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Texts -- Romans 16:9-27 (NET)
Pericope
NET
- Rom 16:1-27 -- Personal Greetings
Bible Dictionary
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ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE
[ebd] This epistle was probably written at Corinth. Phoebe (Rom. 16:1) of Cenchrea conveyed it to Rome, and Gaius of Corinth entertained the apostle at the time of his writing it (16:23; 1 Cor. 1:14), and Erastus was chamberlain o...
[isbe] ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE - || 1. Its Genuineness 2. Its Integrity 3. The Approximate Date 4. The Place of Writing 5. The Destination 6. The Language 7. The Occasion 8. Some Characteristics 9. Main Teachings of the Epistle (1) ...
[smith] The date of this epistle is fixed at the time of the visit recorded in Acts 20:3 during the winter and spring following the apostle?s long residence at Ephesus A.D. 58. On this visit he remained in Greece three months. The p...
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PAUL, THE APOSTLE, 1
[isbe] PAUL, THE APOSTLE, 1 - pol, I. Sources 1. The Acts 2. The Thirteen Epistles (1) Pauline Authorship (2) Lightfoot's Grouping (a) First Group (1 and 2 Thessalonians) (b) Second Group (1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Romans, (c...
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CAESAR'S HOUSEHOLD
[isbe] CAESAR'S HOUSEHOLD - hous'-hold (hoi ek tes Kaisaros oikias, "they that are of Caesar's household," Phil 4:22): These words occur in the epistle which Paul wrote from Rome near the end of his first imprisonment there, probab...
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LATIN
[isbe] LATIN - lat'-in: Was the official language of the Roman Empire as Greek was that of commerce. In Palestine Aramaic was the vernacular in the rural districts and remoter towns, while in the leading towns both Greek and Aramai...
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Rome
[nave] ROME, the capital of the Roman empire. Jews excluded from, by Claudius, Acts 18:2. Paul's visit to, See: Paul. Visited by Onesiphorus, 2 Tim. 1:16, 17. Paul desires to preach in, Rom. 1:15. Abominations in, Rom. 1:18-32. ...
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GREETING
[isbe] GREETING - gret'-ing (sha'-al; chairo, aspasmos, aspazomai): (1) Sha'-al means "to ask," "to inquire of anyone respecting welfare," hence, "to greet." In the Old Testament the word "greet" occurs only once in the King James ...
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Love
[nave] LOVE. Of Children for Parents See: Children. Of God See: God, Love of. Of Mankind for God Ex. 20:6 Deut. 5:10. Deut. 6:5; Deut. 7:9; Deut. 10:12; Deut. 11:1; Deut. 13:3; Deut. 30:6 vs. 16,20.; Josh. 22:5 Deut. 11:1, 13...
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EPAENETUS
[isbe] EPAENETUS - ep-e'-ne-tus (Epainetos, "praised"): One of the Christians at Rome to whom greetings are sent by Paul (Rom 16:5). All that is known of him is told here. Paul describes him as (1) "my beloved," (2) "who is the fir...
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Herodion
[ebd] a Christian at Rome whom Paul salutes and calls his "kinsman" (Rom. 16:11).
[isbe] HERODION - he-ro'-di-on (Herodion; Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in Greek Hrodion): A Roman Christian to whom Paul sent greetings (Rom 16:11). The name seems to imply that he was a freedman of the Herods, or a member ...
[smith] a relative of St. Paul, to whom he sends his salutation amongst the Christians of the Roman church. (Romans 16:11) (A.D. 55.)
[nave] HERODION A Roman Christian, Rom. 16:11.
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Beloved
[isbe] BELOVED - be-luv'-ed, be-luv'-d' (agapetos): A term of affectionate endearment common to both Testaments; in the Old Testament found, 26 out of 42 times, in Solomon's Song of Love. Limited chiefly to two Heb words and their ...
[nave] BELOVED Deut. 33:12; Psa. 60:5; 108:6; 127:2; Song 5:9; Isa. 5:1; Jer. 11:15; Matt. 3:17; 12:18; 17:5; Mark 1:11; 9:7; 12:6; Luke 3:22; 20:13; Acts 15:25; Rom. 1:7; 11:28; 12:19; 16:5, 8, 9, 12; 1 Cor. 4:14, 17; 10:14; 15:58...
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Corinth
[isbe] CORINTH - kor'-inth (Korinthos, "ornament"): A celebrated city of the Peloponnesus, capital of Corinthia, which lay North of Argolis, and with the isthmus joined the peninsula to the mainland. Corinth had three good harbors ...
