Acts 22:1-28

Paul’s Defense

22:1 “Brothers and fathers, listen to my defense ¹  that I now ²  make to you.” 22:2 (When they heard ³  that he was addressing ⁴  them in Aramaic, ⁵  they became even ⁶  quieter.) ⁷  Then ⁸  Paul said, 22:3 “I am a Jew, ⁹  born in Tarsus in Cilicia, but brought up ¹⁰  in this city, educated with strictness ¹¹  under ¹²  Gamaliel ¹³  according to the law of our ancestors, ¹⁴  and was ¹⁵  zealous ¹⁶  for God just as all of you are today. 22:4 I ¹⁷  persecuted this Way ¹⁸  even to the point of death, ¹⁹  tying up ²⁰  both men and women and putting ²¹  them in prison, 22:5 as both the high priest and the whole council of elders ²²  can testify about me. From them ²³  I also received ²⁴  letters to the brothers in Damascus, and I was on my way ²⁵  to make arrests there and bring ²⁶  the prisoners ²⁷  to Jerusalem ²⁸  to be punished. 22:6 As ²⁹  I was en route and near Damascus, ³⁰  about noon a very bright ³¹  light from heaven ³²  suddenly flashed ³³  around me. 22:7 Then I ³⁴  fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to me, ‘Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?’ 22:8 I answered, ‘Who are you, Lord?’ He said to me, ‘I am Jesus the Nazarene, whom you are persecuting.’ 22:9 Those who were with me saw the light, but did not understand ³⁵  the voice of the one who was speaking to me. 22:10 So I asked, ³⁶  ‘What should I do, Lord?’ The Lord said to me, ‘Get up ³⁷  and go to Damascus; there you will be told about everything ³⁸  that you have been designated ³⁹  to do.’ 22:11 Since I could not see because of ⁴⁰  the brilliance ⁴¹  of that light, I came to Damascus led by the hand of ⁴²  those who were with me. 22:12 A man named Ananias, ⁴³  a devout man according to the law, ⁴⁴  well spoken of by all the Jews who live there, ⁴⁵  22:13 came ⁴⁶  to me and stood beside me ⁴⁷  and said to me, ‘Brother Saul, regain your sight!’ ⁴⁸  And at that very moment ⁴⁹  I looked up and saw him. ⁵⁰  22:14 Then he said, ‘The God of our ancestors ⁵¹  has already chosen ⁵²  you to know his will, to see ⁵³  the Righteous One, ⁵⁴  and to hear a command ⁵⁵  from his mouth, 22:15 because you will be his witness ⁵⁶  to all people ⁵⁷  of what you have seen and heard. 22:16 And now what are you waiting for? ⁵⁸  Get up, ⁵⁹  be baptized, and have your sins washed away, ⁶⁰  calling on his name.’ ⁶¹  22:17 When ⁶²  I returned to Jerusalem and was praying in the temple, I fell into a trance ⁶³  22:18 and saw the Lord ⁶⁴  saying to me, ‘Hurry and get out of Jerusalem quickly, because they will not accept your testimony about me.’ 22:19 I replied, ⁶⁵  ‘Lord, they themselves know that I imprisoned and beat those in the various synagogues ⁶⁶  who believed in you. 22:20 And when the blood of your witness ⁶⁷  Stephen was shed, ⁶⁸  I myself was standing nearby, approving, ⁶⁹  and guarding the cloaks ⁷⁰  of those who were killing him.’ ⁷¹  22:21 Then ⁷²  he said to me, ‘Go, because I will send you far away to the Gentiles.’”

The Roman Commander Questions Paul

22:22 The crowd ⁷³  was listening to him until he said this. ⁷⁴  Then ⁷⁵  they raised their voices and shouted, ⁷⁶  “Away with this man ⁷⁷  from the earth! For he should not be allowed to live!” ⁷⁸  22:23 While they were screaming ⁷⁹  and throwing off their cloaks ⁸⁰  and tossing dust ⁸¹  in the air, 22:24 the commanding officer ⁸²  ordered Paul ⁸³  to be brought back into the barracks. ⁸⁴  He told them ⁸⁵  to interrogate Paul ⁸⁶  by beating him with a lash ⁸⁷  so that he could find out the reason the crowd ⁸⁸  was shouting at Paul ⁸⁹  in this way. 22:25 When they had stretched him out for the lash, ⁹⁰  Paul said to the centurion ⁹¹  standing nearby, “Is it legal for you to lash a man who is a Roman citizen ⁹²  without a proper trial?” ⁹³  22:26 When the centurion ⁹⁴  heard this, ⁹⁵  he went to the commanding officer ⁹⁶  and reported it, ⁹⁷  saying, “What are you about to do? ⁹⁸  For this man is a Roman citizen.” ⁹⁹  22:27 So the commanding officer ¹⁰⁰  came and asked ¹⁰¹  Paul, ¹⁰²  “Tell me, are you a Roman citizen?” ¹⁰³  He replied, ¹⁰⁴  “Yes.” 22:28 The commanding officer ¹⁰⁵  answered, “I acquired this citizenship with a large sum of money.” ¹⁰⁶  “But I was even ¹⁰⁷  born a citizen,” ¹⁰⁸  Paul replied. ¹⁰⁹ 

