Discovery BoxPsalms 18:20-50
Context18:20 The Lord repaid 1 me for my godly deeds; 2
he rewarded 3 my blameless behavior. 4
18:21 For I have obeyed the Lord’s commands; 5
I have not rebelled against my God. 6
18:22 For I am aware of all his regulations, 7
and I do not reject his rules. 8
18:23 I was innocent before him,
and kept myself from sinning. 9
18:24 The Lord rewarded me for my godly deeds; 10
he took notice of my blameless behavior. 11
18:25 You prove to be loyal 12 to one who is faithful; 13
you prove to be trustworthy 14 to one who is innocent. 15
18:26 You prove to be reliable 16 to one who is blameless,
but you prove to be deceptive 17 to one who is perverse. 18
18:27 For you deliver oppressed 19 people,
but you bring down those who have a proud look. 20
18:28 Indeed, 21 you are my lamp, Lord. 22
My God 23 illuminates the darkness around me. 24
18:29 Indeed, 25 with your help 26 I can charge against 27 an army; 28
by my God’s power 29 I can jump over a wall. 30
18:30 The one true God acts in a faithful manner; 31
the Lord’s promise 32 is reliable; 33
he is a shield to all who take shelter 34 in him.
18:31 Indeed, 35 who is God besides the Lord?
Who is a protector 36 besides our God? 37
18:32 The one true God 38 gives 39 me strength; 40
he removes 41 the obstacles in my way. 42
18:33 He gives me the agility of a deer; 43
he enables me to negotiate the rugged terrain. 44
18:34 He trains my hands for battle; 45
my arms can bend even the strongest bow. 46
18:35 You give me your protective shield; 47
your right hand supports me; 48
your willingness to help 49 enables me to prevail. 50
my feet 52 do not slip.
18:37 I chase my enemies and catch 53 them;
I do not turn back until I wipe them out.
18:38 I beat them 54 to death; 55
they fall at my feet. 56
18:39 You give me strength 57 for battle;
you make my foes kneel before me. 58
18:40 You make my enemies retreat; 59
I destroy those who hate me. 60
18:41 They cry out, but there is no one to help them; 61
they cry out to the Lord, 62 but he does not answer them.
18:42 I grind them as fine windblown dust; 63
I beat them underfoot 64 like clay 65 in the streets.
18:43 You rescue me from a hostile army; 66
you make me 67 a leader of nations;
people over whom I had no authority are now my subjects. 68
18:44 When they hear of my exploits, they submit to me. 69
Foreigners are powerless 70 before me;
18:45 foreigners lose their courage; 71
they shake with fear 72 as they leave 73 their strongholds. 74
My protector 76 is praiseworthy! 77
The God who delivers me 78 is exalted as king! 79
18:47 The one true God 80 completely vindicates me; 81
he makes nations submit to me. 82
18:48 He delivers me 83 from my enemies;
you snatch me away 84 from those who attack me; 85
you rescue me from violent men.
18:49 So I will give you thanks before the nations, 86 O Lord!
I will sing praises to you! 87
18:50 He 88 gives his chosen king magnificent victories; 89
[18:20] 1 tn In this poetic narrative context the prefixed verbal form is best understood as a preterite indicating past tense, not imperfect.
[18:20] 2 tn Heb “according to my righteousness.” As vv. 22-24 make clear, the psalmist refers here to his unwavering obedience to God’s commands. In these verses the psalmist explains that the
[18:20] 3 tn The unreduced Hiphil prefixed verbal form appears to be an imperfect, in which case the psalmist would be generalizing. However, both the preceding and following contexts (see especially v. 24) suggest he is narrating his experience. Despite its unreduced form, the verb is better taken as a preterite. For other examples of unreduced Hiphil preterites, see Pss 55:14a; 68:9a, 10b; 80:8a; 89:43a; 107:38b; 116:6b.
[18:20] 4 tn Heb “according to the purity of my hands he repaid to me.” “Hands” suggest activity and behavior.
[18:21] 5 tn Heb “for I have kept the ways of the
[18:21] 6 tn Heb “I have not acted wickedly from my God.” The statement is elliptical; the idea is, “I have not acted wickedly and, in so doing, departed from my God.”
[18:22] 7 tn Heb “for all his regulations [are] before me.” The Hebrew term מִשְׁפָּטִים (mishpatim, “regulations”) refers to God’s covenantal requirements, especially those which the king is responsible to follow (cf. Deut 17:18-20). See also Pss 19:9 (cf. vv. 7-8); 89:30; 147:20 (cf. v. 19), as well as the numerous uses of the term in Ps 119.
