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Luke 23:26-49

Context
The Crucifixion

23:26 As 1  they led him away, they seized Simon of Cyrene, 2  who was coming in from the country. 3  They placed the cross on his back and made him carry it behind Jesus. 4  23:27 A great number of the people followed him, among them women 5  who were mourning 6  and wailing for him. 23:28 But Jesus turned to them and said, “Daughters of Jerusalem, 7  do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves 8  and for your children. 23:29 For this is certain: 9  The days are coming when they will say, ‘Blessed are the barren, the wombs that never bore children, and the breasts that never nursed!’ 10  23:30 Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 11 Fall on us!and to the hills,Cover us! 12  23:31 For if such things are done 13  when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?” 14 

23:32 Two other criminals 15  were also led away to be executed with him. 23:33 So 16  when they came to the place that is called “The Skull,” 17  they crucified 18  him there, along with the criminals, one on his right and one on his left. 23:34 [But Jesus said, “Father, forgive them, for they don’t know what they are doing.”] 19  Then 20  they threw dice 21  to divide his clothes. 22  23:35 The people also stood there watching, but the rulers ridiculed 23  him, saying, “He saved others. Let him save 24  himself if 25  he is the Christ 26  of God, his chosen one!” 23:36 The soldiers also mocked him, coming up and offering him sour wine, 27  23:37 and saying, “If 28  you are the king of the Jews, save yourself!” 23:38 There was also an inscription 29  over him, “This is the king of the Jews.”

23:39 One of the criminals who was hanging there railed at him, saying, “Aren’t 30  you the Christ? 31  Save yourself and us!” 23:40 But the other rebuked him, saying, 32  “Don’t 33  you fear God, since you are under the same sentence of condemnation? 34  23:41 And we rightly so, for we are getting what we deserve for what we did, but this man has done nothing 35  wrong.” 23:42 Then 36  he said, “Jesus, remember me 37  when you come in 38  your kingdom.” 23:43 And Jesus 39  said to him, “I tell you the truth, 40  today 41  you will be with me in paradise.” 42 

23:44 It was now 43  about noon, 44  and darkness came over the whole land until three in the afternoon, 45  23:45 because the sun’s light failed. 46  The temple curtain 47  was torn in two. 23:46 Then Jesus, calling out with a loud voice, said, “Father, into your hands I commit my spirit! 48  And after he said this he breathed his last.

23:47 Now when the centurion 49  saw what had happened, he praised God and said, “Certainly this man was innocent!” 50  23:48 And all the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle, when they saw what had taken place, returned home beating their breasts. 51  23:49 And all those who knew Jesus 52  stood at a distance, and the women who had followed him from Galilee saw 53  these things.

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[23:26]  1 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[23:26]  2 sn Jesus was beaten severely with a whip before this (the prelude to crucifixion, known to the Romans as verberatio, mentioned in Matt 27:26; Mark 15:15; John 19:1), so he would have been weak from trauma and loss of blood. Apparently he was unable to bear the cross himself, so Simon was conscripted to help. Cyrene was located in North Africa where Tripoli is today. Nothing more is known about this Simon. Mark 15:21 names him as father of two people apparently known to Mark’s audience.

[23:26]  3 tn Or perhaps, “was coming in from his field” outside the city (BDAG 15-16 s.v. ἀγρός 1).

[23:26]  4 tn Grk “they placed the cross on him to carry behind Jesus.”

[23:27]  5 sn The background of these women is disputed. Are they “official” mourners of Jesus’ death, appointed by custom to mourn death? If so, the mourning here would be more pro forma. However, the text seems to treat the mourning as sincere, so their tears and lamenting would have been genuine.

[23:27]  6 tn Or “who were beating their breasts,” implying a ritualized form of mourning employed in Jewish funerals. See the note on the term “women” earlier in this verse.

[23:28]  7 sn The title Daughters of Jerusalem portrays these women mourning as representatives of the nation.

[23:28]  8 sn Do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves. Judgment now comes on the nation (see Luke 19:41-44) for this judgment of Jesus. Ironically, they mourn the wrong person – they should be mourning for themselves.

[23:29]  9 tn Grk “For behold.”

[23:29]  10 tn Grk “Blessed are the barren, and the wombs that have not borne, and the breasts that have not nursed!”

