Text -- Daniel 11:18-45 (NET)

11:18 Then he will turn his attention to the coastal regions and will capture many of them. But a commander will bring his shameful conduct to a halt; in addition, he will make him pay for his shameful conduct. 11:19 He will then turn his attention to the fortresses of his own land, but he will stumble and fall, not to be found again. 11:20 There will arise after him one who will send out an exactor of tribute to enhance the splendor of the kingdom, but after a few days he will be destroyed, though not in anger or battle. 11:21 “Then there will arise in his place a despicable person to whom the royal honor has not been rightfully conferred. He will come on the scene in a time of prosperity and will seize the kingdom through deceit. 11:22 Armies will be suddenly swept away in defeat before him; both they and a covenant leader will be destroyed. 11:23 After entering into an alliance with him, he will behave treacherously; he will ascend to power with only a small force. 11:24 In a time of prosperity for the most productive areas of the province he will come and accomplish what neither his fathers nor their fathers accomplished. He will distribute loot, spoils, and property to his followers, and he will devise plans against fortified cities, but not for long. 11:25 He will rouse his strength and enthusiasm against the king of the south with a large army. The king of the south will wage war with a large and very powerful army, but he will not be able to prevail because of the plans devised against him. 11:26 Those who share the king’s fine food will attempt to destroy him, and his army will be swept away; many will be killed in battle. 11:27 These two kings, their minds filled with evil intentions, will trade lies with one another at the same table. But it will not succeed, for there is still an end at the appointed time. 11:28 Then the king of the north will return to his own land with much property. His mind will be set against the holy covenant. He will take action, and then return to his own land. 11:29 At an appointed time he will again invade the south, but this latter visit will not turn out the way the former one did. 11:30 The ships of Kittim will come against him, leaving him disheartened. He will turn back and direct his indignation against the holy covenant. He will return and honor those who forsake the holy covenant. 11:31 His forces will rise up and profane the fortified sanctuary, stopping the daily sacrifice. In its place they will set up the abomination that causes desolation. 11:32 Then with smooth words he will defile those who have rejected the covenant. But the people who are loyal to their God will act valiantly. 11:33 These who are wise among the people will teach the masses. However, they will fall by the sword and by the flame, and they will be imprisoned and plundered for some time. 11:34 When they stumble, they will be granted some help. But many will unite with them deceitfully. 11:35 Even some of the wise will stumble, resulting in their refinement, purification, and cleansing until the time of the end, for it is still for the appointed time. 11:36 “Then the king will do as he pleases. He will exalt and magnify himself above every deity and he will utter presumptuous things against the God of gods. He will succeed until the time of wrath is completed, for what has been decreed must occur. 11:37 He will not respect the gods of his fathers– not even the god loved by women. He will not respect any god; he will elevate himself above them all. 11:38 What he will honor is a god of fortresses– a god his fathers did not acknowledge he will honor with gold, silver, valuable stones, and treasured commodities. 11:39 He will attack mighty fortresses, aided by a foreign deity. To those who recognize him he will grant considerable honor. He will place them in authority over many people, and he will parcel out land for a price. 11:40 “At the time of the end the king of the south will attack him. Then the king of the north will storm against him with chariots, horsemen, and a large armada of ships. He will invade lands, passing through them like an overflowing river. 11:41 Then he will enter the beautiful land. Many will fall, but these will escape: Edom, Moab, and the Ammonite leadership. 11:42 He will extend his power against other lands; the land of Egypt will not escape. 11:43 He will have control over the hidden stores of gold and silver, as well as all the treasures of Egypt. Libyans and Ethiopians will submit to him. 11:44 But reports will trouble him from the east and north, and he will set out in a tremendous rage to destroy and wipe out many. 11:45 He will pitch his royal tents between the seas toward the beautiful holy mountain. But he will come to his end, with no one to help him.

Commentary -- Verse Notes / Footnotes

NET Notes: Dan 11:18

¹ tn Heb “his face.” See v. 19 as well.

² sn The commander is probably the Roman commander, Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

³ tn The Hebrew here is difficult in that the negative בִּלְתִּי (biltiy, “not”) is used in an unusual way. The sense is not entirely clear.

⁴ tn Heb “his shameful conduct he will return to him.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:20

¹ tn Heb “on his place.”

² sn The one who will send out an exactor of tribute was Seleucus IV Philopator (ca. 187-176 B.C.).

³ sn Perhaps this exactor of tribute was Heliodorus (cf. 2 Maccabees 3).

⁴ tn Heb “broken” or “shattered.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:21

¹ sn This despicable person to whom the royal honor has not been rightfully conferred is Antiochus IV Epiphanes (ca. 175-164 B.C.).

NET Notes: Dan 11:22

¹ tn Heb “arms.”