[22:1]  ¹ sn Listen to my defense. This is the first of several speeches Paul would make in his own defense: Acts 24:10ff.; 25:8, 16; and 26:1ff. For the use of such a speech (“apologia”) in Greek, see Josephus, Ag. Ap. 2.15 [2.147]; Wis 6:10.

[22:1]  ² tn The adverb νυνί (nuni, “now”) is connected with the phrase τῆς πρὸς ὑμᾶς νυνὶ ἀπολογίας (th" pro" Juma" nuni apologia") rather than the verb ἀκούσατε (akousate), and the entire construction (prepositional phrase plus adverb) is in first attributive position and thus translated into English by a relative clause.

[22:2]  ³ tn ἀκούσαντες (akousante") has been taken temporally.

[22:2]  ⁴ tn Or “spoke out to.” L&N 33.27 has “to address an audience, with possible emphasis upon loudness – ‘to address, to speak out to.’ πολλῆς δέ σιγῆς γενομένης προσεφώνησεν τῇ ᾿Εβραίδι διαλέκτῳ ‘when they were quiet, he addressed them in Hebrew’ Ac 21:40.”

[22:2]  ⁵ tn Grk “in the Hebrew language.” See the note on “Aramaic” in 21:40.

[22:2]  ⁶ tn BDAG 613-14 s.v. μᾶλλον 1 “Abs. μ. can mean to a greater degree (than before), even more, now more than ever Lk 5:15; Jn 5:18; 19:8; Ac 5:14; 22:2; 2 Cor 7:7.”

[22:2]  ⁷ tn BDAG 440 s.v. ἡσυχία 2 has “παρέχειν ἡσυχίαν quiet down, give a hearing…Ac 22:2.”

[22:2]  ⁸ tn Grk “and.” Since this represents a continuation of the speech begun in v. 1, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the logical sequence.

[22:3]  ⁹ tn Grk “a Jewish man.”

[22:3]  ¹⁰ tn BDAG 74 s.v. ἀνατρέφω b has “of mental and spiritual nurture bring up, rear, train…ἀνατεθραμμένος ἐν τ. πόλει ταύτῃ 22:3.”

[22:3]  ¹¹ tn Or “with precision.” Although often translated “strictly” this can be misunderstood for “solely” in English. BDAG 39 s.v. ἀκρίβεια gives the meaning as “exactness, precision.” To avoid the potential misunderstanding the translation “with strictness” is used, although it is slightly more awkward than “strictly.”

[22:3]  ¹² tn Grk “strictly at the feet of” (an idiom).

[22:3]  ¹³ tn Or “brought up in this city under Gamaliel, educated with strictness…” The phrase παρὰ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιὴλ (para tou" poda" Gamalihl) could be understood with what precedes or with what follows. The punctuation of NA²⁷ and UBS⁴, which place a comma after ταύτῃ (tauth), has been followed in the translation.

[22:3]  ¹⁴ tn Or “our forefathers.”

[22:3]  ¹⁵ tn Grk “ancestors, being.” The participle ὑπάρχων (Juparcwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:3]  ¹⁶ tn BDAG 427 s.v. ζηλωτής 1.a.α has “of pers. …ζ. τοῦ θεοῦ one who is loyal to God Ac 22:3.”

[22:4]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “who.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) was translated by the first person pronoun (“I”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.

[22:4]  ¹⁸ sn That is, persecuted the Christian movement (Christianity). The Way is also used as a description of the Christian faith in Acts 9:2; 18:25-26; 19:9, 23; 24:14, 22).

[22:4]  ¹⁹ tn BDAG 442-43 s.v. θάνατος 1.a has “διώκειν ἄχρι θανάτου persecute even to death Ac 22:4.”

[22:4]  ²⁰ tn Grk “binding.” See Acts 8:3.

[22:4]  ²¹ tn BDAG 762 s.v. παραδίδωμι 1.b has “W. local εἰς…εἰς φυλακήν put in prison Ac 8:3; cp. 22:4.”

[22:5]  ²² tn That is, the whole Sanhedrin. BDAG 861 s.v. πρεσβυτέριον has “an administrative group concerned with the interests of a specific community, council of elders – a. of the highest Judean council in Jerusalem, in our lit. usu. called συνέδριον…ὁ ἀρχιερεύς καὶ πᾶν τὸ πρ. Ac 22:5.”

[22:5]  ²³ tn Grk “from whom.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was translated by the third person plural pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.

[22:5]  ²⁴ tn Grk “receiving.” The participle δεξάμενος (dexameno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:5]  ²⁵ tn Grk “letters to the brothers, [and] I was going to Damascus.” Such a translation, however, might be confusing since the term “brother” is frequently used of a fellow Christian. In this context, Paul is speaking about fellow Jews.

[22:5]  ²⁶ tn Grk “even there and bring…” or “there and even bring…” The ascensive καί (kai) shows that Paul was fervent in his zeal against Christians, but it is difficult to translate for it really belongs with the entire idea of arresting and bringing back the prisoners.

[22:5]  ²⁷ tn BDAG 221 s.v. δέω 1.b has “δεδεμένον ἄγειν τινά bring someone as prisoner…Ac 9:2, 21; 22:5.”

[22:5]  ²⁸ tn Grk “I was going…to bring even those who were there to Jerusalem as prisoners that they might be punished.”

[22:6]  ²⁹ tn Grk “It happened that as.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[22:6]  ³⁰ tn Grk “going and nearing Damascus.”

[22:6]  ³¹ tn BDAG 472 s.v. ἱκανός 3.b has “φῶς a very bright light Ac 22:6.”

[22:6]  ³² tn Or “from the sky” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”).

[22:6]  ³³ tn Or “shone.”

[22:7]  ³⁴ tn This is a continuation of the same sentence in Greek using the connective τέ (te), but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence a new sentence was begun in the translation here. To indicate the logical sequence for the modern English reader, τέ was translated as “then.”

[22:9]  ³⁵ tn Grk “did not hear” (but see Acts 9:7). BDAG 38 s.v. ἀκούω 7 has “W. acc. τὸν νόμον understand the law Gal 4:21; perh. Ac 22:9; 26:14…belong here.” If the word has this sense here, then a metonymy is present, since the lack of effect is put for a failure to appreciate what was heard.

[22:10]  ³⁶ tn Grk “So I said.”

[22:10]  ³⁷ tn Grk “Getting up.” The participle ἀναστάς (anasta") is an adverbial participle of attendant circumstance and has been translated as a finite verb.

[22:10]  ³⁸ tn Grk “about all things.”

[22:10]  ³⁹ tn Or “assigned,” “ordered.” BDAG 991 s.v. τάσσω 2.a has “act. and pass., foll. by acc. w. inf.…περὶ πάντων ὧν τέτακταί σοι ποιῆσαι concerning everything that you have been ordered to do 22:10.” There is an allusion to a divine call and commission here.

[22:11]  ⁴⁰ tn BDAG 106 s.v. ἀπό 5.a has “οὐκ ἐνέβλεπον ἀπὸ τῆς δόξης τοῦ φωτός I could not see because of the brilliance of the light Ac 22:11.”

[22:11]  ⁴¹ tn Or “brightness”; Grk “glory.”

[22:11]  ⁴² tn Grk “by” (ὑπό, Jupo), but this would be too awkward in English following the previous “by.”

[22:12]  ⁴³ tn Grk “a certain Ananias.”

[22:12]  ⁴⁴ sn The law refers to the law of Moses.

[22:12]  ⁴⁵ tn BDAG 534 s.v. κατοικέω 1.a translates this present participle “ὑπὸ πάντων τῶν (sc. ἐκεῖ) κατοικούντων ᾿Ιουδαίων by all the Jews who live there Ac 22:12.”

