Text -- Isaiah 41:1-21 (NET)

The Lord Challenges the Nations

41:1 “Listen to me in silence, you coastlands! Let the nations find renewed strength! Let them approach and then speak; let us come together for debate! 41:2 Who stirs up this one from the east? Who officially commissions him for service? He hands nations over to him, and enables him to subdue kings. He makes them like dust with his sword, like windblown straw with his bow. 41:3 He pursues them and passes by unharmed; he advances with great speed. 41:4 Who acts and carries out decrees? Who summons the successive generations from the beginning? I, the Lord, am present at the very beginning, and at the very end– I am the one. 41:5 The coastlands see and are afraid; the whole earth trembles; they approach and come. 41:6 They help one another; one says to the other, ‘Be strong!’ 41:7 The craftsman encourages the metalsmith, the one who wields the hammer encourages the one who pounds on the anvil. He approves the quality of the welding, and nails it down so it won’t fall over.”

The Lord Encourages His People

41:8 “You, my servant Israel, Jacob whom I have chosen, offspring of Abraham my friend, 41:9 you whom I am bringing back from the earth’s extremities, and have summoned from the remote regions– I told you, “You are my servant.” I have chosen you and not rejected you. 41:10 Don’t be afraid, for I am with you! Don’t be frightened, for I am your God! I strengthen you– yes, I help you– yes, I uphold you with my saving right hand! 41:11 Look, all who were angry at you will be ashamed and humiliated; your adversaries will be reduced to nothing and perish. 41:12 When you will look for your opponents, you will not find them; your enemies will be reduced to absolutely nothing. 41:13 For I am the Lord your God, the one who takes hold of your right hand, who says to you, ‘Don’t be afraid, I am helping you.’ 41:14 Don’t be afraid, despised insignificant Jacob, men of Israel. I am helping you,” says the Lord, your protector, the Holy One of Israel. 41:15 “Look, I am making you like a sharp threshing sledge, new and double-edged. You will thresh the mountains and crush them; you will make the hills like straw. 41:16 You will winnow them and the wind will blow them away; the wind will scatter them. You will rejoice in the Lord; you will boast in the Holy One of Israel. 41:17 The oppressed and the poor look for water, but there is none; their tongues are parched from thirst. I, the Lord, will respond to their prayers; I, the God of Israel, will not abandon them. 41:18 I will make streams flow down the slopes and produce springs in the middle of the valleys. I will turn the desert into a pool of water and the arid land into springs. 41:19 I will make cedars, acacias, myrtles, and olive trees grow in the wilderness; I will make evergreens, firs, and cypresses grow together in the desert. 41:20 I will do this so people will observe and recognize, so they will pay attention and understand that the Lord’s power has accomplished this, and that the Holy One of Israel has brought it into being.”

The Lord Challenges the Pagan Gods

41:21 “Present your argument,” says the Lord. “Produce your evidence,” says Jacob’s king.

Commentary -- Verse Notes / Footnotes

NET Notes: Isa 41:1

¹ tn Or “islands” (KJV, NIV, CEV); TEV “distant lands”; NLT “lands beyond the sea.”

² tn The Hebrew term מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat) could be translated “judgment,” but here it seems to refer to the dispute or debate between the Lord and the nations.

NET Notes: Isa 41:2

¹ sn The expression this one from the east refers to the Persian conqueror Cyrus, as later texts indicate (see 44:28-45:6; 46:11; 48:14-16).

² tn The interrogative particle is understood by ellipsis.

³ tn Heb “[in] righteousness called him to his foot.”

⁴ tn Heb “he [the Lord] places before him [Cyrus] nations.”

⁵ tn The verb יַרְדְּ (yardÿ) is an otherwise unattested Hiphil form from רָדָה (radah, “rule”). But the Hiphil makes no sense with “kings” as object; one must understand an ellipsis and supply “him” (Cyrus) as the object. The Qumran scroll 1QIsa^a has יוֹרִד (yorid), which appears to be a Hiphil form from יָרַד (yarad, “go down”). Others suggest reading יָרֹד (yarod), a Qal form from רָדַד (radad, “beat down”).

⁶ sn The point is that they are powerless before Cyrus’ military power and scatter before him.

NET Notes: Isa 41:3

¹ tn Heb “[in] peace”; KJV, ASV “safely”; NASB “in safety”; NIV “unscathed.”