[nave] CORINTH, a city of Achaia. Visited: By Paul, Acts 18; 2 Cor. 12:14; 13:1; with 1 Cor. 16:5-7; and 2 Cor. 1:16; Apollos, Acts 19:1; Titus, 2 Cor. 8:16, 17; 12:18. Erastus, a Christian of, Rom. 16:23; 2 Tim. 4:20. Church of ...
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Patrobas
[ebd] a Christian at Rome to whom Paul sent salutations (Rom. 16:14).
[isbe] PATROBAS - pat'-ro-bas (Patrobas): The name of a member of the Christian community at Rome to whom Paul sent greetings (Rom 16:14). The name is an abbreviated form of "Patrobius." There was a wealthy freedman of Nero of the ...
[smith] (paternal),a Christian at Rome to whom St. Paul sends his salutation. (Romans 16:14) Like many other names mentioned in Roma 16 this was borne by at least one member of the emperor?s household. Suet. Galba. 20; Martial, Ep. i...
[nave] PATROBAS, a believer at Rome, Rom. 16:14.
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Persis
[ebd] a female Christian at Rome whom Paul salutes (Rom. 16:12). She is spoken of as "beloved," and as having "laboured much in the Lord."
[isbe] PERSIS - pur'-sis (Persis): The name of a female member of the Christian community at Rome, to whom Paul sent greetings (Rom 16:12). Paul designates her "the beloved, who labored much in the Lord." The name is not found in i...
[smith] (a Persian woman), a Christian woman at Rome, (Romans 16:12) whom St. Paul salutes. (A.D. 55.)
[nave] PERSIS, a Christian woman in Rome, Rom. 16:12.
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Phlegon
[ebd] burning, a Roman Christian to whom Paul sent salutations (Rom. 16:14).
[isbe] PHLEGON - fle'-gon, fleg'-on (Phlegan): The name of a Roman Christian to whom Paul sent greetings (Rom 16:14). Of him nothing is known.
[smith] (burning), a Christian at Rome whom St. Paul salutes. (Romans 16:14) (A.D.55.) Pseudo-Hippolytus makes him one of the seventy disciples and bishop of Marathon.
[nave] PHLEGON, a disciple in Rome, Rom. 16:14.
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Quartus
[ebd] fourth, a Corinthian Christian who sent by Paul his salutations to friends at Rome (Rom. 16:23).
[isbe] QUARTUS - kwor'-tus (Kouartos): A Christian in Corinth who with "Erastus the treasurer of the city" sent greetings to the Christian community in Rome (Rom 16:23). He is known to Paul only as a Christian, "the brother."
[smith] (fourth), a Christian of Corinth, (Romans 16:23) said to have been one of the seventy disciples, and afterward bishop of Berytus. (A.D. about 50.)
[nave] QUARTUS, a Christian in Corinth, Rom. 16:23.
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Rufus
[ebd] red, the son of Simon the Cyrenian (Mark 15:21), whom the Roman soldiers compelled to carry the cross on which our Lord was crucified. Probably it is the same person who is again mentioned in Rom. 16:13 as a disciple at Rome...
[isbe] RUFUS - roo'-fus (Rhouphos): The name is mentioned twice: (1) Simon of Cyrene, who was compelled to bear the cross of Jesus, is "the father of Alexander and Rufus" (Mk 15:21); (2) Paul sends greetings to Roman Christians, "R...
[smith] (red) is mentioned in (Mark 15:21) as a son of Simon the Cyrenian. (Luke 23:26) (A.D. 29.) Again, in (Romans 16:13) the apostle Paul salutes a Rufus whom he designates as "elect in the Lord." This Rufus was probably identical...
[nave] RUFUS Son of Simon, Mark 15:21. Probably identical with the Rufus in Rom. 16:13.
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Olympas
[ebd] a Roman Christian whom Paul salutes (Rom. 16:15).
[isbe] OLYMPAS - o-lim'-pas (Olumpas): The name of a Roman Christian to whom Paul sent greetings (Rom 16:15). Olympas is an abbreviated form of Olympiadorus. The joining in one salutation of the Christians mentioned in 16:15 sugges...
[smith] (heavenly), a Christian at Rome. (Romans 16:15) (A.D. 65.)
[nave] OLYMPAS, a believer at Rome, Rom. 16:15.
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Sosipater
[isbe] SOSIPATER - so-sip'-a-ter (Sosipatros): Sosipater unites with Lucius and Jason in sending greetings to the Roman Christians (Rom 16:21). He is a "kinsman" of Paul, by which Paul means a Jew (Rom 9:3; 16:11,21). It is the sam...