[23:30]  11 sn The figure of crying out to the mountains ‘Fall on us!’ (appealing to creation itself to hide them from God’s wrath), means that a time will come when people will feel they are better off dead (Hos 10:8).

[23:30]  12 sn An allusion to Hos 10:8 (cf. Rev 6:16).

[23:31]  13 tn Grk “if they do such things.” The plural subject here is indefinite, so the active voice has been translated as a passive (see ExSyn 402).

[23:31]  14 sn The figure of the green wood and the dry has been variously understood. Most likely the picture compares the judgment on Jesus as the green (living) wood to the worse judgment that will surely come for the dry (dead) wood of the nation.

[23:32]  15 tc The text reads either “two other criminals” or “others, two criminals.” The first reading (found in Ì75 א B) could be read as describing Jesus as a criminal, while the second (found in A C D L W Θ Ψ 070 0250 Ë1,13 33 Ï) looks like an attempt to prevent this identification. The first reading, more difficult to explain from the other, is likely original.

[23:33]  16 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the conclusion of the preceding material.

[23:33]  17 sn The place that is calledThe Skull’ (known as Golgotha in Aramaic, cf. John 19:17) is north and just outside of Jerusalem. The hill on which it is located protruded much like a skull, giving the place its name. The Latin word for Greek κρανίον (kranion) is calvaria, from which the English word “Calvary” derives (cf. Luke 23:33 in the KJV).

[23:33]  18 sn See the note on crucify in 23:21.

[23:34]  19 tc Many important mss (Ì75 א1 B D* W Θ 070 579 1241 pc sys sa) lack v. 34a. It is included in א*,2 (A) C D2 L Ψ 0250 Ë1,(13) 33 Ï lat syc,p,h. It also fits a major Lukan theme of forgiving the enemies (6:27-36), and it has a parallel in Stephen’s response in Acts 7:60. The lack of parallels in the other Gospels argues also for inclusion here. On the other hand, the fact of the parallel in Acts 7:60 may well have prompted early scribes to insert the saying in Luke’s Gospel alone. Further, there is the great difficulty of explaining why early and diverse witnesses lack the saying. A decision is difficult, but even those who regard the verse as inauthentic literarily often consider it to be authentic historically. For this reason it has been placed in single brackets in the translation.

[23:34]  20 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.

[23:34]  21 tn Grk “cast lots” (probably by using marked pebbles or broken pieces of pottery). A modern equivalent “threw dice” was chosen here because of its association with gambling.

[23:34]  22 sn An allusion to Ps 22:18, which identifies Jesus as the suffering innocent one.

[23:35]  23 tn A figurative extension of the literal meaning “to turn one’s nose up at someone”; here “ridicule, sneer at, show contempt for” (L&N 33.409).

[23:35]  24 sn The irony in the statement Let him save himself is that salvation did come, but later, not while on the cross.

[23:35]  25 tn This is a first class condition in the Greek text.

[23:35]  26 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[23:36]  27 sn Sour wine was cheap wine, called in Latin posca, and referred to a cheap vinegar wine diluted heavily with water. It was the drink of slaves and soldiers, and the soldiers who had performed the crucifixion, who had some on hand, now used it to taunt Jesus further.

[23:37]  28 tn This is also a first class condition in the Greek text.

[23:38]  29 sn Mention of the inscription is an important detail, because the inscription would normally give the reason for the execution. It shows that Jesus was executed for claiming to be a king. It was also probably written with irony from the executioners’ point of view.

[23:39]  30 tc Most mss (A C3 W Θ Ψ Ë1,13 33 Ï lat) read εἰ σὺ εἶ (ei su ei, “If you are”) here, while οὐχὶ σὺ εἶ (ouci su ei, “Are you not”) is found in overall better and earlier witnesses (Ì75 א B C* L 070 1241 pc it). The “if” clause reading creates a parallel with the earlier taunts (vv. 35, 37), and thus is most likely a motivated reading.

[23:39]  31 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[23:40]  32 tn Grk “But answering, the other rebuking him, said.” This is somewhat redundant and has been simplified in the translation.

[23:40]  33 tn The particle used here (οὐδέ, oude), which expects a positive reply, makes this a rebuke – “You should fear God and not speak!”

[23:40]  34 tn The words “of condemnation” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.

[23:41]  35 sn This man has done nothing wrong is yet another declaration that Jesus was innocent of any crime.

[23:42]  36 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.

