Acts 13:23-37

13:23 From the descendants ¹  of this man ²  God brought to Israel a Savior, Jesus, just as he promised. ³  13:24 Before ⁴  Jesus ⁵  arrived, John ⁶  had proclaimed a baptism for repentance ⁷  to all the people of Israel. 13:25 But while John was completing his mission, ⁸  he said repeatedly, ⁹  ‘What do you think I am? I am not he. But look, one is coming after me. I am not worthy to untie the sandals on his feet!’ ¹⁰  13:26 Brothers, ¹¹  descendants ¹²  of Abraham’s family, ¹³  and those Gentiles among you who fear God, ¹⁴  the message ¹⁵  of this salvation has been sent to us. 13:27 For the people who live in Jerusalem and their rulers did not recognize ¹⁶  him, ¹⁷  and they fulfilled the sayings ¹⁸  of the prophets that are read every Sabbath by condemning ¹⁹  him. ²⁰  13:28 Though ²¹  they found ²²  no basis ²³  for a death sentence, ²⁴  they asked Pilate to have him executed. 13:29 When they had accomplished ²⁵  everything that was written ²⁶  about him, they took him down ²⁷  from the cross ²⁸  and placed him ²⁹  in a tomb. 13:30 But God raised ³⁰  him from the dead, 13:31 and ³¹  for many days he appeared to those who had accompanied ³²  him from Galilee to Jerusalem. These ³³  are now his witnesses to the people. 13:32 And we proclaim to you the good news about the promise to our ancestors, ³⁴  13:33 that this promise ³⁵  God has fulfilled to us, their children, by raising ³⁶  Jesus, as also it is written in the second psalm, ‘You are my Son; ³⁷  today I have fathered you.’ ³⁸  13:34 But regarding the fact that he has raised Jesus ³⁹  from the dead, never ⁴⁰  again to be ⁴¹  in a state of decay, God ⁴²  has spoken in this way: ‘I will give you ⁴³  the holy and trustworthy promises ⁴⁴  made to David.’ ⁴⁵  13:35 Therefore he also says in another psalm, ⁴⁶  ‘You will not permit your Holy One ⁴⁷  to experience ⁴⁸  decay.’ ⁴⁹  13:36 For David, after he had served ⁵⁰  God’s purpose in his own generation, died, ⁵¹  was buried with his ancestors, ⁵²  and experienced ⁵³  decay, 13:37 but the one ⁵⁴  whom God raised up did not experience ⁵⁵  decay.

[13:23]  ¹ tn Or “From the offspring”; Grk “From the seed.”

[13:23]  ² sn The phrase this man is in emphatic position in the Greek text.

[13:23]  ³ tn Grk “according to [his] promise.” The comparative clause “just as he promised” is less awkward in English.

[13:24]  ⁴ tn Grk “John having already proclaimed before his coming a baptism…,” a genitive absolute construction which is awkward in English. A new sentence was begun in the translation at this point.

[13:24]  ⁵ tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the context for clarity, since God is mentioned in the preceding context and John the Baptist in the following clause.

[13:24]  ⁶ sn John refers here to John the Baptist.

[13:24]  ⁷ tn Grk “a baptism of repentance”; the genitive has been translated as a genitive of purpose.

[13:25]  ⁸ tn Or “task.”

[13:25]  ⁹ tn The verb ἔλεγεν (elegen) has been translated as an iterative imperfect, since John undoubtedly said this or something similar on numerous occasions.

[13:25]  ¹⁰ tn Literally a relative clause, “of whom I am not worthy to untie the sandals of his feet.” Because of the awkwardness of this construction in English, a new sentence was begun here.

[13:26]  ¹¹ tn Grk “Men brothers,” but this is both awkward and unnecessary in English.

[13:26]  ¹² tn Grk “sons”

[13:26]  ¹³ tn Or “race.”

[13:26]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “and those among you who fear God,” but this is practically a technical term for the category called God-fearers, Gentiles who worshiped the God of Israel and in many cases kept the Mosaic law, but did not take the final step of circumcision necessary to become a proselyte to Judaism. See further K. G. Kuhn, TDNT 6:732-34, 743-44. Note how Paul includes God-fearing Gentiles as recipients of this promise.

[13:26]  ¹⁵ tn Grk “word.”

[13:27]  ¹⁶ tn BDAG 12-13 s.v. ἀγνοέω 1.b gives “not to know w. acc. of pers.” as the meaning here, but “recognize” is a better translation in this context because recognition of the true identity of the one they condemned is the issue. See Acts 2:22-24; 4:26-28.

[13:27]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “this one.”

[13:27]  ¹⁸ tn Usually φωνή (fwnh) means “voice,” but BDAG 1071-72 s.v. φωνή 2.c has “Also of sayings in scripture…Ac 13:27.”

[13:27]  ¹⁹ tn The participle κρίναντες (krinante") is instrumental here.

[13:27]  ²⁰ tn The word “him” is not in the Greek text but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[13:28]  ²¹ tn Grk “And though.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[13:28]  ²² tn The participle εὑρόντες (Jeuronte") has been translated as a concessive adverbial participle.

[13:28]  ²³ sn No basis. Luke insists on Jesus’ innocence again and again in Luke 23:1-25.

[13:28]  ²⁴ tn Grk “no basis for death,” but in this context a sentence of death is clearly indicated.

[13:29]  ²⁵ tn Or “carried out.”

[13:29]  ²⁶ sn That is, everything that was written in OT scripture.

[13:29]  ²⁷ tn Grk “taking him down from the cross, they placed him.” The participle καθελόντες (kaqelonte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[13:29]  ²⁸ tn Grk “tree,” but frequently figurative for a cross. The allusion is to Deut 21:23. See Acts 5:30; 10:39.

[13:29]  ²⁹ tn The word “him” is not in the Greek text but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[13:30]  ³⁰ sn See the note on the phrase “raised up” in v. 22, which is the same Greek verb used here.

[13:31]  ³¹ tn Grk “who.” The relative pronoun (“who”) was replaced by the conjunction “and” and the pronoun “he” at this point to improve the English style.

[13:31]  ³² sn Those who had accompanied him refers to the disciples, who knew Jesus in ministry. Luke is aware of resurrection appearances in Galilee though he did not relate any of them in Luke 24.

[13:31]  ³³ tn Grk “who.” The relative pronoun (“who”) was replaced by the demonstrative pronoun “these” and a new sentence was begun in the translation at this point to improve the English style, due to the length of the sentence in Greek and the awkwardness of two relative clauses (“who for many days appeared” and “who are now his witnesses”) following one another.

[13:32]  ³⁴ tn Or “to our forefathers”; Grk “the fathers.”

[13:33]  ³⁵ tn Grk “that this”; the referent (the promise mentioned in the previous verse) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[13:33]  ³⁶ tn Or “by resurrecting.” The participle ἀναστήσας (anasthsa") is taken as instrumental here.

[13:33]  ³⁷ sn You are my Son. The key to how the quotation is used is the naming of Jesus as “Son” to the Father. The language is that of kingship, as Ps 2 indicates. Here is the promise about what the ultimate Davidic heir would be.

[13:33]  ³⁸ tn Grk “I have begotten you.” The traditional translation for γεγέννηκα (gegennhka, “begotten”) is misleading to the modern English reader because it is no longer in common use. Today one speaks of “fathering” a child in much the same way speakers of English formerly spoke of “begetting a child.”

[13:34]  ³⁹ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[13:34]  ⁴⁰ tn Although μηκέτι (mhketi) can mean “no longer” or “no more,” the latter is more appropriate here, since to translate “no longer” in this context could give the reader the impression that Jesus did experience decay before his resurrection. Since the phrase “no more again to be” is somewhat awkward in English, the simpler phrase “never again to be” was used instead.

[13:34]  ⁴¹ tn The translation “to be in again” for ὑποστρέφω (Jupostrefw) is given in L&N 13.24.

[13:34]  ⁴² tn Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[13:34]  ⁴³ tn The pronoun “you” is plural here. The promises of David are offered to the people.

[13:34]  ⁴⁴ tn Or “the trustworthy decrees made by God to David.” The phrase τὰ ὅσια Δαυὶδ τὰ πιστά (ta Josia Dauid ta pista) is “compressed,” that is, in a very compact or condensed form. It could be expanded in several different ways. BDAG 728 s.v. ὅσιος 3 understands it to refer to divine decrees: “I will grant you the sure decrees of God relating to David.” BDAG then states that this quotation from Isa 55:3 is intended to show that the following quotation from Ps 16:10 could not refer to David himself, but must refer to his messianic descendant (Jesus). L&N 33.290 render the phrase “I will give to you the divine promises made to David, promises that can be trusted,” although they also note that τὰ ὅσια in Acts 13:34 can mean “divine decrees” or “decrees made by God.” In contemporary English it is less awkward to translate πιστά as an adjective (“trustworthy”). The concept of “divine decrees,” not very understandable to the modern reader, has been replaced by “promises,” and since God is the implied speaker in the context, it is clear that these promises were made by God.

[13:34]  ⁴⁵ sn A quotation from Isa 55:3. The point of this citation is to make clear that the promise of a Davidic line and blessings are made to the people as well.

[13:35]  ⁴⁶ tn Grk “Therefore he also says in another”; the word “psalm” is not in the Greek text but is implied.

[13:35]  ⁴⁷ tn The Greek word translated “Holy One” here (ὅσιόν, {osion) is related to the use of ὅσια (Josia) in v. 34. The link is a wordplay. The Holy One, who does not die, brings the faithful holy blessings of promise to the people.

[13:35]  ⁴⁸ tn Grk “to see,” but the literal translation of the phrase “to see decay” could be misunderstood to mean simply “to look at decay,” while here “see decay” is really figurative for “experience decay.”

[13:35]  ⁴⁹ sn A quotation from Ps 16:10.

[13:36]  ⁵⁰ tn The participle ὑπηρετήσας (Juphrethsa") is taken temporally.

[13:36]  ⁵¹ tn The verb κοιμάω (koimaw) literally means “sleep,” but it is often used in the Bible as a euphemism for the death of a believer.

[13:36]  ⁵² tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “was gathered to his fathers” (a Semitic idiom).

[13:36]  ⁵³ tn Grk “saw,” but the literal translation of the phrase “saw decay” could be misunderstood to mean simply “looked at decay,” while here “saw decay” is really figurative for “experienced decay.” This remark explains why David cannot fulfill the promise.

[13:37]  ⁵⁴ sn The one whom God raised up refers to Jesus.

[13:37]  ⁵⁵ tn Grk “see,” but the literal translation of the phrase “did not see decay” could be misunderstood to mean simply “did not look at decay,” while here “did not see decay” is really figurative for “did not experience decay.”