² tn Heb “a way with his feet he does not come [or “enter”].” One could translate, “by a way he was not [previously] entering with his feet.” This would mean that he is advancing into new territory and expanding his conquests. The present translation assumes this is a hyperbolic description to his speedy advance. He moves so quickly he does not enter the way with his feet, i.e., his feet don’t even touch the ground. See C. R. North, Second Isaiah, 94.

NET Notes: Isa 41:4

¹ tn Heb “Who acts and accomplishes?”; NASB “Who has performed and accomplished it.”

² tn The interrogative particle is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).

³ tn Heb “I, the Lord, [am with] the first, and with the last ones I [am] he.”

NET Notes: Isa 41:5

¹ tn Or “islands” (NIV, CEV); NCV “faraway places”; NLT “lands beyond the sea.”

² tn Heb “the ends of the earth,” but this is a merism, where the earth’s extremities stand for its entirety, i.e., the extremities and everything in between them.

NET Notes: Isa 41:6

¹ tn Heb “each his neighbor helps”; NCV “The workers help each other.”

NET Notes: Isa 41:7

¹ tn The verb “encourages” is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).

² tn Heb “saying of the welding, ‘It is good.’”

NET Notes: Isa 41:8

¹ tn Or perhaps, “covenantal partner” (see 1 Kgs 5:15 HT [5:1 ET]; 2 Chr 20:7).

NET Notes: Isa 41:9

¹ tn Heb “whom I have taken hold of [i.e., to lead back].”

NET Notes: Isa 41:10

¹ tn According to BDB (1043 s.v. שָׁעָה), the verb תִּשְׁתָּע (tishta’) in the second line of the poetic couplet is a Hitpael form from the root שָׁעָה (sha’ah, “gaze,” with metathesis of the stem prefix and the first root letter). Taking the Hitpael as iterative, one may then translate “do not anxiously look about.” However, the alleged Hitpael form of שָׁעָה (sha’ah) only occurs here and in verse 23. HALOT 1671 s.v. שׁתע proposes that the verb is instead a Qal form from the root שׁתע (“fear”) which is attested in cognate Semitic languages, including Ugaritic (discovered after the publishing of BDB), suggests the existence of this root. The poetic structure of v. 10 also supports the proposal, for the form in question is in synonymous parallelism to יָרֵא (yare’, “fear”).

² tn The “right hand” is a symbol of the Lord’s power to deliver (Exod 15:6, 12) and protect (Ps 63:9 HT [63:8 ET]). Here צֶדֶק (tsedeq) has its well-attested nuance of “vindicated righteousness,” i.e., “victory, deliverance” (see 45:8; 51:5, and BDB 841-42 s.v.).

NET Notes: Isa 41:11

¹ tn Heb “the men of your strife”; NASB “those who contend with you.”

² tn Heb “like nothing”; NAB “come to nought.”

NET Notes: Isa 41:12

¹ tn Heb “the men of your struggle”; NASB “those who quarrel with you.”

² tn Heb “the men of your battle”; NAB “who do battle with you.”

NET Notes: Isa 41:14

¹ tn Heb “O worm Jacob” (NAB, NIV). The worm metaphor suggests that Jacob is insignificant and despised.

² tn On the basis of the parallelism (note “worm”) and an alleged Akkadian cognate, some read “louse” or “weevil.” Cf. NAB “O maggot Israel”; NRSV “you insect Israel.”

³ tn Heb “your kinsman redeemer.” A גָּאַל (ga’al, “kinsman redeemer”) was a protector of the extended family’s interests.

⁴ sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.

NET Notes: Isa 41:15

¹ tn Heb “into” (so NIV); ASV “have made thee to be.”

² tn Heb “owner of two-mouths,” i.e., double-edged.

³ sn The mountains and hills symbolize hostile nations that are obstacles to Israel’s restoration.

NET Notes: Isa 41:17

¹ tn Heb “will answer them” (so ASV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).

NET Notes: Isa 41:20

¹ tn The words “I will do this” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The Hebrew text has here simply, “in order that.”

² tn Heb “they”; NAB, NRSV “that all may see”; CEV, NLT “Everyone will see.”

³ tn Heb “hand” (so KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV).

⁴ tn Or “created it” (KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV); TEV “has made it happen.”

NET Notes: Isa 41:21

¹ tn Heb “strong [words],” see HALOT 870 s.v. *עֲצֻמוֹת.

² sn Apparently this challenge is addressed to the pagan idol gods, see vv. 23-24.