[smith] (saviour of his father), kinsman or fellow tribesman of St. Paul, (Romans 16:21) is probably the same person as Sopater of Berea. (A.D. 54.)
[nave] SOSIPATER, relative of Paul, Rom. 16:21.
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Nereus
[ebd] a Christian at Rome to whom Paul sent his salutation (Rom. 16:15).
[isbe] NEREUS - ne'-rus, ne'-re-us (Nereus): The name of a Roman Christian to whom with his sister Paul sent greetings (Rom 16:15). Nereus and the others saluted with him (Rom 16:15) formed small community or "house church." The na...
[smith] (lamp), a Christian at Rome, saluted by St. Paul. (Romans 16:15) According to tradition he was beheaded at Terracina, probably in the reign of Nerva.
[nave] NEREUS, a Christian at Rome, Rom. 16:15.
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Hermas
[ebd] Mercury, a Roman Christian to whom Paul sends greetings (Rom. 16: 14). Some suppose him to have been the author of the celebrated religious romance called The Shepherd, but it is very probable that that work is the productio...
[isbe] HERMAS - hur'-mas (Hermas): An abbreviated form of several names, e.g. Hermagoras, Hermeros, Hermodorus, Hermogenes, etc.; the name of a Roman Christian to whom Paul sent greetings (Rom 16:14). Origen and some later writers ...
[smith] (Mercury), the name of a Christian resident at Rome to whom St. Paul sends greetings in his Epistle to the Romans. (Romans 16:14) (A.D. 55.) Irenaeus, Tertullian and Origen agree in attributing to him the work called The shep...
[nave] HERMAS, a Christian at Rome, Rom. 16:14.
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Questions
- Paul was, of course, a Jew. What he and the other apostles wished to make clear was that Jesus was the promised Jewish Messiah, the One whose coming was foretold in the Old Testament. The unbelieving Jews rejected our Lord's ...
- The question you asked is one that has been long debated even among dispensationalists and it has been used by those who oppose Dispensationalism. With all such theological questions, we must seek our answers in the Scripture...
- This is a great question, and I appreciate your concern to do God's will. There are three basic ways to handle such texts as these. First, the apostles may be making a comparison that is not intended to be absolute. That is...
- The name of Paul's parents are not given in the Scriptures. The only mention of his blood relations is in Acts 23:16 and Rom. 16:7,11, but whether Andronicus, Junia and Herodion were really relatives or simply friends is an o...
Sermon Illustrations
Resources/Books
Expository Notes on the Bible (Constable)
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The Israelites were not to investigate the pagan religious practices of the Canaanites with a view to worshipping their gods or following their example in the worship of Yahweh (v. 30; cf. Rom. 16:19; Eph. 5:12). Moses develo...
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In the preceding chapter Moses explained the proper types of marital union. In this chapter he set forth the proper types of union of individuals with the covenant community.This section of verses (vv. 1-8) deals with people ...
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The last major section of Isaiah deals with the necessity of living out the righteousness of God (cf. Rom. 12-16). These chapters emphasize what the characteristics of the servants of the Lord should be. Again, the focus is o...
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Jesus proceeded to explain what a humble disciple should do when a brother or sister disciple has wandered from the Shepherd and the sheep.18:15 By using the term "brother"Jesus encouraged a humble approach. The disciples sho...
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Jesus concluded the Olivet Discourse with further revelation about the judgment that will take place at the end of the present age when He returns. He had referred to it often in the discourse, but now He made it a special su...
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15:21 Probably only Mark mentioned Simon's sons because the Christians in Rome knew them or knew of them (cf. Rom. 16:13). Evidently Simon became a believer in Jesus. Mark mentioned very few people by name other than the Twel...
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This Gospel began with a theological prologue (1:1-18). It ends with a practical epilogue. John concluded his narrative designed to bring unbelievers to faith in Jesus Christ in chapter 20. Chapter 21 contains instruction for...
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3:17-18 If Peter's charges against his hearers were harsh (vv. 13-15), his concession that they acted out of ignorance was tender. Peter undoubtedly hoped that his gentle approach would win a reversal of his hearers' attitude...
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Luke devoted more space to Paul's evangelizing in Philippi than he did to the apostle's activities in any other city on the second and third journeys even though Paul was there only briefly. It was the first European city in ...
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18:5 Maybe Paul was able to stop practicing his trade and give full time to teaching and evangelizing if Silas returned from Philippi with a monetary gift, as seems likely (cf. Phil. 4:14-16; 2 Cor. 11:9). Timothy had returne...
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This pericope gives the reason for what follows in the remainder of Acts.19:21 Paul evidently sensed that having laid a firm foundation in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea region he needed to press on to Gentile areas yet unreac...
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This incident reveals more about the effects of the gospel on Ephesian society and religion (cf. vv. 13-20)."Luke's purpose in presenting this vignette is clearly apologetic, in line with his argument for the religio licitast...
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"This report of Paul's return visit to Macedonia and Achaia is the briefest account of an extended ministry in all of Acts--even more so than the summary of the ministry at Ephesus (cf. 19:8-12). Nevertheless, it can be fille...
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Paul wrote this epistle under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit for several reasons.4He wanted to prepare the way for his intended visit to the church (15:22-24). He evidently hoped that Rome would become a base of operation...
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I. Introduction 1:1-17A. Salutation 1:1-71. The writer 1:12. The subject of the epistle 1:2-53. The original recipients 1:6-7B. Purpose 1:8-15C. Theme 1:16-17II. The need for God's righteousness 1:18-3:20A. The need of all pe...
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This great epistle begins with a broad perspective. It looks at the promise of a Savior in the Old Testament, reviews Paul's ministry to date, and surveys the religious history of the Gentile world."The main body of Romans is...
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In contrasting chapters 1-11 with chapters 12-16 of Romans, perhaps the most important distinction is that the first part deals primarily with God's actions for humanity, and the last part deals with people's actions in respo...
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This last chapter is very letter-like in its spontaneous arrangement of material. Paul evidently related matters as they occurred to him. He named 35 persons in this chapter. Nine of these people were with Paul, and the rest ...
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It may seem unusual that Paul knew so many people by name in the church in Rome since he had never visited it. However travel in the Roman Empire was fairly easy during Paul's lifetime. Probably he had met some of these peopl...
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Again Paul introduced his comments with a strong exhortation (cf. 12:1; 15:30). He warned the Roman Christians about false teachers who might enter the fold. His brief warning argues against thinking that false teachers were ...
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The men whom Paul mentioned in verse 21 all seem to have been his fellow missionaries who were working with him in Corinth when he wrote this epistle. Lucius may have been Luke, the writer of Luke and Acts.414Jason (v. 21) ma...
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The apostle brought together words and ideas from his earlier epistles as well as from this one in this doxology.16:25 The apostle was confident that God could do for his readers what they needed (cf. 1:11; Eph. 3:20). The go...
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Alford, Henry. The Greek Testament. 4 vols. New ed. Cambridge: Rivingtons, 1881.Allen, Kenneth W. "Justification by Faith."Bibliotheca Sacra135:538 (April-June 1978):109-16.Auden, W. H. For the Time Being. London: Faber and F...
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The surface manifestation of this serious problem was the party spirit that had developed. Members of the church were appreciating their favorite leaders too much and not appreciating the others enough. This was really a mani...
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This aspect of the problem involved showing disregard for the poorer members of the church.11:17 The Corinthians' behavior at the Lord's Supper was so bad that Paul could say they were worse off for observing it as they did r...
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Paul brought his revelation of the resurrection to a climax in this paragraph by clarifying what all this means for the believer in Christ. Here he also dealt with the exceptional case of living believers' transformation at t...
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As the preceding verse revealed, Paul's plans were tentative to some extent. He wanted the Corinthians to know that he anticipated a return to Corinth and hopefully a stay of several months. Timothy and Apollos might return t...
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"The letter now concludes with a series of standard (for Paul) greetings (vv. 19-22) and the grace-benediction (v. 23). But Paul cannot quite give up the urgency of the letter, so he interrupts these two rather constant eleme...
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Having motivated his readers to finish the collection Paul proceeded to explain the practical steps he had taken to pick up their gift. He wanted the Corinthians to know what to do and what to expect. He gave a letter of comm...
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"Walking by the Spirit will mean not only avoidance of mutual provocation and envy (5:26) but also, positively, the rehabilitation of those who have lapsed into sin."204The situation Paul envisioned here is that of sin overta...
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1:7 The "Him"in view is the beloved Son (v. 6).Redemption (Gr. apolytrosin) means release from slavery (cf. v. 14; 4:30; Luke 21:28; Rom. 3:24; 8:23; 1 Cor. 1:30; Col. 1:14; Heb. 9:15; 11:35). It involves buying back and sett...
