <01121> bull
<06499>, one ram
<0352>, and one
<0259> male lamb
<03532> in its first
<01121> <0259> year
<08141>, for a burnt offering
<05930>;
7:64 one
<0259> male
<08163> goat
<05795> for a purification offering
<02403>;
7:65 and for the sacrifice
<02077> of peace offerings
<08002>: two
<08147> bulls
<01241>, five
<02568> rams
<0352>, five
<02568> male goats
<06260>, and five
<02568> lambs
<03532> in their first year
<08141>. This
<02088> was the offering
<07133> of Abidan
<027> son
<01121> <01121> of Gideoni
<01441>.
7:66 On the tenth
<06224> day
<03117> Ahiezer
<0295> son
<01121> of Amishaddai
<05996>, leader
<05387> of the Danites
<01835> <01121>, presented an offering.
7:67 His offering
<07133> was one
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighing 130
<03967> <07970> shekels
<04948> and one
<0259> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighing 70
<07657> shekels
<08255>, both according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>, each of them
<08147> full
<04392> of fine flour
<05560> mixed
<01101> with olive oil
<08081> as a grain offering
<04503>;
7:68 one
<0259> gold
<02091> pan
<03709> weighing 10
<06235> shekels, full
<04392> of incense
<07004>;
7:69 one
<0259> young
<01241> <01121> bull
<06499>, one ram
<0352>, and one
<0259> male lamb
<03532> in its first
<01121> <0259> year
<08141>, for a burnt offering
<05930>;
7:70 one
<0259> male
<08163> goat
<05795> for a purification offering
<02403>;
7:71 and for the sacrifice
<02077> of peace offerings
<08002>: two
<08147> bulls
<01241>, five
<02568> rams
<0352>, five
<02568> male goats
<06260>, and five
<02568> lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>. This
<02088> was the offering
<07133> of Ahiezer
<0295> son
<01121> of Amishaddai
<05996>.
7:72 On the eleventh
<06240> <06249> day
<03117> Pagiel
<06295> son
<01121> of Ocran
<05918>, leader
<05387> of the Asherites
<0836> <01121>, presented an offering.
7:73 His offering
<07133> was one
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighing 130
<03967> <07970> shekels
<04948> and one
<0259> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighing 70
<07657> shekels
<08255>, both according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>, each of them
<08147> full
<04392> of fine flour
<05560> mixed
<01101> with olive oil
<08081> as a grain offering
<04503>;
7:74 one
<0259> gold
<02091> pan
<03709> weighing 10
<06235> shekels, full
<04392> of incense
<07004>;
7:75 one
<0259> young
<01241> <01121> bull
<06499>, one ram
<0352>, and one
<0259> male lamb
<03532> in its first
<01121> <0259> year
<08141>, for a burnt offering
<05930>;
7:76 one
<0259> male
<08163> goat
<05795> for a purification offering
<02403>;
7:77 and for the sacrifice
<02077> of peace offerings
<08002>: two
<08147> bulls
<01241>, five
<02568> rams
<0352>, five
<02568> male goats
<06260>, and five
<02568> lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>. This
<02088> was the offering
<07133> of Pagiel
<06295> son
<01121> of Ocran
<05918>.
7:78 On
<03117> the twelfth
<06240> <08147> day
<03117> Ahira
<0299> son
<01121> of Enan
<05881>, leader
<05387> of the Naphtalites
<05321> <01121>, presented an offering.
7:79 His offering
<07133> was one
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighing 130
<03967> <07970> shekels
<04948> and one
<0259> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighing 70
<07657> shekels
<08255>, both according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>, each of them
<08147> full
<04392> of fine flour
<05560> mixed
<01101> with olive oil
<08081> as a grain offering
<04503>;
7:80 one
<0259> gold
<02091> pan
<03709> weighing
<04392> 10
<06235> shekels
<07004>;
7:81 one
<0259> young
<01241> <01121> bull
<06499>, one ram
<0352>, and one
<0259> male lamb
<03532> in its first
<01121> <0259> year
<08141>, for a burnt offering
<05930>;
7:82 one
<0259> male
<08163> goat
<05795> for a purification offering
<02403>;
7:83 and for the sacrifice
<02077> of peace offerings
<08002>: two
<08147> bulls
<01241>, five
<02568> rams
<0352>, five
<02568> male goats
<06260>, and five
<02568> lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>. This
<02088> was the offering
<07133> of Ahira
<0299> son
<01121> of Enan
<05881>.
Summary
7:84 This
<02063> was the dedication
<02598> for the altar
<04196> from the leaders
<05387> of Israel
<03478>, when
<03117> it was anointed
<04886>: twelve
<06240> <08147> silver
<03701> platters
<07086>, twelve
<06240> <08147> silver
<03701> sprinkling bowls
<04219>, and twelve
<06240> <08147> gold
<02091> pans
<03709>.
7:85 Each
<0259> silver
<03701> platter
<07086> weighed 130
<03967> <07970> shekels, and each
<0259> silver sprinkling bowl
<04219> weighed 70
<07657> shekels. All
<03605> the silver
<03701> of the vessels
<03627> weighed 2,400
<03967> <0702> <0505> shekels, according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>.
7:86 The twelve
<06240> <08147> gold
<02091> pans
<03709> full
<04392> of incense
<07004> weighed 10
<06235> <06235> shekels each
<03709>, according to the sanctuary
<06944> shekel
<08255>; all
<03605> the gold
<02091> of the pans
<03709> weighed 120
<03967> <06242> shekels.
7:87 All
<03605> the animals
<01241> for the burnt offering
<05930> were 12
<06240> young bulls
<06499>, 12 rams
<0352>, 12
<06240> male lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>, with their grain offering
<04503>, and 12
<06240> <06240> male
<08163> goats
<05795> for a purification
<02403> offering.
7:88 All
<03605> the animals
<01241> for the sacrifice
<02077> for the peace offering
<08002> were 24
<0702> <06242> young bulls
<06499>, 60
<08346> rams
<0352>, 60
<08346> male goats
<06260>, and 60
<08346> lambs
<03532> in their first
<01121> year
<08141>. These
<02063> were the dedication
<02598> offerings for the altar
<04196> after
<0310> it was anointed
<04886>.
7:89 Now when Moses
<04872> went
<0935> into
<0413> the tent
<0168> of meeting
<04150> to speak
<01696> with
<0854> the Lord, he heard
<08085> the voice
<06963> speaking
<01696> to
<0413> him from above
<05921> the atonement lid
<03727> that
<0834> was on
<05921> the ark
<0727> of the testimony
<05715>, from between
<0996> the two
<08147> cherubim
<03742>. Thus he spoke
<01696> to
<0413> him.
Pericope
Bible Dictionary
-
[nave] TABERNACLE
One existed before Moses received the pattern authorized on Mount Sinai, Ex. 33:7-11.
The one instituted by Moses was called Sanctuary, Ex. 25:8; Tabernacle, Ex. 27:21; 33:7; 2 Chr. 5:5; of Testimony, Ex. 38:21; ...
-
[nave] SPOONS
Of the tabernacle, Ex. 25:29; Num. 4:7; 7.
Of the temple, 1 Kin. 7:50; 2 Chr. 4:22.
-
[nave] SILVER
From Tarshish, Ezek. 27:12; refining of, Prov. 17:3; 25:4; 26:23; Ezek. 22:18-22; Jer. 6:29, 30; Zech. 13:9; Mal. 3:3.
See: Refining.
Used for money, Gen. 13:2; 17:12; 20:16; 23:13-16; Amos 8:6; Matt. 10:9; 26:15; M...
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[nave] SHEKEL
A weight, equal to twenty gerahs, Ex. 30:13; Num. 3:47; Ezek. 45:12.
Used to weigh silver, Josh. 7:21; Judg. 8:26; 17:2, 3.
Fractions of, used in currency, Ex. 30:13; 1 Sam. 9:8; Neh. 10:32.
Used to weigh gold, Gen...
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[isbe] SPOON - spoon (kaph; Septuagint thuiske, except in Jer 52:18, where it is kreagra, literally, "fork"): A hollow vessel, a censer; a small vessel in which incense was to be burnt, as is seen from the account given in Nu 7 of ...
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[nave] PLATE, PLATTER
a dish. Dedicated to the tabernacle, Num. 7:13, 19, 25, 31, 37, 43, 49, 55, 61, 67, 73, 79, 84, 85.
John Baptist's head carried on, Matt. 14:8, 11.
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[ebd] (Heb. kapporeth, a "covering;" LXX. and N.T., hilasterion; Vulg., propitiatorium), the covering or lid of the ark of the covenant (q.v.). It was of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, or perhaps rather a plate of solid gold, 2 ...
-
[ebd] the descendants of Merari (Num. 26:57). They with the Gershonites and the Kohathites had charge of the tabernacle, which they had to carry from place to place (Num. 3:20, 33-37; 4:29-33). In the distribution of the oxen and ...
-
[nave] LIBERALITY.
Ex. 22:29, 30 Ex. 13:2, 12. Ex. 23:15 Ex. 34:20. Ex. 25:1-8; Ex. 35:4-29; Ex. 36:3-6; Ex. 38:8; Lev. 19:5 Lev. 22:29; Num. 35:8. Deut. 12:11, 12, 17-19; Deut. 14:27-29; Deut. 15:7-18; Deut. 16:10, 17; Deut. 18:1...
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[nave] ISRAEL
1. A name given to Jacob, Gen. 32:24-32; 2 Kin. 17:34; Hos. 12:3, 4.
2. A name of the Christ in prophecy, Isa. 49:3.
3. A name given to the descendants of Jacob, a nation. Called also Israelites, and Hebrews, Gen. 4...
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[ebd] (1.) Heb. 'ez, the she-goat (Gen. 15:9; 30:35; 31:38). This Hebrew word is also used for the he-goat (Ex. 12:5; Lev. 4:23; Num. 28:15), and to denote a kid (Gen. 38:17, 20). Hence it may be regarded as the generic name of th...
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[ebd] reward of God. (1.) A chief of the tribe of Manasseh at the census at Sinai (Num. 1:10; 2:20; 7:54, 59). (2.) The son of rabbi Simeon, and grandson of the famous rabbi Hillel. He was a Pharisse, and therefore the opponent of...
[isbe] GAMALIEL - ga-ma'-li-el (gamli'el, "reward or recompense of God"; Gamaliel): (1) The son of Pedahzur, and "prince of the children of Manasseh," chosen to aid in taking the census in the Wilderness (Nu 1:10; 2:20; 7:54,59; 10...
[smith] (recompense of God). Son of Pedahzur; prince or captain of the tribe of Manasseh at the census at Sinai, (Numbers 1:10; 20:20; 7:54,59) and at starting on the march through the wilderness. ch. (Numbers 10:23) (B.C. 1490.) A ...
[nave] GAMALIEL
1. A celebrated teacher. Speech of, before the Sanhedrin, Acts 5:33-40.
Paul's teacher, Acts 22:3.
2. A captain of Manasseh, Num. 1:10; 2:20; 10:23.
Offering of, at dedication of tabernacle, Num. 7:54-59.
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[isbe] GOLD - gold (zahabh; chrusos): 1. Terms: No metal has been more frequently mentioned in Old Testament writings than gold, and none has had more terms applied to it. Among these terms the one most used is zahabh. The Arabic e...
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[nave] DEDICATION
Law concerning dedicated things, Lev. 27; Num. 18:14; 1 Chr. 26:26, 27.
Must be without blemish, Lev. 22:18-23; Mal. 1:14.
Not redeemable, Lev. 27:28, 29.
Offering must be voluntary, Lev. 1:3; 22:19.
See: Offe...
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[ebd] plural cherubim, the name of certain symbolical figures frequently mentioned in Scripture. They are first mentioned in connection with the expulsion of our first parents from Eden (Gen. 3:24). There is no intimation given of...
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[nave] BOWL
Made of gold: For the tabernacle, Ex. 25:29; 37:16; temple, 1 Kin. 7:50; 1 Chr. 28:17; 2 Chr. 4:8; of silver, Num. 4:7; 7:13, 19, 25, 31, 37, 43, 49, 55, 61, 67, 73, 79, 84.
Stamped "Holiness to the Lord,'' Zech. 14:20...
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[ebd] Noah's ark, a building of gopher-wood, and covered with pitch, 300 cubits long, 50 cubits broad, and 30 cubits high (Gen. 6:14-16); an oblong floating house of three stories, with a door in the side and a window in the roof....
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[nave] ALTAR
Built by Noah, Gen. 8:20; Abraham, Gen. 12:7, 8; 13:18; 22:9; Isaac, Gen. 26:25; Jacob, Gen. 33:20; 35:1-7; Moses, Ex. 17:15; 24:4; Balaam, Num. 23:1, 14, 29; Joshua, Deut. 27:4-7; Josh. 8:30-32; Reubenites and Gadites...
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[smith] Probably another form of Amminadab. He was noted for the swiftness of his chariot. (Solomon 6:12) It is uncertain whether we ought to read here AMMINADIB, with the Authorized Version, or my willing people , as in the margin. ...
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[ebd] people of glory; i.e., "renowned." (1.) The father of the Ephraimite chief Elishama, at the time of the Exodus (Num. 1:10; 2:18; 7:48, 53). (2.) Num. 34:20. (3.) Num. 34:28. (4.) The father of Talmai, king of Geshur, to whom...
[isbe] AMMIHUD - a-mi'-hud (`ammihudh, "my kinsman is glorious"; variously in the Septuagint, Emioud or Semioud or Amioud): The name of several Old Testament persons. (1) Father of Elishama, who in the wilderness was head of the tr...
[smith] (people of praise). An Ephraimite father of Elishama, the chief of the tribe at the time of the Exodus. (Numbers 1:10; 2:18; 7:48,53; 10:22; 7:26) and, through him, ancestor of Joshua. (B.C. 1491.) A Simeonite, father of She...
Arts
Resources/Books
Expository Notes on the Bible (Constable)
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When the book opens the Israelites were in the second month of the second year after they departed from Egypt (1:1). In chapters 7-10 we read things that happened in the nation before that. These things happened when Moses fi...
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To formulate a statement that summarizes the teaching of this book it will be helpful to identify some of the major revelations in Numbers. These constitute the unique values of the book.The first major value of Numbers is th...
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I. Experiences of the older generation in the wilderness chs. 1-25A. Preparations for entering the Promised Land from the south chs. 1-101. The first census and the organization of the people chs. 1-42. Commands and rituals t...
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The revelation of ordinances and instructions designed to enhance the spiritual sanctification of the Israelites as they journeyed on to the Promised Land ends with chapter 6. The narrative of events that transpired just befo...
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The presentation this chapter records took place at the time the Israelites dedicated the tabernacle (vv. 1-2; cf. Lev. 8:10)."The purpose of this section of narrative is to show that as the people had been generous in giving...
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1:4 Ezekiel saw within the opened heavens a great cloud blown toward him by the north wind with lightning flashing from it almost constantly (cf. 1 Kings 19:11-13; Job 38:1; 40:6; Ps. 29:3-5). Israel's enemies had invaded fro...