[22:13]  ⁴⁶ tn Grk “coming.” The participle ἐλθών (elqwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:13]  ⁴⁷ tn Grk “coming to me and standing beside [me] said to me.” The participle ἐπιστάς (epistas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[22:13]  ⁴⁸ tn Grk “Brother Saul, look up” (here an idiom for regaining one’s sight). BDAG 59 s.v. ἀναβλέπω places this usage under 1, “look up Ac 22:13a. W. εἰς αὐτόν to show the direction of the glance…22:13b; but perh. this vs. belongs under 2a.” BDAG 59 s.v. 2.a.α states, “of blind persons, who were formerly able to see, regain sight.” The problem for the translator is deciding between the literal and the idiomatic usage and at the same time attempting to retain the wordplay in Acts 22:13: “[Ananias] said to me, ‘Look up!’ and at that very moment I looked up to him.” The assumption of the command is that the effort to look up will be worth it (through the regaining of sight).

[22:13]  ⁴⁹ tn Grk “hour,” but ὥρα (Jwra) is often used for indefinite short periods of time (so BDAG 1102-3 s.v. ὥρα 2.c: “αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ at that very time, at once, instantly…Lk 2:38, 24:33; Ac 16:18; 22:13”). A comparison with the account in Acts 9:18 indicates that this is clearly the meaning here.

[22:13]  ⁵⁰ tn Grk “I looked up to him.”

[22:14]  ⁵¹ tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”

[22:14]  ⁵² tn L&N 30.89 has “‘to choose in advance, to select beforehand, to designate in advance’…‘the God of our ancestors has already chosen you to know his will’ Ac 22:14.”

[22:14]  ⁵³ tn Grk “and to see.” This καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

[22:14]  ⁵⁴ sn The Righteous One is a reference to Jesus Christ (Acts 3:14).

[22:14]  ⁵⁵ tn Or “a solemn declaration”; Grk “a voice.” BDAG 1071-72 s.v. φωνή 2.c states, “that which the voice gives expression to: call, cry, outcry, loud or solemn declaration (… = order, command)…Cp. 22:14; 24:21.”

[22:15]  ⁵⁶ tn Or “a witness to him.”

[22:15]  ⁵⁷ tn Grk “all men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo").

[22:16]  ⁵⁸ tn L&N 67.121 has “to extend time unduly, with the implication of lack of decision – ‘to wait, to delay.’ νῦν τί μέλλεις… ἀναστὰς βάπτισαι ‘what are you waiting for? Get up and be baptized’ Ac 22:16.”

[22:16]  ⁵⁹ tn Grk “getting up.” The participle ἀναστάς (anasta") is an adverbial participle of attendant circumstance and has been translated as a finite verb.

[22:16]  ⁶⁰ sn The expression have your sins washed away means “have your sins purified” (the washing is figurative).

[22:16]  ⁶¹ sn The expression calling on his name describes the confession of the believer: Acts 2:17-38, esp. v. 38; Rom 10:12-13; 1 Cor 1:2.

[22:17]  ⁶² tn Grk “It happened to me that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[22:17]  ⁶³ tn BDAG 309 s.v. ἔκστασις 2 has “γενέσθαι ἐν ἐκστάσει fall into a trance Ac 22:17.”

[22:18]  ⁶⁴ tn Or “Jesus”; Grk “him.” The referent (the Lord, cf. v. 19) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:19]  ⁶⁵ tn Grk “And I said.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai, in καγώ [kagw]) has not been translated here.

[22:19]  ⁶⁶ tn For the distributive sense of the expression κατὰ τὰς συναγωγάς (kata ta" sunagwga") BDAG 512 s.v. κατά B.1.d has “of places viewed serially, distributive use w. acc.…κατ᾿ οἶκαν from house to house…Ac 2:46b; 5:42…Likew. the pl.…κ. τὰς συναγωγάς 22:19.” See also L&N 37.114.

[22:20]  ⁶⁷ sn Now Paul referred to Stephen as your witness, and he himself had also become a witness. The reversal was now complete; the opponent had now become a proponent.

[22:20]  ⁶⁸ sn When the blood of your witness Stephen was shed means “when your witness Stephen was murdered.”

[22:20]  ⁶⁹ tn Grk “and approving.” This καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

[22:20]  ⁷⁰ tn Or “outer garments.”

[22:20]  ⁷¹ tn Or “who were putting him to death.” For the translation of ἀναιρούντων (anairountwn) as “putting to death” see BDAG 64 s.v. ἀναιρέω 2.

[22:21]  ⁷² tn Grk “And.” Since this represents a response to Paul’s reply in v. 19, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the logical sequence.