² tc The present translation reads הִשָּׁטֹף (hishatof), Niphal infinitive absolute of שָׁטַף (shataf, “to overflow”), for the MT הַשֶּׁטֶף (hashetef, “flood”).

³ tn The words “in defeat” are added in the translation for clarification.

⁴ tn Heb “a prince of the covenant.”

⁵ tn Heb “broken” or “shattered.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:23

¹ tn The preposition מִן (min) is probably temporal here (so BDB 583 s.v. 7.c; cf. KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV), although it could also be understood here as indicating means (so J. Goldingay, Daniel [WBC], 279, n. 23a; cf. TEV, NLT).

² tn Heb “nation.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:24

¹ tn Heb “and unto a time.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:25

¹ tn Heb “heart.”

² sn This king of the south was Ptolemy Philometer (ca. 181-145 B.C.).

NET Notes: Dan 11:26

¹ tc The present translation reads יִשָׁטֵף (yishatef, passive) rather than the MT יִשְׁטוֹף (yishtof, active).

NET Notes: Dan 11:27

¹ tn Heb “heart.” So also in v. 28.

² tn Heb “speak.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:28

¹ tn Heb “he”; the referent (the king of the north) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

NET Notes: Dan 11:30

¹ sn The name Kittim has various designations in extra-biblical literature. It can refer to a location on the island of Cyprus, or more generally to the island itself, or it can be an inclusive term to refer to parts of the Mediterranean world that lay west of the Middle East (e.g., Rome). For ships of Kittim the Greek OT (LXX) has “Romans,” an interpretation followed by a few English versions (e.g., TEV). A number of times in the Dead Sea Scrolls the word is used in reference to the Romans. Other English versions are more generic: “[ships] of the western coastlands” (NIV, NLT); “from the west” (NCV, CEV).

² sn This is apparently a reference to the Roman forces, led by Gaius Popilius Laenas, which confronted Antiochus when he came to Egypt and demanded that he withdraw or face the wrath of Rome. Antiochus wisely withdrew from Egypt, albeit in a state of bitter frustration.

³ tn Heb “show regard for.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:31

¹ tn Heb “arms.”

² tn Heb “the sanctuary, the fortress.”

³ tn Heb “will give.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:32

¹ tn Or “corrupt.”

² tn Heb “acted wickedly toward.”

³ tn Heb “know.” The term “know” sometimes means “to recognize.” In relational contexts it can have the connotation “recognize the authority of, be loyal to,” as it does here.

⁴ sn This is an allusion to the Maccabean revolt, which struggled to bring about Jewish independence in the second century B.C.

NET Notes: Dan 11:33

¹ tn Heb “the many.”

² tn Heb “stumble.”

³ tn Or “by burning.”

⁴ tn Heb “days.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:36

¹ sn The identity of this king is problematic. If vv. 36-45 continue the description of Antiochus Epiphanes, the account must be viewed as erroneous, since the details do not match what is known of Antiochus’ latter days. Most modern scholars take this view, concluding that this section was written just shortly before the death of Antiochus and that the writer erred on several key points as he tried to predict what would follow the events of his own day. Conservative scholars, however, usually understand the reference to shift at this point to an eschatological figure, viz., the Antichrist. The chronological gap that this would presuppose to be in the narrative is not necessarily a problem, since by all accounts there are many chronological gaps throughout the chapter, as the historical figures intended by such expressions as “king of the north” and “king of the south” repeatedly shift.

² tn The words “the time of” are added in the translation for clarification.

³ tn Heb “has been done.” The Hebrew verb used here is the perfect of certitude, emphasizing the certainty of fulfillment.

NET Notes: Dan 11:37

¹ tn Heb “consider.”

² tn Heb “[the one] desired by women.” The referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.

NET Notes: Dan 11:39

¹ tn Heb “act against.”

² tn Heb “with.”

³ tn Or perhaps “for a reward.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:40

¹ tn Heb “engage in thrusting.”

² tn The referent of the pronoun is most likely the king of the south, in which case the text describes the king of the north countering the attack of the king of the south.

³ tn Heb “many ships.”

⁴ tn This most likely refers to the king of the north who, in response to the aggression of the king of the south, launches an invasion of the southern regions.

⁵ tn Heb “and will overflow and pass over.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:41

¹ sn The beautiful land is a cryptic reference to the land of Israel.

² tn This can be understood as “many people” (cf. NRSV) or “many countries” (cf. NASB, NIV, NLT).

³ tn Heb “be delivered from his hand.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:42

¹ tn Heb “hand.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:43

¹ tn Or “Nubians” (NIV, NCV); Heb “Cushites.”

² tn Heb “Libyans and Cushites [will be] at his footsteps.”

NET Notes: Dan 11:45

¹ sn Presumably seas refers to the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea.