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Acts 13:22

Context
13:22 After removing him, God 1  raised up 2  David their king. He testified about him: 3 I have found David 4  the son of Jesse to be a man after my heart, 5  who will accomplish everything I want him to do.’ 6 

Acts 13:1

Context
The Church at Antioch Commissions Barnabas and Saul

13:1 Now there were these prophets and teachers in the church at Antioch: 7  Barnabas, Simeon called Niger, 8  Lucius the Cyrenian, 9  Manaen (a close friend of Herod 10  the tetrarch 11  from childhood 12 ) and Saul.

Acts 11:2

Context
11:2 So when Peter went up to Jerusalem, 13  the circumcised believers 14  took issue with 15  him,

Acts 13:2-4

Context
13:2 While they were serving 16  the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit said, “Set apart 17  for me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them.” 13:3 Then, after they had fasted 18  and 19  prayed and placed their hands 20  on them, they sent them off.

Paul and Barnabas Preach in Cyprus

13:4 So Barnabas and Saul, 21  sent out by the Holy Spirit, went down to Seleucia, 22  and from there they sailed to Cyprus. 23 

Acts 15:12-16

Context

15:12 The whole group kept quiet 24  and listened to Barnabas and Paul while they explained all the miraculous signs 25  and wonders God had done among the Gentiles through them. 15:13 After they stopped speaking, 26  James replied, 27  “Brothers, listen to me. 15:14 Simeon 28  has explained 29  how God first concerned himself 30  to select 31  from among the Gentiles 32  a people for his name. 15:15 The 33  words of the prophets agree 34  with this, as it is written,

15:16After this 35  I 36  will return,

and I will rebuild the fallen tent 37  of David;

I will rebuild its ruins and restore 38  it,

Acts 15:25-29

Context
15:25 we have unanimously 39  decided 40  to choose men to send to you along with our dear friends Barnabas and Paul, 15:26 who 41  have risked their lives 42  for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. 43  15:27 Therefore we are sending 44  Judas and Silas 45  who will tell you these things themselves in person. 46  15:28 For it seemed best to the Holy Spirit and to us 47  not to place any greater burden on you than these necessary rules: 48  15:29 that you abstain from meat that has been sacrificed to idols 49  and from blood and from what has been strangled 50  and from sexual immorality. 51  If you keep yourselves from doing these things, 52  you will do well. Farewell. 53 

Acts 18:14

Context
18:14 But just as Paul was about to speak, 54  Gallio said to the Jews, “If it were a matter of some crime or serious piece of villainy, 55  I would have been justified in accepting the complaint 56  of you Jews, 57 

Acts 22:1-30

Context
Paul’s Defense

22:1 “Brothers and fathers, listen to my defense 58  that I now 59  make to you.” 22:2 (When they heard 60  that he was addressing 61  them in Aramaic, 62  they became even 63  quieter.) 64  Then 65  Paul said, 22:3 “I am a Jew, 66  born in Tarsus in Cilicia, but brought up 67  in this city, educated with strictness 68  under 69  Gamaliel 70  according to the law of our ancestors, 71  and was 72  zealous 73  for God just as all of you are today. 22:4 I 74  persecuted this Way 75  even to the point of death, 76  tying up 77  both men and women and putting 78  them in prison, 22:5 as both the high priest and the whole council of elders 79  can testify about me. From them 80  I also received 81  letters to the brothers in Damascus, and I was on my way 82  to make arrests there and bring 83  the prisoners 84  to Jerusalem 85  to be punished. 22:6 As 86  I was en route and near Damascus, 87  about noon a very bright 88  light from heaven 89  suddenly flashed 90  around me. 22:7 Then I 91  fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to me, ‘Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?’ 22:8 I answered, ‘Who are you, Lord?’ He said to me, ‘I am Jesus the Nazarene, whom you are persecuting.’ 22:9 Those who were with me saw the light, but did not understand 92  the voice of the one who was speaking to me. 22:10 So I asked, 93  ‘What should I do, Lord?’ The Lord said to me, ‘Get up 94  and go to Damascus; there you will be told about everything 95  that you have been designated 96  to do.’ 22:11 Since I could not see because of 97  the brilliance 98  of that light, I came to Damascus led by the hand of 99  those who were with me. 22:12 A man named Ananias, 100  a devout man according to the law, 101  well spoken of by all the Jews who live there, 102  22:13 came 103  to me and stood beside me 104  and said to me, ‘Brother Saul, regain your sight!’ 105  And at that very moment 106  I looked up and saw him. 107  22:14 Then he said, ‘The God of our ancestors 108  has already chosen 109  you to know his will, to see 110  the Righteous One, 111  and to hear a command 112  from his mouth, 22:15 because you will be his witness 113  to all people 114  of what you have seen and heard. 22:16 And now what are you waiting for? 115  Get up, 116  be baptized, and have your sins washed away, 117  calling on his name.’ 118  22:17 When 119  I returned to Jerusalem and was praying in the temple, I fell into a trance 120  22:18 and saw the Lord 121  saying to me, ‘Hurry and get out of Jerusalem quickly, because they will not accept your testimony about me.’ 22:19 I replied, 122  ‘Lord, they themselves know that I imprisoned and beat those in the various synagogues 123  who believed in you. 22:20 And when the blood of your witness 124  Stephen was shed, 125  I myself was standing nearby, approving, 126  and guarding the cloaks 127  of those who were killing him.’ 128  22:21 Then 129  he said to me, ‘Go, because I will send you far away to the Gentiles.’”

The Roman Commander Questions Paul

22:22 The crowd 130  was listening to him until he said this. 131  Then 132  they raised their voices and shouted, 133  “Away with this man 134  from the earth! For he should not be allowed to live!” 135  22:23 While they were screaming 136  and throwing off their cloaks 137  and tossing dust 138  in the air, 22:24 the commanding officer 139  ordered Paul 140  to be brought back into the barracks. 141  He told them 142  to interrogate Paul 143  by beating him with a lash 144  so that he could find out the reason the crowd 145  was shouting at Paul 146  in this way. 22:25 When they had stretched him out for the lash, 147  Paul said to the centurion 148  standing nearby, “Is it legal for you to lash a man who is a Roman citizen 149  without a proper trial?” 150  22:26 When the centurion 151  heard this, 152  he went to the commanding officer 153  and reported it, 154  saying, “What are you about to do? 155  For this man is a Roman citizen.” 156  22:27 So the commanding officer 157  came and asked 158  Paul, 159  “Tell me, are you a Roman citizen?” 160  He replied, 161  “Yes.” 22:28 The commanding officer 162  answered, “I acquired this citizenship with a large sum of money.” 163  “But I was even 164  born a citizen,” 165  Paul replied. 166  22:29 Then those who were about to interrogate him stayed away 167  from him, and the commanding officer 168  was frightened when he realized that Paul 169  was 170  a Roman citizen 171  and that he had had him tied up. 172 

Paul Before the Sanhedrin

22:30 The next day, because the commanding officer 173  wanted to know the true reason 174  Paul 175  was being accused by the Jews, he released him and ordered the chief priests and the whole council 176  to assemble. He then brought 177  Paul down and had him stand before them.

Acts 22:1-30

Context
Paul’s Defense

22:1 “Brothers and fathers, listen to my defense 178  that I now 179  make to you.” 22:2 (When they heard 180  that he was addressing 181  them in Aramaic, 182  they became even 183  quieter.) 184  Then 185  Paul said, 22:3 “I am a Jew, 186  born in Tarsus in Cilicia, but brought up 187  in this city, educated with strictness 188  under 189  Gamaliel 190  according to the law of our ancestors, 191  and was 192  zealous 193  for God just as all of you are today. 22:4 I 194  persecuted this Way 195  even to the point of death, 196  tying up 197  both men and women and putting 198  them in prison, 22:5 as both the high priest and the whole council of elders 199  can testify about me. From them 200  I also received 201  letters to the brothers in Damascus, and I was on my way 202  to make arrests there and bring 203  the prisoners 204  to Jerusalem 205  to be punished. 22:6 As 206  I was en route and near Damascus, 207  about noon a very bright 208  light from heaven 209  suddenly flashed 210  around me. 22:7 Then I 211  fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to me, ‘Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?’ 22:8 I answered, ‘Who are you, Lord?’ He said to me, ‘I am Jesus the Nazarene, whom you are persecuting.’ 22:9 Those who were with me saw the light, but did not understand 212  the voice of the one who was speaking to me. 22:10 So I asked, 213  ‘What should I do, Lord?’ The Lord said to me, ‘Get up 214  and go to Damascus; there you will be told about everything 215  that you have been designated 216  to do.’ 22:11 Since I could not see because of 217  the brilliance 218  of that light, I came to Damascus led by the hand of 219  those who were with me. 22:12 A man named Ananias, 220  a devout man according to the law, 221  well spoken of by all the Jews who live there, 222  22:13 came 223  to me and stood beside me 224  and said to me, ‘Brother Saul, regain your sight!’ 225  And at that very moment 226  I looked up and saw him. 227  22:14 Then he said, ‘The God of our ancestors 228  has already chosen 229  you to know his will, to see 230  the Righteous One, 231  and to hear a command 232  from his mouth, 22:15 because you will be his witness 233  to all people 234  of what you have seen and heard. 22:16 And now what are you waiting for? 235  Get up, 236  be baptized, and have your sins washed away, 237  calling on his name.’ 238  22:17 When 239  I returned to Jerusalem and was praying in the temple, I fell into a trance 240  22:18 and saw the Lord 241  saying to me, ‘Hurry and get out of Jerusalem quickly, because they will not accept your testimony about me.’ 22:19 I replied, 242  ‘Lord, they themselves know that I imprisoned and beat those in the various synagogues 243  who believed in you. 22:20 And when the blood of your witness 244  Stephen was shed, 245  I myself was standing nearby, approving, 246  and guarding the cloaks 247  of those who were killing him.’ 248  22:21 Then 249  he said to me, ‘Go, because I will send you far away to the Gentiles.’”

The Roman Commander Questions Paul

22:22 The crowd 250  was listening to him until he said this. 251  Then 252  they raised their voices and shouted, 253  “Away with this man 254  from the earth! For he should not be allowed to live!” 255  22:23 While they were screaming 256  and throwing off their cloaks 257  and tossing dust 258  in the air, 22:24 the commanding officer 259  ordered Paul 260  to be brought back into the barracks. 261  He told them 262  to interrogate Paul 263  by beating him with a lash 264  so that he could find out the reason the crowd 265  was shouting at Paul 266  in this way. 22:25 When they had stretched him out for the lash, 267  Paul said to the centurion 268  standing nearby, “Is it legal for you to lash a man who is a Roman citizen 269  without a proper trial?” 270  22:26 When the centurion 271  heard this, 272  he went to the commanding officer 273  and reported it, 274  saying, “What are you about to do? 275  For this man is a Roman citizen.” 276  22:27 So the commanding officer 277  came and asked 278  Paul, 279  “Tell me, are you a Roman citizen?” 280  He replied, 281  “Yes.” 22:28 The commanding officer 282  answered, “I acquired this citizenship with a large sum of money.” 283  “But I was even 284  born a citizen,” 285  Paul replied. 286  22:29 Then those who were about to interrogate him stayed away 287  from him, and the commanding officer 288  was frightened when he realized that Paul 289  was 290  a Roman citizen 291  and that he had had him tied up. 292 

Paul Before the Sanhedrin

22:30 The next day, because the commanding officer 293  wanted to know the true reason 294  Paul 295  was being accused by the Jews, he released him and ordered the chief priests and the whole council 296  to assemble. He then brought 297  Paul down and had him stand before them.

Psalms 78:71-72

Context

78:71 He took him away from following the mother sheep, 298 

and made him the shepherd of Jacob, his people,

and of Israel, his chosen nation. 299 

78:72 David 300  cared for them with pure motives; 301 

he led them with skill. 302 

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[13:22]  1 tn Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[13:22]  2 sn The expression raised up refers here to making someone king. There is a wordplay here: “raising up” refers to bringing someone onto the scene of history, but it echoes with the parallel to Jesus’ resurrection.

[13:22]  3 tn Grk “about whom.” The relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the pronoun “him” and a new sentence was begun in the translation at this point to improve the English style, due to the length of the sentence in Greek. The verb εἶπεν (eipen) has not been translated (literally “he said testifying”) because it is redundant when combined with the participle μαρτυρήσας (marturhsa", “testifying”). Instead the construction of verb plus participle has been translated as a single English verb (“testified”).

[13:22]  4 sn A quotation from Ps 89:20.

[13:22]  5 sn A quotation from 1 Sam 13:14.

[13:22]  6 tn Or “who will perform all my will,” “who will carry out all my wishes.”

[13:1]  7 sn Antioch was a city in Syria (not Antioch in Pisidia).

[13:1]  8 sn Simeon may well have been from North Africa, since the Latin loanword Niger refers to someone as “dark-complexioned.”

[13:1]  9 sn The Cyrenian refers to a native of the city of Cyrene, on the coast of northern Africa west of Egypt.

[13:1]  10 sn Herod is generally taken as a reference to Herod Antipas, who governed Galilee from 4 b.c. to a.d. 39, who had John the Baptist beheaded, and who is mentioned a number of times in the gospels.

[13:1]  11 tn Or “the governor.”

[13:1]  12 tn Or “(a foster brother of Herod the tetrarch).” The meaning “close friend from childhood” is given by L&N 34.15, but the word can also mean “foster brother” (L&N 10.51). BDAG 976 s.v. σύντροφας states, “pert. to being brought up with someone, either as a foster-brother or as a companion/friend,” which covers both alternatives. Context does not given enough information to be certain which is the case here, although many modern translations prefer the meaning “close friend from childhood.”

[11:2]  13 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[11:2]  14 tn Or “the Jewish Christians”; Grk “those of the circumcision.” Within the larger group of Christians were some whose loyalties ran along ethnic-religious lines.

[11:2]  15 tn Or “believers disputed with,” “believers criticized” (BDAG 231 s.v. διακρίνω 5.b).

[13:2]  16 tn This term is frequently used in the LXX of the service performed by priests and Levites in the tabernacle (Exod 28:35, 43; 29:30; 30:20; 35:19; 39:26; Num 1:50; 3:6, 31) and the temple (2 Chr 31:2; 35:3; Joel 1:9, 13; 2:17, and many more examples). According to BDAG 591 s.v. λειτουργέω 1.b it is used “of other expression of religious devotion.” Since the previous verse described the prophets and teachers in the church at Antioch, it is probable that the term here describes two of them (Barnabas and Saul) as they were serving in that capacity. Since they were not in Jerusalem where the temple was located, general religious service is referred to here.

[13:2]  17 tn Or “Appoint.”

[13:3]  18 tn The three aorist participles νηστεύσαντες (nhsteusante"), προσευξάμενοι (proseuxamenoi), and ἐπιθέντες (epiqente") are translated as temporal participles. Although they could indicate contemporaneous time when used with an aorist main verb, logically here they are antecedent. On fasting and prayer, see Matt 6:5, 16; Luke 2:37; 5:33; Acts 14:23.

[13:3]  19 tn Normally English style, which uses a coordinating conjunction between only the last two elements of a series of three or more, would call for omission of “and” here. However, since the terms “fasting and prayer” are something of a unit, often linked together, the conjunction has been retained here.

[13:3]  20 sn The placing of hands on Barnabas and Saul (traditionally known as “the laying on of hands”) refers to an act picturing the commission of God and the church for the task at hand.

[13:4]  21 tn Grk “they”; the referents (Barnabas and Saul) have been specified in the translation for clarity.

[13:4]  22 sn Seleucia was the port city of Antioch in Syria.

[13:4]  23 sn Cyprus was a large island in the Mediterranean off the south coast of Asia Minor.

[15:12]  24 tn BDAG 922 s.v. σιγάω 1.a lists this passage under the meaning “say nothing, keep still, keep silent.”

[15:12]  25 tn Here in connection with τέρατα (terata) the miraculous nature of these signs is indicated.

[15:13]  26 tn BDAG 922 s.v. σιγάω 1.b lists this passage under the meaning “stop speaking, become silent.”

[15:13]  27 tn Grk “answered, saying”; the redundant participle λέγων (legwn) has not been translated.

[15:14]  28 sn Simeon is a form of the apostle Peter’s Aramaic name. James uses Peter’s “Jewish” name here.

[15:14]  29 tn Or “reported,” “described.”

[15:14]  30 tn BDAG 378 s.v. ἐπισκέπτομαι 3 translates this phrase in Acts 15:14, “God concerned himself about winning a people fr. among the nations.”

[15:14]  31 tn Grk “to take,” but in the sense of selecting or choosing (accompanied by the preposition ἐκ [ek] plus a genitive specifying the group selected from) see Heb 5:1; also BDAG 584 s.v. λαμβάνω 6.

[15:14]  32 sn In the Greek text the expression “from among the Gentiles” is in emphatic position.

[15:15]  33 tn Grk “And the.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[15:15]  34 sn The term agree means “match” or “harmonize with.” James’ point in the introduction argues that many of the OT prophets taught this. He gives one example (which follows).

[15:16]  35 tn Grk “After these things.”

[15:16]  36 sn The first person pronoun I refers to God and his activity. It is God who is doing this.

[15:16]  37 tn Or more generally, “dwelling”; perhaps, “royal tent.” According to BDAG 928 s.v. σκηνή the word can mean “tent” or “hut,” or more generally “lodging” or “dwelling.” In this verse (a quotation from Amos 9:11) BDAG refers this to David’s ruined kingdom; it is possibly an allusion to a king’s tent (a royal tent). God is at work to reestablish David’s line (Acts 2:30-36; 13:32-39).

[15:16]  38 tn BDAG 86 s.v. ἀνορθόω places this verb under the meaning “to build someth. up again after it has fallen, rebuild, restore,” but since ἀνοικοδομέω (anoikodomew, “rebuild”) has occurred twice in this verse already, “restore” is used here.

[15:25]  39 tn Grk “having become of one mind, we have decided.” This has been translated “we have unanimously decided” to reduce the awkwardness in English.

[15:25]  40 tn BDAG 255 s.v. δοκέω 2.b.β lists this verse under the meaning “it seems best to me, I decide, I resolve.”

[15:26]  41 tn Grk “men who”; but this can be misleading because in English the referent could be understood to be the men sent along with Barnabas and Paul rather than Barnabas and Paul themselves. This option does not exist in the Greek original, however, since ἀνθρώποις (anqrwpoi") is dative and must agree with “Barnabas and Paul,” while ἄνδρας (andra") is accusative. By omitting the word “men” from the translation here, it is clear in English that the phrase refers to the immediately preceding nouns “Barnabas and Paul.”

[15:26]  42 tn Grk “who have risked their souls”; the equivalent English idiom is “risk one’s life.” The descriptions commend Barnabas and Paul as thoroughly trustworthy.

[15:26]  43 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[15:27]  44 tn This verb has been translated as an epistolary aorist.

[15:27]  45 sn Judas and Silas were the “two witnesses” who would vouch for the truth of the recommendation.

[15:27]  46 tn Grk “by means of word” (an idiom for a verbal report).

[15:28]  47 tn This is the same expression translated “decided” in Acts 15:22, 25. BDAG 255 s.v. δοκέω 2.b.β lists “decide” as a possible gloss for this verse, and this translation would be consistent with the translation of the same expression in Acts 15:22, 25. However, the unusually awkward “the Holy Spirit and we have decided” would result. Given this approach, it would be more natural in English to say “We and the Holy Spirit have decided,” but changing the order removes the emphasis the Greek text gives to the Holy Spirit. Thus, although the similarity to the phrases in 15:22, 25 is obscured, it is better to use the alternate translation “it seems best to me” (also given by BDAG): “it seemed best to the Holy Spirit and to us.” Again the scope of agreement is highlighted.

[15:28]  48 tn L&N 71.39 translates “indispensable (rules)” while BDAG 358 s.v. ἐπάναγκες has “the necessary things.”

[15:29]  49 tn There is no specific semantic component in the Greek word εἰδωλόθυτος that means “meat” (see BDAG 280 s.v. εἰδωλόθυτος; L&N 5.15). The stem –θυτος means “sacrifice” (referring to an animal sacrificially killed) and thereby implies meat.

[15:29]  50 tc Codex Bezae (D) and a few other witnesses lack the restriction “and from what has been strangled” (καὶ πνικτῶν, kai pniktwn), though the words are supported by a wide variety of early and important witnesses otherwise and should be considered authentic.

[15:29]  51 tc Codex Bezae (D) as well as 323 614 945 1739 1891 sa and other witnesses have after “sexual immorality” the following statement: “And whatever you do not want to happen to yourselves, do not do to another/others.” By adding this negative form of the Golden Rule, these witnesses effectively change the Apostolic Decree from what might be regarded as ceremonial restrictions into more ethical demands. The issues here are quite complicated, and beyond the scope of this brief note. Suffice it to say that D and its allies here are almost surely an expansion and alteration of the original text of Acts. For an excellent discussion of the exegetical and textual issues, see TCGNT 379-83.

[15:29]  52 tn Grk “from which things keeping yourselves.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (ὧν, |wn) has been replaced by a pronoun (“these things”) and a new English sentence begun. The participle διατηροῦντες (diathrounte") has been translated as a conditional adverbial participle (“if you keep yourselves”). See further L&N 13.153.

[15:29]  53 tn The phrase ἔρρωσθε (errwsqe) may be understood as a stock device indicating a letter is complete (“good-bye,” L&N 33.24) or as a sincere wish that the persons involved may fare well (“may you fare well,” L&N 23.133).

[18:14]  54 tn Grk “about to open his mouth” (an idiom).

[18:14]  55 tn BDAG 902 s.v. ῥᾳδιούργημα states, “From the sense ‘prank, knavery, roguish trick, slick deed’ it is but a short step to that of a serious misdeed, crime, villainy…a serious piece of villainy Ac 18:14 (w. ἀδίκημα).”

[18:14]  56 tn According to BDAG 78 s.v. ἀνέχω 3 this is a legal technical term: “Legal t.t. κατὰ λόγον ἂν ἀνεσχόμην ὑμῶν I would have been justified in accepting your complaint Ac 18:14.”

[18:14]  57 tn Grk “accepting your complaint, O Jews.”

[22:1]  58 sn Listen to my defense. This is the first of several speeches Paul would make in his own defense: Acts 24:10ff.; 25:8, 16; and 26:1ff. For the use of such a speech (“apologia”) in Greek, see Josephus, Ag. Ap. 2.15 [2.147]; Wis 6:10.

[22:1]  59 tn The adverb νυνί (nuni, “now”) is connected with the phrase τῆς πρὸς ὑμᾶς νυνὶ ἀπολογίας (th" pro" Juma" nuni apologia") rather than the verb ἀκούσατε (akousate), and the entire construction (prepositional phrase plus adverb) is in first attributive position and thus translated into English by a relative clause.

[22:2]  60 tn ἀκούσαντες (akousante") has been taken temporally.

[22:2]  61 tn Or “spoke out to.” L&N 33.27 has “to address an audience, with possible emphasis upon loudness – ‘to address, to speak out to.’ πολλῆς δέ σιγῆς γενομένης προσεφώνησεν τῇ ᾿Εβραίδι διαλέκτῳ ‘when they were quiet, he addressed them in Hebrew’ Ac 21:40.”

[22:2]  62 tn Grk “in the Hebrew language.” See the note on “Aramaic” in 21:40.

[22:2]  63 tn BDAG 613-14 s.v. μᾶλλον 1 “Abs. μ. can mean to a greater degree (than before), even more, now more than ever Lk 5:15; Jn 5:18; 19:8; Ac 5:14; 22:2; 2 Cor 7:7.”

[22:2]  64 tn BDAG 440 s.v. ἡσυχία 2 has “παρέχειν ἡσυχίαν quiet down, give a hearingAc 22:2.”

[22:2]  65 tn Grk “and.” Since this represents a continuation of the speech begun in v. 1, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the logical sequence.

[22:3]  66 tn Grk “a Jewish man.”

[22:3]  67 tn BDAG 74 s.v. ἀνατρέφω b has “of mental and spiritual nurture bring up, rear, trainἀνατεθραμμένος ἐν τ. πόλει ταύτῃ 22:3.”

[22:3]  68 tn Or “with precision.” Although often translated “strictly” this can be misunderstood for “solely” in English. BDAG 39 s.v. ἀκρίβεια gives the meaning as “exactness, precision.” To avoid the potential misunderstanding the translation “with strictness” is used, although it is slightly more awkward than “strictly.”

[22:3]  69 tn Grk “strictly at the feet of” (an idiom).

[22:3]  70 tn Or “brought up in this city under Gamaliel, educated with strictness…” The phrase παρὰ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιὴλ (para tou" poda" Gamalihl) could be understood with what precedes or with what follows. The punctuation of NA27 and UBS4, which place a comma after ταύτῃ (tauth), has been followed in the translation.

[22:3]  71 tn Or “our forefathers.”

[22:3]  72 tn Grk “ancestors, being.” The participle ὑπάρχων (Juparcwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:3]  73 tn BDAG 427 s.v. ζηλωτής 1.a.α has “of pers. …ζ. τοῦ θεοῦ one who is loyal to God Ac 22:3.”

[22:4]  74 tn Grk “who.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) was translated by the first person pronoun (“I”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.

[22:4]  75 sn That is, persecuted the Christian movement (Christianity). The Way is also used as a description of the Christian faith in Acts 9:2; 18:25-26; 19:9, 23; 24:14, 22).

[22:4]  76 tn BDAG 442-43 s.v. θάνατος 1.a has “διώκειν ἄχρι θανάτου persecute even to death Ac 22:4.”

[22:4]  77 tn Grk “binding.” See Acts 8:3.

[22:4]  78 tn BDAG 762 s.v. παραδίδωμι 1.b has “W. local εἰςεἰς φυλακήν put in prison Ac 8:3; cp. 22:4.”

[22:5]  79 tn That is, the whole Sanhedrin. BDAG 861 s.v. πρεσβυτέριον has “an administrative group concerned with the interests of a specific community, council of elders – a. of the highest Judean council in Jerusalem, in our lit. usu. called συνέδριονὁ ἀρχιερεύς καὶ πᾶν τὸ πρ. Ac 22:5.”

[22:5]  80 tn Grk “from whom.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was translated by the third person plural pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.

[22:5]  81 tn Grk “receiving.” The participle δεξάμενος (dexameno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:5]  82 tn Grk “letters to the brothers, [and] I was going to Damascus.” Such a translation, however, might be confusing since the term “brother” is frequently used of a fellow Christian. In this context, Paul is speaking about fellow Jews.

[22:5]  83 tn Grk “even there and bring…” or “there and even bring…” The ascensive καί (kai) shows that Paul was fervent in his zeal against Christians, but it is difficult to translate for it really belongs with the entire idea of arresting and bringing back the prisoners.

[22:5]  84 tn BDAG 221 s.v. δέω 1.b has “δεδεμένον ἄγειν τινά bring someone as prisonerAc 9:2, 21; 22:5.”

[22:5]  85 tn Grk “I was going…to bring even those who were there to Jerusalem as prisoners that they might be punished.”

[22:6]  86 tn Grk “It happened that as.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[22:6]  87 tn Grk “going and nearing Damascus.”

[22:6]  88 tn BDAG 472 s.v. ἱκανός 3.b has “φῶς a very bright light Ac 22:6.”

[22:6]  89 tn Or “from the sky” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”).

[22:6]  90 tn Or “shone.”

[22:7]  91 tn This is a continuation of the same sentence in Greek using the connective τέ (te), but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence a new sentence was begun in the translation here. To indicate the logical sequence for the modern English reader, τέ was translated as “then.”

[22:9]  92 tn Grk “did not hear” (but see Acts 9:7). BDAG 38 s.v. ἀκούω 7 has “W. acc. τὸν νόμον understand the law Gal 4:21; perh. Ac 22:9; 26:14…belong here.” If the word has this sense here, then a metonymy is present, since the lack of effect is put for a failure to appreciate what was heard.