[22:22]  ⁷³ tn Grk “They were listening”; the referent (the crowd) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:22]  ⁷⁴ tn Grk “until this word.”

[22:22]  ⁷⁵ tn Grk “And.” To indicate the logical sequence, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” here.

[22:22]  ⁷⁶ tn Grk “and said.”

[22:22]  ⁷⁷ tn Grk “this one.”

[22:22]  ⁷⁸ tn BDAG 491 s.v. καθήκω has “to be appropriate, come/reach to, be proper/fitting…Usu. impers. καθήκει it comes (to someone)…foll. by acc. and inf….οὐ καθῆκεν αὐτὸν ζῆν he should not be allowed to live Ac 22:22.”

[22:23]  ⁷⁹ tn The participle κραυγαζόντων (kraugazontwn) has been translated temporally.

[22:23]  ⁸⁰ tn Or “outer garments.”

[22:23]  ⁸¹ sn The crowd’s act of tossing dust in the air indicated they had heard something disturbing and offensive. This may have been a symbolic gesture, indicating Paul’s words deserved to be thrown to the wind, or it may have simply resulted from the fact they had nothing else to throw at him at the moment.

[22:24]  ⁸² tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). In Greek the term χιλίαρχος (ciliarco") literally described the “commander of a thousand,” but it was used as the standard translation for the Latin tribunus militum or tribunus militare, the military tribune who commanded a cohort of 600 men.

[22:24]  ⁸³ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  ⁸⁴ tn Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.”

[22:24]  ⁸⁵ tn Grk “into the barracks, saying.” This is a continuation of the same sentence in Greek using the participle εἴπας (eipas), but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence a new sentence was begun in the translation here. The direct object “them” has been supplied; it is understood in Greek.

[22:24]  ⁸⁶ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  ⁸⁷ sn To interrogate Paul by beating him with a lash. Under the Roman legal system it was customary to use physical torture to extract confessions or other information from prisoners who were not Roman citizens and who were charged with various crimes, especially treason or sedition. The lashing would be done with a whip of leather thongs with pieces of metal or bone attached to the ends.

[22:24]  ⁸⁸ tn Grk “they”; the referent (the crowd) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:24]  ⁸⁹ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:25]  ⁹⁰ tn Grk “for the thongs” (of which the lash was made). Although often translated as a dative of means (“with thongs”), referring to thongs used to tie the victim to the whipping post, BDAG 474-75 s.v. ἱμάς states that it “is better taken as a dat. of purpose for the thongs, in which case οἱ ἱμάντες = whips (Posidonius: 87 fgm. 5 Jac.; POxy. 1186, 2 τὴν διὰ τῶν ἱμάντων αἰκείαν. – Antiphanes 74, 8, Demosth. 19, 197 and Artem. 1, 70 use the sing. in this way).”

[22:25]  ⁹¹ sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[22:25]  ⁹² tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:25]  ⁹³ tn Or “a Roman citizen and uncondemned.” BDAG 35 s.v. ἀκατάκριτος has “uncondemned, without due process” for this usage.

[22:26]  ⁹⁴ sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[22:26]  ⁹⁵ tn The word “this” is not in the Greek text but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[22:26]  ⁹⁶ tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:26]  ⁹⁷ tn The word “it” is not in the Greek text but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[22:26]  ⁹⁸ tn Or perhaps, “What do you intend to do?” Although BDAG 627 s.v. μέλλω 1.c.α lists this phrase under the category “be about to, be on the point of,” it is possible it belongs under 1.c.γ, “denoting an intended action: intend, propose, have in mind…τί μέλλεις ποιεῖν; what do you intend to do?”

[22:26]  ⁹⁹ tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:27]  ¹⁰⁰ tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:27]  ¹⁰¹ tn Grk “and said to.”

[22:27]  ¹⁰² tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:27]  ¹⁰³ tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:27]  ¹⁰⁴ tn Grk “He said.”

[22:28]  ¹⁰⁵ tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 24.

[22:28]  ¹⁰⁶ sn Sometimes Roman citizenship was purchased through a bribe (Dio Cassius, Roman History 60.17.4-9). That may well have been the case here.

[22:28]  ¹⁰⁷ tn BDAG 495-96 s.v. καί 2.b has “intensive: even…Ac 5:39; 22:28.”

[22:28]  ¹⁰⁸ tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[22:28]  ¹⁰⁹ tn Grk “Paul said.” This phrase has been placed at the end of the sentence in the translation for stylistic reasons.