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Paul began to pray for his readers again (cf. vv. 1, 14), but he interrupted himself to tell them more about the church. What he said in this section gives background information concerning the church as a mystery.3:1 "For th...
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"The detailed attention just given to the Christ-hymn must not obscure the fact that vv 12-18 are part of a larger parenetic section--1:27-2:18. Exhortation is resumed again through the frequent use of the imperative mood, or...
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Another threat to the joy and spiritual development of the Philippians was people who advocated lawless living. This is, of course, the opposite extreme from what the Judaizers taught (v. 2). Paul warned his readers of this d...
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Paul normally used a secretary to write his letters and then added a personal word at the end in his own handwriting to authenticate his authorship (cf. Rom. 16:22). Here he requested his readers' prayers for him in his house...
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Paul added this final postscript to encourage three more actions and to stress one basic attitude.5:25 Paul believed that intercessory prayer would move God to do things that He would not do otherwise (cf. James 4:2)."The min...
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3:14 Failure to abandon the idle lifestyle after having received the further warnings in this epistle should result in increased ostracism (cf. Rom. 16:17; 1 Cor. 5:9, 11; Titus 3:10-11). This discipline would embarrass the o...
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Paul concluded this epistle with an emphasis on unity in the church to motivate his readers to work out their problems and reestablish peaceful conditions that would glorify God.3:16 He concluded with two more prayers, his fo...
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Timothy apparently became a Christian as a result of Paul's missionary work in Lystra (Acts 14:6-23). He joined Paul on the second missionary journey when the apostle's evangelistic team passed through that area where Timothy...
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A. Paul affirms the personal equality of man and woman in the new creation by stating that in Christ there is "neither male nor female"(Gal. 3:28).A woman obtains salvation by faith exactly as a man does (Eph. 2:8-9; 1 Pet. 1...
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1:8 In view of the Holy Spirit's enablement just mentioned, Paul instructed Timothy not to let others intimidate him. The aorist tense of the Greek verb translated "be ashamed"(epaischunthes) indicates that Paul was not imply...
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Paul began this letter by introducing himself and Timothy, by naming the recipients, and by wishing them God's grace and peace. He did so to clarify these essential matters and to set the tone for his following remarks.v. 1 P...
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Peter concluded this epistle with a final exhortation and greetings from those with him and himself to encourage his readers further.5:12 Silvanus is the Roman form of the Greek name Silas. This Silas may very well have been ...
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John identified himself and greeted the recipient of this shortest New Testament epistle to set the tone for what follows.v. 1 As in 2 John, the Apostle identified himself as "the elder."We do not know exactly who Gaius was. ...
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Jude explained his reason for writing this letter to introduce what follows and to impress the urgency of his subject on his readers.v. 3 Most Spirit-led preachers have felt exactly how Jude said he felt in this verse. It is ...
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Jude concluded his brief epistle with a formal doxology. It included a prayer for his readers. He wanted to assure them of God's ability to help them remain faithful in spite of the apostasy that threatened them."The concludi...
Expositions Of Holy Scripture (Maclaren)
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And they compel one Simon a Cyrenian, who passed by, coming out of the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to bear His cross. 22. And they bring Him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a...
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And when they were escaped, then they knew that the island was called Melita. 2. And the barbarous people showed us no little kindness: for they kindled a fire, and received us every one, because of the present rain, and beca...
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Salute them which are of Aristobulus' household. 11 greet them that be of the household of Narcissus, which are in the Lord.'--Romans 16:10-11.THERE does not seem much to be got out of these two sets of salutations to two hou...
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Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in the Lord.'--Romans 16:12.THE number of salutations to members of the Roman Church is remarkable when we take into account that Paul had never visited it. The capital drew all sorts ...
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Salute the beloved Persis, who laboured much in the Lord.'--Romans 16:12.THERE are a great number of otherwise unknown Christians who pass for a moment before our view in this chapter. Their characterisations are like the sli...
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The God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly.'--Romans 16:20.THERE are three other Scriptural sayings which may have been floating in the Apostle's mind when he penned this triumphant assurance. Thou shalt brui...
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I, Tertius, who wrote the epistle, salute you in the Lord.'--Romans 16:22. (R.V.).ONE sometimes sees in old religious pictures, in some obscure corner, a tiny kneeling figure, the portrait of the artist. So Tertius here gets ...
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Quartus a brother.'--Romans 16:23.I AM afraid very few of us read often, or with much interest, those long lists of names at the end of Paul's letters. And yet there are plenty of lessons in them, if anybody will look at them...