[23:42]  37 sn Jesus, remember me is a statement of faith from the cross, as Jesus saves another even while he himself is dying. This man’s faith had shown itself when he rebuked the other thief. He hoped to be with Jesus sometime in the future in the kingdom.

[23:42]  38 tc ‡ The alternate readings of some mss make the reference to Jesus’ coming clearer. “Into your kingdom” – with εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν (ei" thn basileian), read by Ì75 B L – is a reference to his entering into God’s presence at the right hand. “In your kingdom” – with ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ (en th basileia), read by א A C*,2 W Θ Ψ 070 Ë1,13 33 Ï lat sy – looks at his return. It could be argued that the reading with εἰς is more in keeping with Luke’s theology elsewhere, but the contrast with Jesus’ reply, “Today,” slightly favors the reading “in your kingdom.” Codex Bezae (D), in place of this short interchange between the criminal and Jesus, reads “Then he turned to the Lord and said to him, ‘Remember me in the day of your coming.’ Then the Lord said in reply to [him], ‘Take courage; today you will be with me in paradise.’” This reading emphasizes the future aspect of the coming of Christ; it has virtually no support in any other mss.

[23:43]  39 tn Grk “he.”

[23:43]  40 tn Grk “Truly (ἀμήν, amhn), I say to you.”

[23:43]  41 sn Jesus gives more than the criminal asked for, because the blessing will come today, not in the future. He will be among the righteous. See the note on today in 2:11.

[23:43]  42 sn In the NT, paradise is mentioned three times. Here it refers to the abode of the righteous dead. In Rev 2:7 it refers to the restoration of Edenic paradise predicted in Isa 51:3 and Ezek 36:35. In 2 Cor 12:4 it probably refers to the “third heaven” (2 Cor 12:2) as the place where God dwells.

[23:44]  43 tn Grk “And it was.” Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic.

[23:44]  44 tn Grk “the sixth hour.”

[23:44]  45 tn Grk “until the ninth hour.”

[23:45]  46 tc The wording “the sun’s light failed” is a translation of τοῦ ἡλίου ἐκλιπόντος/ ἐκλείποντος (tou Jhliou eklipontos/ ekleipontos), a reading found in the earliest and best witnesses (among them Ì75 א B C*vid L 070 579 2542 pc) as well as several ancient versions. The majority of mss (A C3 [D] W Θ Ψ Ë1,13 Ï lat sy) have the flatter, less dramatic term, “the sun was darkened” (ἐσκοτίσθη, eskotisqe), a reading that avoids the problem of implying an eclipse (see sn below). This alternative thus looks secondary because it is a more common word and less likely to be misunderstood as referring to a solar eclipse. That it appears in later witnesses rather than the earliest ones adds confirmatory testimony to its inauthentic character.

[23:45]  47 tn The referent of this term, καταπέτασμα (katapetasma), is not entirely clear. It could refer to the curtain separating the holy of holies from the holy place (Josephus, J. W. 5.5.5 [5.219]), or it could refer to one at the entrance of the temple court (Josephus, J. W. 5.5.4 [5.212]). Many argue that the inner curtain is meant because another term, κάλυμμα (kalumma), is also used for the outer curtain. Others see a reference to the outer curtain as more likely because of the public nature of this sign. Either way, the symbolism means that access to God has been opened up. It also pictures a judgment that includes the sacrifices.

[23:46]  48 sn A quotation from Ps 31:5. It is a psalm of trust. The righteous, innocent sufferer trusts in God. Luke does not have the cry of pain from Ps 22:1 (cf. Matt 27:46; Mark 15:34), but notes Jesus’ trust instead.

[23:47]  49 sn See the note on the word centurion in 7:2.

[23:47]  50 tn Or “righteous.” It is hard to know whether “innocent” or “righteous” is intended, as the Greek term used can mean either, and both make good sense in this context. Luke has been emphasizing Jesus as innocent, so that is slightly more likely here. Of course, one idea entails the other.

[23:48]  51 sn Some apparently regretted what had taken place. Beating their breasts was a sign of lamentation.

[23:49]  52 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[23:49]  53 tn Technically the participle ὁρῶσαι (Jorwsai) modifies only γυναῖκες (gunaike") since both are feminine plural nominative, although many modern translations refer this as well to the group of those who knew Jesus mentioned in the first part of the verse. These events had a wide array of witnesses.



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