[22:10]  93 tn Grk “So I said.”

[22:10]  94 tn Grk “Getting up.” The participle ἀναστάς (anasta") is an adverbial participle of attendant circumstance and has been translated as a finite verb.

[22:10]  95 tn Grk “about all things.”

[22:10]  96 tn Or “assigned,” “ordered.” BDAG 991 s.v. τάσσω 2.a has “act. and pass., foll. by acc. w. inf.…περὶ πάντων ὧν τέτακταί σοι ποιῆσαι concerning everything that you have been ordered to do 22:10.” There is an allusion to a divine call and commission here.

[22:11]  97 tn BDAG 106 s.v. ἀπό 5.a has “οὐκ ἐνέβλεπον ἀπὸ τῆς δόξης τοῦ φωτός I could not see because of the brilliance of the light Ac 22:11.”

[22:11]  98 tn Or “brightness”; Grk “glory.”

[22:11]  99 tn Grk “by” (ὑπό, Jupo), but this would be too awkward in English following the previous “by.”

[22:12]  100 tn Grk “a certain Ananias.”

[22:12]  101 sn The law refers to the law of Moses.

[22:12]  102 tn BDAG 534 s.v. κατοικέω 1.a translates this present participle “ὑπὸ πάντων τῶν (sc. ἐκεῖ) κατοικούντων ᾿Ιουδαίων by all the Jews who live there Ac 22:12.”

[22:13]  103 tn Grk “coming.” The participle ἐλθών (elqwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:13]  104 tn Grk “coming to me and standing beside [me] said to me.” The participle ἐπιστάς (epistas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:13]  105 tn Grk “Brother Saul, look up” (here an idiom for regaining one’s sight). BDAG 59 s.v. ἀναβλέπω places this usage under 1, “look up Ac 22:13a. W. εἰς αὐτόν to show the direction of the glance…22:13b; but perh. this vs. belongs under 2a.” BDAG 59 s.v. 2.a.α states, “of blind persons, who were formerly able to see, regain sight.” The problem for the translator is deciding between the literal and the idiomatic usage and at the same time attempting to retain the wordplay in Acts 22:13: “[Ananias] said to me, ‘Look up!’ and at that very moment I looked up to him.” The assumption of the command is that the effort to look up will be worth it (through the regaining of sight).

[22:13]  106 tn Grk “hour,” but ὥρα (Jwra) is often used for indefinite short periods of time (so BDAG 1102-3 s.v. ὥρα 2.c: “αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ at that very time, at once, instantlyLk 2:38, 24:33; Ac 16:18; 22:13”). A comparison with the account in Acts 9:18 indicates that this is clearly the meaning here.

[22:13]  107 tn Grk “I looked up to him.”

[22:14]  108 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”

[22:14]  109 tn L&N 30.89 has “‘to choose in advance, to select beforehand, to designate in advance’…‘the God of our ancestors has already chosen you to know his will’ Ac 22:14.”

[22:14]  110 tn Grk “and to see.” This καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

[22:14]  111 sn The Righteous One is a reference to Jesus Christ (Acts 3:14).

[22:14]  112 tn Or “a solemn declaration”; Grk “a voice.” BDAG 1071-72 s.v. φωνή 2.c states, “that which the voice gives expression to: call, cry, outcry, loud or solemn declaration (… = order, command)…Cp. 22:14; 24:21.”

[22:15]  113 tn Or “a witness to him.”

[22:15]  114 tn Grk “all men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo").

[22:16]  115 tn L&N 67.121 has “to extend time unduly, with the implication of lack of decision – ‘to wait, to delay.’ νῦν τί μέλλεις… ἀναστὰς βάπτισαι ‘what are you waiting for? Get up and be baptized’ Ac 22:16.”

[22:16]  116 tn Grk “getting up.” The participle ἀναστάς (anasta") is an adverbial participle of attendant circumstance and has been translated as a finite verb.

[22:16]  117 sn The expression have your sins washed away means “have your sins purified” (the washing is figurative).

[22:16]  118 sn The expression calling on his name describes the confession of the believer: Acts 2:17-38, esp. v. 38; Rom 10:12-13; 1 Cor 1:2.

[22:17]  119 tn Grk “It happened to me that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[22:17]  120 tn BDAG 309 s.v. ἔκστασις 2 has “γενέσθαι ἐν ἐκστάσει fall into a trance Ac 22:17.”

[22:18]  121 tn Or “Jesus”; Grk “him.” The referent (the Lord, cf. v. 19) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:19]  122 tn Grk “And I said.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai, in καγώ [kagw]) has not been translated here.

[22:19]  123 tn For the distributive sense of the expression κατὰ τὰς συναγωγάς (kata ta" sunagwga") BDAG 512 s.v. κατά B.1.d has “of places viewed serially, distributive use w. acc.…κατ᾿ οἶκαν from house to houseAc 2:46b; 5:42…Likew. the pl.…κ. τὰς συναγωγάς 22:19.” See also L&N 37.114.

[22:20]  124 sn Now Paul referred to Stephen as your witness, and he himself had also become a witness. The reversal was now complete; the opponent had now become a proponent.

[22:20]  125 sn When the blood of your witness Stephen was shed means “when your witness Stephen was murdered.”

[22:20]  126 tn Grk “and approving.” This καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

[22:20]  127 tn Or “outer garments.”

[22:20]  128 tn Or “who were putting him to death.” For the translation of ἀναιρούντων (anairountwn) as “putting to death” see BDAG 64 s.v. ἀναιρέω 2.

[22:21]  129 tn Grk “And.” Since this represents a response to Paul’s reply in v. 19, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the logical sequence.

[22:22]  130 tn Grk “They were listening”; the referent (the crowd) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:22]  131 tn Grk “until this word.”

[22:22]  132 tn Grk “And.” To indicate the logical sequence, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” here.

[22:22]  133 tn Grk “and said.”

[22:22]  134 tn Grk “this one.”

[22:22]  135 tn BDAG 491 s.v. καθήκω has “to be appropriate, come/reach to, be proper/fitting…Usu. impers. καθήκει it comes (to someone)…foll. by acc. and inf….οὐ καθῆκεν αὐτὸν ζῆν he should not be allowed to live Ac 22:22.”

[22:23]  136 tn The participle κραυγαζόντων (kraugazontwn) has been translated temporally.

[22:23]  137 tn Or “outer garments.”

[22:23]  138 sn The crowd’s act of tossing dust in the air indicated they had heard something disturbing and offensive. This may have been a symbolic gesture, indicating Paul’s words deserved to be thrown to the wind, or it may have simply resulted from the fact they had nothing else to throw at him at the moment.

[22:24]  139 tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). In Greek the term χιλίαρχος (ciliarco") literally described the “commander of a thousand,” but it was used as the standard translation for the Latin tribunus militum or tribunus militare, the military tribune who commanded a cohort of 600 men.

[22:24]  140 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  141 tn Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.”

[22:24]  142 tn Grk “into the barracks, saying.” This is a continuation of the same sentence in Greek using the participle εἴπας (eipas), but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence a new sentence was begun in the translation here. The direct object “them” has been supplied; it is understood in Greek.

[22:24]  143 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  144 sn To interrogate Paul by beating him with a lash. Under the Roman legal system it was customary to use physical torture to extract confessions or other information from prisoners who were not Roman citizens and who were charged with various crimes, especially treason or sedition. The lashing would be done with a whip of leather thongs with pieces of metal or bone attached to the ends.

[22:24]  145 tn Grk “they”; the referent (the crowd) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  146 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:25]  147 tn Grk “for the thongs” (of which the lash was made). Although often translated as a dative of means (“with thongs”), referring to thongs used to tie the victim to the whipping post, BDAG 474-75 s.v. ἱμάς states that it “is better taken as a dat. of purpose for the thongs, in which case οἱ ἱμάντες = whips (Posidonius: 87 fgm. 5 Jac.; POxy. 1186, 2 τὴν διὰ τῶν ἱμάντων αἰκείαν. – Antiphanes 74, 8, Demosth. 19, 197 and Artem. 1, 70 use the sing. in this way).”

[22:25]  148 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[22:25]  149 tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:25]  150 tn Or “a Roman citizen and uncondemned.” BDAG 35 s.v. ἀκατάκριτος has “uncondemned, without due process” for this usage.

[22:26]  151 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[22:26]  152 tn The word “this” is not in the Greek text but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[22:26]  153 tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:26]  154 tn The word “it” is not in the Greek text but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[22:26]  155 tn Or perhaps, “What do you intend to do?” Although BDAG 627 s.v. μέλλω 1.c.α lists this phrase under the category “be about to, be on the point of,” it is possible it belongs under 1.c.γ, “denoting an intended action: intend, propose, have in mindτί μέλλεις ποιεῖν; what do you intend to do?

[22:26]  156 tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:27]  157 tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:27]  158 tn Grk “and said to.”

[22:27]  159 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:27]  160 tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:27]  161 tn Grk “He said.”

[22:28]  162 tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:28]  163 sn Sometimes Roman citizenship was purchased through a bribe (Dio Cassius, Roman History 60.17.4-9). That may well have been the case here.

[22:28]  164 tn BDAG 495-96 s.v. καί 2.b has “intensive: evenAc 5:39; 22:28.”

[22:28]  165 tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:28]  166 tn Grk “Paul said.” This phrase has been placed at the end of the sentence in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[22:29]  167 tn BDAG 158 s.v. ἀφίστημι 2.b has “keep awayἀπό τινος… Lk 4:13; Ac 5:38; 2 Cor 12:8…cp. Ac 22:29.” In context, the point would seem to be not that the interrogators departed or withdrew, but that they held back from continuing the flogging.

[22:29]  168 tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:29]  169 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:29]  170 tn This is a present tense (ἐστιν, estin) retained in indirect discourse. It must be translated as a past tense in contemporary English.

[22:29]  171 tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:29]  172 sn Had him tied up. Perhaps a reference to the chains in Acts 21:33, or the preparations for the lashing in Acts 22:25. A trial would now be needed to resolve the matter. The Roman authorities’ hesitation to render a judgment in the case occurs repeatedly: Acts 22:30; 23:28-29; 24:22; 25:20, 26-27. The legal process begun here would take the rest of Acts and will be unresolved at the end. The process itself took four years of Paul’s life.

[22:30]  173 tn Grk “he”; the referent (the commanding officer) has been supplied here in the translation for clarity.

[22:30]  174 tn Grk “the certainty, why.” BDAG 147 s.v. ἀσφαλής 2 has “τὸ ἀ. the certainty = the truth (in ref. to ferreting out the facts…ἵνα τὸ ἀ. ἐπιγνῶ) γνῶναι 21:34; 22:30.”

[22:30]  175 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:30]  176 tn Grk “the whole Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews).

[22:30]  177 tn Grk “and bringing.” The participle καταγαγών (katagagwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun in the translation, and καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to clarify the logical sequence.

[22:1]  178 sn Listen to my defense. This is the first of several speeches Paul would make in his own defense: Acts 24:10ff.; 25:8, 16; and 26:1ff. For the use of such a speech (“apologia”) in Greek, see Josephus, Ag. Ap. 2.15 [2.147]; Wis 6:10.

[22:1]  179 tn The adverb νυνί (nuni, “now”) is connected with the phrase τῆς πρὸς ὑμᾶς νυνὶ ἀπολογίας (th" pro" Juma" nuni apologia") rather than the verb ἀκούσατε (akousate), and the entire construction (prepositional phrase plus adverb) is in first attributive position and thus translated into English by a relative clause.

[22:2]  180 tn ἀκούσαντες (akousante") has been taken temporally.

[22:2]  181 tn Or “spoke out to.” L&N 33.27 has “to address an audience, with possible emphasis upon loudness – ‘to address, to speak out to.’ πολλῆς δέ σιγῆς γενομένης προσεφώνησεν τῇ ᾿Εβραίδι διαλέκτῳ ‘when they were quiet, he addressed them in Hebrew’ Ac 21:40.”

[22:2]  182 tn Grk “in the Hebrew language.” See the note on “Aramaic” in 21:40.

[22:2]  183 tn BDAG 613-14 s.v. μᾶλλον 1 “Abs. μ. can mean to a greater degree (than before), even more, now more than ever Lk 5:15; Jn 5:18; 19:8; Ac 5:14; 22:2; 2 Cor 7:7.”

[22:2]  184 tn BDAG 440 s.v. ἡσυχία 2 has “παρέχειν ἡσυχίαν quiet down, give a hearingAc 22:2.”

[22:2]  185 tn Grk “and.” Since this represents a continuation of the speech begun in v. 1, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the logical sequence.

[22:3]  186 tn Grk “a Jewish man.”

[22:3]  187 tn BDAG 74 s.v. ἀνατρέφω b has “of mental and spiritual nurture bring up, rear, trainἀνατεθραμμένος ἐν τ. πόλει ταύτῃ 22:3.”

[22:3]  188 tn Or “with precision.” Although often translated “strictly” this can be misunderstood for “solely” in English. BDAG 39 s.v. ἀκρίβεια gives the meaning as “exactness, precision.” To avoid the potential misunderstanding the translation “with strictness” is used, although it is slightly more awkward than “strictly.”

[22:3]  189 tn Grk “strictly at the feet of” (an idiom).

[22:3]  190 tn Or “brought up in this city under Gamaliel, educated with strictness…” The phrase παρὰ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιὴλ (para tou" poda" Gamalihl) could be understood with what precedes or with what follows. The punctuation of NA27 and UBS4, which place a comma after ταύτῃ (tauth), has been followed in the translation.

[22:3]  191 tn Or “our forefathers.”

[22:3]  192 tn Grk “ancestors, being.” The participle ὑπάρχων (Juparcwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:3]  193 tn BDAG 427 s.v. ζηλωτής 1.a.α has “of pers. …ζ. τοῦ θεοῦ one who is loyal to God Ac 22:3.”

[22:4]  194 tn Grk “who.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) was translated by the first person pronoun (“I”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.

[22:4]  195 sn That is, persecuted the Christian movement (Christianity). The Way is also used as a description of the Christian faith in Acts 9:2; 18:25-26; 19:9, 23; 24:14, 22).

[22:4]  196 tn BDAG 442-43 s.v. θάνατος 1.a has “διώκειν ἄχρι θανάτου persecute even to death Ac 22:4.”

[22:4]  197 tn Grk “binding.” See Acts 8:3.

[22:4]  198 tn BDAG 762 s.v. παραδίδωμι 1.b has “W. local εἰςεἰς φυλακήν put in prison Ac 8:3; cp. 22:4.”

[22:5]  199 tn That is, the whole Sanhedrin. BDAG 861 s.v. πρεσβυτέριον has “an administrative group concerned with the interests of a specific community, council of elders – a. of the highest Judean council in Jerusalem, in our lit. usu. called συνέδριονὁ ἀρχιερεύς καὶ πᾶν τὸ πρ. Ac 22:5.”

[22:5]  200 tn Grk “from whom.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was translated by the third person plural pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.

[22:5]  201 tn Grk “receiving.” The participle δεξάμενος (dexameno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:5]  202 tn Grk “letters to the brothers, [and] I was going to Damascus.” Such a translation, however, might be confusing since the term “brother” is frequently used of a fellow Christian. In this context, Paul is speaking about fellow Jews.

[22:5]  203 tn Grk “even there and bring…” or “there and even bring…” The ascensive καί (kai) shows that Paul was fervent in his zeal against Christians, but it is difficult to translate for it really belongs with the entire idea of arresting and bringing back the prisoners.

[22:5]  204 tn BDAG 221 s.v. δέω 1.b has “δεδεμένον ἄγειν τινά bring someone as prisonerAc 9:2, 21; 22:5.”

[22:5]  205 tn Grk “I was going…to bring even those who were there to Jerusalem as prisoners that they might be punished.”

[22:6]  206 tn Grk “It happened that as.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[22:6]  207 tn Grk “going and nearing Damascus.”

[22:6]  208 tn BDAG 472 s.v. ἱκανός 3.b has “φῶς a very bright light Ac 22:6.”

[22:6]  209 tn Or “from the sky” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”).

[22:6]  210 tn Or “shone.”

[22:7]  211 tn This is a continuation of the same sentence in Greek using the connective τέ (te), but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence a new sentence was begun in the translation here. To indicate the logical sequence for the modern English reader, τέ was translated as “then.”

[22:9]  212 tn Grk “did not hear” (but see Acts 9:7). BDAG 38 s.v. ἀκούω 7 has “W. acc. τὸν νόμον understand the law Gal 4:21; perh. Ac 22:9; 26:14…belong here.” If the word has this sense here, then a metonymy is present, since the lack of effect is put for a failure to appreciate what was heard.

[22:10]  213 tn Grk “So I said.”

[22:10]  214 tn Grk “Getting up.” The participle ἀναστάς (anasta") is an adverbial participle of attendant circumstance and has been translated as a finite verb.

[22:10]  215 tn Grk “about all things.”

[22:10]  216 tn Or “assigned,” “ordered.” BDAG 991 s.v. τάσσω 2.a has “act. and pass., foll. by acc. w. inf.…περὶ πάντων ὧν τέτακταί σοι ποιῆσαι concerning everything that you have been ordered to do 22:10.” There is an allusion to a divine call and commission here.

[22:11]  217 tn BDAG 106 s.v. ἀπό 5.a has “οὐκ ἐνέβλεπον ἀπὸ τῆς δόξης τοῦ φωτός I could not see because of the brilliance of the light Ac 22:11.”

[22:11]  218 tn Or “brightness”; Grk “glory.”

[22:11]  219 tn Grk “by” (ὑπό, Jupo), but this would be too awkward in English following the previous “by.”

[22:12]  220 tn Grk “a certain Ananias.”

[22:12]  221 sn The law refers to the law of Moses.

[22:12]  222 tn BDAG 534 s.v. κατοικέω 1.a translates this present participle “ὑπὸ πάντων τῶν (sc. ἐκεῖ) κατοικούντων ᾿Ιουδαίων by all the Jews who live there Ac 22:12.”

[22:13]  223 tn Grk “coming.” The participle ἐλθών (elqwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:13]  224 tn Grk “coming to me and standing beside [me] said to me.” The participle ἐπιστάς (epistas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:13]  225 tn Grk “Brother Saul, look up” (here an idiom for regaining one’s sight). BDAG 59 s.v. ἀναβλέπω places this usage under 1, “look up Ac 22:13a. W. εἰς αὐτόν to show the direction of the glance…22:13b; but perh. this vs. belongs under 2a.” BDAG 59 s.v. 2.a.α states, “of blind persons, who were formerly able to see, regain sight.” The problem for the translator is deciding between the literal and the idiomatic usage and at the same time attempting to retain the wordplay in Acts 22:13: “[Ananias] said to me, ‘Look up!’ and at that very moment I looked up to him.” The assumption of the command is that the effort to look up will be worth it (through the regaining of sight).

[22:13]  226 tn Grk “hour,” but ὥρα (Jwra) is often used for indefinite short periods of time (so BDAG 1102-3 s.v. ὥρα 2.c: “αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ at that very time, at once, instantlyLk 2:38, 24:33; Ac 16:18; 22:13”). A comparison with the account in Acts 9:18 indicates that this is clearly the meaning here.

[22:13]  227 tn Grk “I looked up to him.”

[22:14]  228 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”

[22:14]  229 tn L&N 30.89 has “‘to choose in advance, to select beforehand, to designate in advance’…‘the God of our ancestors has already chosen you to know his will’ Ac 22:14.”

[22:14]  230 tn Grk “and to see.” This καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

[22:14]  231 sn The Righteous One is a reference to Jesus Christ (Acts 3:14).

[22:14]  232 tn Or “a solemn declaration”; Grk “a voice.” BDAG 1071-72 s.v. φωνή 2.c states, “that which the voice gives expression to: call, cry, outcry, loud or solemn declaration (… = order, command)…Cp. 22:14; 24:21.”

[22:15]  233 tn Or “a witness to him.”

[22:15]  234 tn Grk “all men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo").

[22:16]  235 tn L&N 67.121 has “to extend time unduly, with the implication of lack of decision – ‘to wait, to delay.’ νῦν τί μέλλεις… ἀναστὰς βάπτισαι ‘what are you waiting for? Get up and be baptized’ Ac 22:16.”

[22:16]  236 tn Grk “getting up.” The participle ἀναστάς (anasta") is an adverbial participle of attendant circumstance and has been translated as a finite verb.

[22:16]  237 sn The expression have your sins washed away means “have your sins purified” (the washing is figurative).

[22:16]  238 sn The expression calling on his name describes the confession of the believer: Acts 2:17-38, esp. v. 38; Rom 10:12-13; 1 Cor 1:2.

[22:17]  239 tn Grk “It happened to me that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[22:17]  240 tn BDAG 309 s.v. ἔκστασις 2 has “γενέσθαι ἐν ἐκστάσει fall into a trance Ac 22:17.”

[22:18]  241 tn Or “Jesus”; Grk “him.” The referent (the Lord, cf. v. 19) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:19]  242 tn Grk “And I said.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai, in καγώ [kagw]) has not been translated here.

[22:19]  243 tn For the distributive sense of the expression κατὰ τὰς συναγωγάς (kata ta" sunagwga") BDAG 512 s.v. κατά B.1.d has “of places viewed serially, distributive use w. acc.…κατ᾿ οἶκαν from house to houseAc 2:46b; 5:42…Likew. the pl.…κ. τὰς συναγωγάς 22:19.” See also L&N 37.114.

[22:20]  244 sn Now Paul referred to Stephen as your witness, and he himself had also become a witness. The reversal was now complete; the opponent had now become a proponent.

[22:20]  245 sn When the blood of your witness Stephen was shed means “when your witness Stephen was murdered.”

[22:20]  246 tn Grk “and approving.” This καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

[22:20]  247 tn Or “outer garments.”

[22:20]  248 tn Or “who were putting him to death.” For the translation of ἀναιρούντων (anairountwn) as “putting to death” see BDAG 64 s.v. ἀναιρέω 2.

[22:21]  249 tn Grk “And.” Since this represents a response to Paul’s reply in v. 19, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the logical sequence.

[22:22]  250 tn Grk “They were listening”; the referent (the crowd) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:22]  251 tn Grk “until this word.”

[22:22]  252 tn Grk “And.” To indicate the logical sequence, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” here.

[22:22]  253 tn Grk “and said.”

[22:22]  254 tn Grk “this one.”

[22:22]  255 tn BDAG 491 s.v. καθήκω has “to be appropriate, come/reach to, be proper/fitting…Usu. impers. καθήκει it comes (to someone)…foll. by acc. and inf….οὐ καθῆκεν αὐτὸν ζῆν he should not be allowed to live Ac 22:22.”

[22:23]  256 tn The participle κραυγαζόντων (kraugazontwn) has been translated temporally.

[22:23]  257 tn Or “outer garments.”

[22:23]  258 sn The crowd’s act of tossing dust in the air indicated they had heard something disturbing and offensive. This may have been a symbolic gesture, indicating Paul’s words deserved to be thrown to the wind, or it may have simply resulted from the fact they had nothing else to throw at him at the moment.

[22:24]  259 tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). In Greek the term χιλίαρχος (ciliarco") literally described the “commander of a thousand,” but it was used as the standard translation for the Latin tribunus militum or tribunus militare, the military tribune who commanded a cohort of 600 men.

[22:24]  260 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  261 tn Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.”

[22:24]  262 tn Grk “into the barracks, saying.” This is a continuation of the same sentence in Greek using the participle εἴπας (eipas), but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence a new sentence was begun in the translation here. The direct object “them” has been supplied; it is understood in Greek.

[22:24]  263 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  264 sn To interrogate Paul by beating him with a lash. Under the Roman legal system it was customary to use physical torture to extract confessions or other information from prisoners who were not Roman citizens and who were charged with various crimes, especially treason or sedition. The lashing would be done with a whip of leather thongs with pieces of metal or bone attached to the ends.

[22:24]  265 tn Grk “they”; the referent (the crowd) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  266 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:25]  267 tn Grk “for the thongs” (of which the lash was made). Although often translated as a dative of means (“with thongs”), referring to thongs used to tie the victim to the whipping post, BDAG 474-75 s.v. ἱμάς states that it “is better taken as a dat. of purpose for the thongs, in which case οἱ ἱμάντες = whips (Posidonius: 87 fgm. 5 Jac.; POxy. 1186, 2 τὴν διὰ τῶν ἱμάντων αἰκείαν. – Antiphanes 74, 8, Demosth. 19, 197 and Artem. 1, 70 use the sing. in this way).”

[22:25]  268 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[22:25]  269 tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:25]  270 tn Or “a Roman citizen and uncondemned.” BDAG 35 s.v. ἀκατάκριτος has “uncondemned, without due process” for this usage.

[22:26]  271 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[22:26]  272 tn The word “this” is not in the Greek text but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[22:26]  273 tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:26]  274 tn The word “it” is not in the Greek text but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[22:26]  275 tn Or perhaps, “What do you intend to do?” Although BDAG 627 s.v. μέλλω 1.c.α lists this phrase under the category “be about to, be on the point of,” it is possible it belongs under 1.c.γ, “denoting an intended action: intend, propose, have in mindτί μέλλεις ποιεῖν; what do you intend to do?

[22:26]  276 tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:27]  277 tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:27]  278 tn Grk “and said to.”

[22:27]  279 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:27]  280 tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:27]  281 tn Grk “He said.”

[22:28]  282 tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:28]  283 sn Sometimes Roman citizenship was purchased through a bribe (Dio Cassius, Roman History 60.17.4-9). That may well have been the case here.

[22:28]  284 tn BDAG 495-96 s.v. καί 2.b has “intensive: evenAc 5:39; 22:28.”

[22:28]  285 tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:28]  286 tn Grk “Paul said.” This phrase has been placed at the end of the sentence in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[22:29]  287 tn BDAG 158 s.v. ἀφίστημι 2.b has “keep awayἀπό τινος… Lk 4:13; Ac 5:38; 2 Cor 12:8…cp. Ac 22:29.” In context, the point would seem to be not that the interrogators departed or withdrew, but that they held back from continuing the flogging.

[22:29]  288 tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:29]  289 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:29]  290 tn This is a present tense (ἐστιν, estin) retained in indirect discourse. It must be translated as a past tense in contemporary English.

[22:29]  291 tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:29]  292 sn Had him tied up. Perhaps a reference to the chains in Acts 21:33, or the preparations for the lashing in Acts 22:25. A trial would now be needed to resolve the matter. The Roman authorities’ hesitation to render a judgment in the case occurs repeatedly: Acts 22:30; 23:28-29; 24:22; 25:20, 26-27. The legal process begun here would take the rest of Acts and will be unresolved at the end. The process itself took four years of Paul’s life.

[22:30]  293 tn Grk “he”; the referent (the commanding officer) has been supplied here in the translation for clarity.

[22:30]  294 tn Grk “the certainty, why.” BDAG 147 s.v. ἀσφαλής 2 has “τὸ ἀ. the certainty = the truth (in ref. to ferreting out the facts…ἵνα τὸ ἀ. ἐπιγνῶ) γνῶναι 21:34; 22:30.”

[22:30]  295 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:30]  296 tn Grk “the whole Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews).

[22:30]  297 tn Grk “and bringing.” The participle καταγαγών (katagagwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun in the translation, and καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to clarify the logical sequence.

[78:71]  298 tn Heb “from after the ewes he brought him.”

[78:71]  299 tn Heb “to shepherd Jacob, his people, and Israel, his inheritance.”

[78:72]  300 tn Heb “He”; the referent (David, God’s chosen king, mentioned in v. 70) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[78:72]  301 tn Heb “and he shepherded them according to the integrity of his heart.”

[78:72]  302 tn Heb “and with the understanding of his hands he led them.”



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