[18:22] 8 tn Heb “and his rules I do not turn aside from me.” 2 Sam 22:23 reads, “and his rules, I do not turn aside from it.” The prefixed verbal form is probably an imperfect; the psalmist here generalizes about his loyalty to God’s commands. The Lord’s “rules” are the stipulations of the covenant which the king was responsible to obey (see Ps 89:31; cf. v. 30 and Deut 17:18-20).
[18:23] 9 tn Heb “from my sin,” that is, from making it my own in any way.
[18:24] 10 tn Heb “according to my righteousness.”
[18:24] 11 tn Heb “according to the purity of my hands before his eyes.” 2 Sam 22:25 reads “according to my purity before his eyes.” The verbal repetition (compare vv. 20 and 24) sets off vv. 20-24 as a distinct sub-unit within the psalm.
[18:25] 12 tn The imperfect verbal forms in vv. 25-29 draw attention to God’s characteristic actions. Based on his experience, the psalmist generalizes about God’s just dealings with people (vv. 25-27) and about the way in which God typically empowers him on the battlefield (vv. 28-29). The Hitpael stem is used in vv. 26-27 in a reflexive resultative (or causative) sense. God makes himself loyal, etc. in the sense that he conducts or reveals himself as such. On this use of the Hitpael stem, see GKC 149-50 §54.e.
[18:25] 13 tn Or “to a faithful follower.” A “faithful follower” (חָסִיד, khasid) is one who does what is right in God’s eyes and remains faithful to God (see Pss 4:3; 12:1; 16:10; 31:23; 37:28; 86:2; 97:10).
[18:25] 15 tn Heb “a man of innocence.”
[18:26] 17 tn The Hebrew verb פָתַל (patal) is used in only three other texts. In Gen 30:8 it means literally “to wrestle,” or “to twist.” In Job 5:13 it refers to devious individuals, and in Prov 8:8 to deceptive words.
[18:26] 18 tn The adjective עִקֵּשׁ (’iqqesh) has the basic nuance “twisted, crooked,” and by extension refers to someone or something that is morally perverse. It appears frequently in Proverbs, where it is used of evil people (22:5), speech (8:8; 19:1), thoughts (11:20; 17:20), and life styles (2:15; 28:6). A righteous king opposes such people (Ps 101:4).
[18:27] 19 tn Or perhaps, “humble” (note the contrast with those who are proud).
[18:27] 20 tn Heb “but proud eyes you bring low.” 2 Sam 22:28 reads, “your eyes [are] upon the proud, [whom] you bring low.”
[18:28] 21 tn Or “for.” The translation assumes that כִּי (ki)is asseverative here.
[18:28] 22 tn Ps 18:28 reads literally, “you light my lamp,
[18:28] 23 tn 2 Sam 22:29 repeats the name “
[18:28] 24 tn Heb “my darkness.”
[18:29] 25 tn Or “for.” The translation assumes that כִּי (ki) is asseverative here.
[18:29] 27 tn Heb “I will run.” The imperfect verbal forms in v. 29 indicate the subject’s potential or capacity to perform an action. Though one might expect a preposition to follow the verb here, this need not be the case with the verb רוּץ (ruts; see 1 Sam 17:22). Some emend the Qal to a Hiphil form of the verb and translate, “I put to flight [Heb “cause to run”] an army.”
[18:29] 28 tn More specifically, the noun גְּדוּד (gÿdud) refers to a raiding party or to a contingent of troops.
[18:29] 29 tn Heb “and by my God.”
[18:29] 30 sn I can jump over a wall. The psalmist uses hyperbole to emphasize his God-given military superiority.
[18:30] 31 tn Heb “[As for] the God, his way is blameless.” The term הָאֵל (ha’el, “the God”) stands as a nominative (or genitive) absolute in apposition to the resumptive pronominal suffix on “way.” The prefixed article emphasizes his distinctiveness as the one true God (cf. Deut 33:26). God’s “way” in this context refers to his protective and salvific acts in fulfillment of his promise (see also Deut 32:4; Pss 67:2; 77:13 [note vv. 11-12, 14]; 103:7; 138:5; 145:17).
[18:30] 32 sn The
[18:30] 33 tn Heb “the word of the
[18:30] 34 sn Take shelter. See the note on the word “shelter” in v. 2.
[18:31] 36 tn Heb “rocky cliff,” which is a metaphor of divine protection. See v. 2, where the Hebrew term צוּר (tsur) is translated “rocky summit.”
[18:31] 37 tn The rhetorical questions anticipate the answer, “No one.” In this way the psalmist indicates that the
[18:32] 38 tn Heb “the God.” The prefixed article emphasizes the
[18:32] 39 tn Heb “is the one who clothes.” For similar language see 1 Sam 2:4; Pss 65:6; 93:1. The psalmist employs a generalizing hymnic style in vv. 32-34; he uses participles in vv. 32a, 33a, and 34a to describe what God characteristically does on his behalf.
[18:32] 40 tn 2 Sam 22:33 reads, “the God is my strong refuge.”
[18:32] 41 tn The prefixed verbal form with vav (ו) consecutive here carries along the generalizing force of the preceding participle.
[18:32] 42 tn Heb “he made my path smooth.” The Hebrew term תָּמִים (tamim, “smooth”) usually carries a moral or ethical connotation, “blameless, innocent.” However, in Ps 18:33 it refers to a pathway free of obstacles. The reality underlying the metaphor is the psalmist’s ability to charge into battle without tripping (see vv. 33, 36).
[18:33] 43 tn Heb “[the one who] makes my feet like [those of ] a deer.”
[18:33] 44 tn Heb “and on my high places he makes me walk.” The imperfect verbal form emphasizes God’s characteristic provision. The psalmist compares his agility in battle to the ability of a deer to negotiate rugged, high terrain without falling or being injured.
[18:34] 45 sn He trains my hands. The psalmist attributes his skill with weapons to divine enablement. Egyptian reliefs picture gods teaching the king how to shoot a bow. See O. Keel, The Symbolism of the Biblical World, 265.
[18:34] 46 tn Heb “and a bow of bronze is bent by my arms”; or “my arms bend a bow of bronze.” The verb נָחַת (nakhat) apparently means “pull back, bend” here (see HALOT 692 s.v. נחת). The third feminine singular verbal form appears to agree with the feminine singular noun קֶשֶׁת (qeshet, “bow”). In this case the verb must be taken as Niphal (passive). However, it is possible that “my arms” is the subject of the verb and “bow” the object. In this case the verb is Piel (active). For other examples of a feminine singular verb being construed with a plural noun, see GKC 464 §145.k.
[18:35] 47 tn Heb “and you give to me the shield of your deliverance.”
[18:35] 48 tc 2 Sam 22:36 omits this line, perhaps due to homoioarcton. A scribe’s eye may have jumped from the vav (ו) prefixed to “your right hand” to the vav prefixed to the following “and your answer,” causing the copyist to omit by accident the intervening words (“your right hand supports me and”).
[18:35] 49 tn The MT of Ps 18:35 appears to read, “your condescension,” apparently referring to God’s willingness to intervene (cf. NIV “you stoop down”). However, the noun עֲנָוָה (’anavah) elsewhere means “humility” and is used only here of God. The form עַנְוַתְךָ (’anvatÿkha) may be a fully written form of the suffixed infinitive construct of עָנָה (’anah, “to answer”; a defectively written form of the infinitive appears in 2 Sam 22:36). In this case the psalmist refers to God’s willingness to answer his prayer; one might translate, “your favorable response.”
[18:35] 50 tn Heb “makes me great.”
[18:36] 51 tn Heb “you make wide my step under me.” “Step” probably refers metonymically to the path upon which the psalmist walks. Another option is to translate, “you widen my stride.” This would suggest that God gives the psalmist the capacity to run quickly.
[18:36] 52 tn Heb “lower legs.” On the meaning of the Hebrew noun, which occurs only here, see H. R. Cohen, Biblical Hapax Legomena (SBLDS), 112. A cognate Akkadian noun means “lower leg.”
[18:37] 53 tn 2 Sam 22:38 reads “destroy.”
[18:38] 54 tn Or “smash them.” 2 Sam 22:39 reads, “and I wiped them out and smashed them.”
[18:38] 55 tn Heb “until they are unable to rise.” 2 Sam 22:39 reads, “until they do not rise.”
[18:38] 56 sn They fall at my feet. For ancient Near Eastern parallels, see O. Keel, The Symbolism of the Biblical World, 294-97.
[18:39] 57 tn Heb “clothed me.” See v. 32.
[18:39] 58 tn Heb “you make those who rise against me kneel beneath me.”
[18:40] 59 tn Heb “and [as for] my enemies, you give to me [the] back [or “neck”].” The idiom “give [the] back” means “to cause [one] to turn the back and run away.” Cf. Exod 23:27.
[18:40] 60 sn Those who hate me. See v. 17, where it is the
[18:41] 61 tn Heb “but there is no deliverer.”
[18:41] 62 tn Heb “to the
[18:42] 63 tn Heb “I pulverize them like dust upon the face of the wind.” The phrase “upon the face of” here means “before.” 2 Sam 22:43 reads, “like dust of the earth.”
[18:42] 64 tc Ps 18:42 reads, “I empty them out” (Hiphil of ריק), while 2 Sam 22:43 reads, “I crush them, I stomp on them” (juxtaposing the synonyms דקק and רקע). It is likely that the latter is a conflation of variants. One, but not both, of the verbs in 2 Sam 22:43 is probably original; “empty out” does not form as good a parallel with “grind, pulverize” in the parallel line.
[18:43] 66 tn Heb “from the strivings of a people.” In this context the Hebrew term רִיב (riv, “striving”) probably has a militaristic sense (as in Judg 12:2; Isa 41:11), and עָם (’am, “people”) probably refers more specifically to an army (for other examples, see the verses listed in BDB 766 s.v. I עַם, עָם 2.d). Some understand the phrase as referring to attacks by the psalmist’s own countrymen, the “nation” being Israel. However, foreign enemies appear to be in view; note the reference to “nations” in the following line.
[18:43] 67 tn 2 Sam 22:44 reads, “you keep me.”
[18:43] 68 tn Heb “a people whom I did not know serve me.” In this context “know” (יָדַע, yada’) probably refers to formal recognition by treaty. People who were once not under the psalmist’s authority now willingly submit to his rulership to avoid being conquered militarily (see vv. 44-45). The language may recall the events recorded in 2 Sam 8:9-10 and 10:19.
[18:44] 69 tn Heb “at a report of an ear they submit to me.” The report of the psalmist’s exploits is so impressive that those who hear it submit to his rulership without putting up a fight.
[18:44] 70 tn For the meaning “be weak, powerless” for כָּחַשׁ (kakhash), see Ps 109:24. The next line (see v. 45a), in which “foreigners” are also mentioned, favors this interpretation. Another option is to translate “cower in fear” (see Deut 33:29; Pss 66:3; 81:15; cf. NIV “cringe”; NRSV “came cringing”).
[18:45] 71 tn Heb “wither, wear out.”
[18:45] 72 tn The meaning of חָרַג (kharag, “shake”) is established on the basis of cognates in Arabic and Aramaic. 2 Sam 22:46 reads חָגַר (khagar), which might mean here, “[they] come limping” (on the basis of a cognate in postbiblical Hebrew). The normal meaning for חָגַר (“gird”) makes little sense here.
[18:45] 74 tn Heb “their prisons.” The besieged cities of the foreigners are compared to prisons.
[18:46] 75 tn Elsewhere the construction חַי־יְהוָה (khay-yÿhvah) is used exclusively as an oath formula, “as surely as the
[18:46] 76 tn Heb “my rocky cliff,” which is a metaphor for protection. See similar phrases in vv. 2, 31.
[18:46] 77 tn Or “blessed [i.e., praised] be.”
[18:46] 78 tn Heb “the God of my deliverance.” 2 Sam 22:48 reads, “the God of the rocky cliff of my deliverance.”
[18:46] 79 tn The words “as king” are supplied in the translation for clarification. Elsewhere in the psalms the verb רוּם (rum, “be exalted”), when used of God, refers to his exalted position as king (Pss 99:2; 113:4; 138:6) and/or his self-revelation as king through his mighty deeds of deliverance (Pss 21:13; 46:10; 57:5, 11).
[18:47] 80 tn Heb “the God.” See v. 32.
[18:47] 81 tn Heb “is the one who grants vengeance to me.” The plural form of the noun indicates degree here, suggesting complete vengeance or vindication.
[18:47] 82 tn Heb “he subdues nations beneath me.” On the meaning of the verb דָּבַר (davar, “subdue,” a homonym of דָּבַר, davar, “speak”), see HALOT 209-10 s.v. I דבר. See also Ps 47:3 and 2 Chr 22:10. 2 Sam 22:48 reads “and [is the one who] brings down nations beneath me.”
[18:48] 83 tn Heb “[the one who] delivers me.” 2 Sam 22:49 reads “and [the one who] brings me out.”
[18:48] 84 tn Heb “lifts me up.” In light of the preceding and following references to deliverance, the verb רום probably here refers to being rescued from danger (see Ps 9:13). However, it could mean “exalt, elevate” here, indicating that the
[18:48] 85 tn Heb “from those who rise against me.”
[18:49] 86 sn I will give you thanks before the nations. This probably alludes to the fact that the psalmist will praise the
[18:49] 87 tn Heb “to your name.” God’s “name” refers metonymically to his divine characteristics as suggested by his name, in this case “
[18:50] 88 tn Or “the one who.”
[18:50] 89 tn Heb “magnifies the victories of his king.” “His king” refers to the psalmist, the Davidic king whom God has chosen to rule Israel.
[18:50] 90 tn Heb “[the one who] does loyalty.”
[18:50] 91 tn Heb “his anointed [one],” i.e., the psalmist/Davidic king. See Ps 2:2.
[18:50] 92 tn Or “offspring”; Heb “seed.”
[18:50] 93 sn If David is the author of the psalm (see the superscription), then he here anticipates that God will continue to demonstrate loyalty to his descendants who succeed him. If the author is a later Davidic king, then he views the divine favor he has experienced as the outworking of God’s faithful promises to David his ancestor.
