Exodus 35:1--40:38
things <01697> [These.]
do <06213> [do them.]
six days .......... day <08337 03117> [Six days.]
holy day <06944> [an holy day. Heb. holiness. whosoever.]
word <01697> [This is.]
everyone <03605> [whosoever.]
blue <08504> [blue.]
goat's <05795> [goats' hair.]
olive oil ......... oil <08081> [And oil.]
spices <01314> [spices.]
tabernacle <04908> [tabernacle.]
clasps <07165> [taches.]
{Keraism,} from {karas,} to bend, so called from their curved form; hooks, clasps, or any thing used for the purpose of fastening: the word taches is formed by aph‘resis from the French attacher, to fasten. They were equivalent, perhaps, to our hooks-and-eyes.
ark <0727> [ark.]
conceals <06532> [the vail.]
lampstand <04501> [candlestick.]
{Menorah,} rather, a chandelier, which was of pure gold, and is described as having one shaft, with six branches proceeding from it, adorned at equal distances with six flowers, like lilies, with as many bowls and knops placed alternately.
incense ........... incense <07004> [the incense.]
hanging <04539> [the hanging.]
altar <04196> [The altar.]
basin <03595> [the laver.]
hangings <07050> [The hangings.]
pegs ....... pegs <03489> [The pins.]
These, as Dr. Wall observes, were not particularly mentioned. Josephus says, that to every board of the tabernacle, and to every pillar of the hangings of the court, there were ropes or cords, fastened at the top of the board or pillar, and that the other end of the rope was fastened to a [passalos,] a nail, or pin, which, at a good distance off, was driven into the ground up to the head, a cubit deep. This was to keep the tabernacle from being blown down by the wind. Dr. Shaw, describing the tents of the Bedouins, says, "These tents are kept firm and steady by bracing or stretching down their eaves with cords tied to wooden hooked pins, well pointed, which they drive into the ground with a mallet; one of these pins answering to the nail, as the mallet does to the hammer, which Jael used in fastening to the ground the temples of Sisera." (Jud 4:21.)
garments .......... garments ........ garments <0899> [The cloths.]
holy .... holy <06944> [the holy.]
brooches <02397> [bracelets.]
{Chach,} either a hook or clasp to join garments together; {fibula,} as Montanus renders; or bracelets, which are hooked or clasped together; so Vulgate, {armillas.}
ornaments <03558> [tablets.]
{Kumoz,} as Bochart thinks, a kind of girdle, swathe, or zone.
everyone <0376> [every man.]
<04672> [whom.]
whose heart ........... that <0834 03820> [whose heart.]
Lord ................... Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
See <07200> [See.]
filled <04390> [And he.]
skill <02451> [wisdom.]
{Chochmah,} (from {chacham,} to be wise, skilful, prudent,) wisdom, denoting the compass of mind and strength of capacity necessary to form a wise man; hence our word wisdom is the power of judging what is wise, or best to be done; from the Saxon {wisedom,} the doom or judgment of the well taught, wise, or prudent man, from {wisan,} to teach, advise, and {deman,} to judge.
understanding <08394> [understanding.]
{Tevoonah,} (from {boon,} to separate, distinguish, discern,) understanding, discernment, capacity to comprehend the different parts of a work, how to connect, arrange, etc., in order to make a complete whole.
knowledge <01847> [knowledge.]
{DaÆ’th,} (from {yadÆ’,} to know, be acquainted with,) knowledge, or a particular acquaintance with a person or thing, practical, experimental knowledge.
put <05414> [he hath.]
Oholiab <0171> [Aholiab.]
filled <04390> [he filled.]
designers ......................... artistic <02803> [the cunning.]
weavers <0707> [of the weaver.]
[An. Ex. Is. 1. Tisri to Adar. Bezaleel.]
[wise-hearted man.]
service <05656> [for the service.]
Lord ............................... Lord <03068> [according.]
person ........... heart <03820> [in whose.]
person ........... heart <03820> [one whose.]
offerings <08641> [the offering.]
morning <01242> [every morning.]
When God puts grace into the heart, the hands will be diligently employed in every good work.
<03498> [and too much.]
skilled <02450> [wise.]
doing .... made ................... made <06213> [made.]
cherubim <03742> [cherubims.]
{Keroovim,} cherubim, not cherubims. What these were we cannot determine. Some, observing that the verb {kerav} in Syriac, sometimes means to resemble, make like, conceive the noun {keroov} signifies no more than an image, figure, or representation of anything. Josephus says they were flying animals, like none of those which are seen by man, but such as Moses saw about the throne of God. In another place he says, "As for the cherubim, nobody can tell or conceive what they were like." These symbolical figures, according to the description of them by Ezekiel, (ch. 1:10; 10:14,) were creatures with four heads and one body; and the animals of which these forms consisted were the noblest of their kind; the lion among the wild beasts; the bull among the tame ones; the eagle among the birds, and man at the head of all. Hence some have conceived them to be somewhat of the shape of flying oxen; and it is alleged in favour of this opinion, that the far more common meaning of the verb {kerav,} in Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic, being to plough, the natural meaning of {keroov,} is a creature used in ploughing. This seems to have been the ancient opinion which tradition had handed down, concerning the shape of the cherubim with the flaming sword, that guarded the tree of life. (Ge 3:24.)
together ... one ............ unit <0259> [so it became.]
covering ............... covering <04372> [covering.]
ram skins dyed red ......... leather <05785 0119 0352> [rams' skins dyed red.]
This was the third covering of the tabernacle. The first and lowermost was made of fine linen, richly embroidered with figures of cherubim, in shades of blue, purple, and scarlet (ver. 8-13). It is reasonable to suppose, that the right side of this curtain was undermost, and so it formed a beautiful ceiling in the inside of the tabernacle. The second covering, which lay over the embroidered one, was made of a sort of mohair, (ver. 14-17,) and the fourth, or uppermost one, which was to keep the others from the weather, was made of {tachash,} or badgers' skins.
frames <07175> [boards.]
acacia wood <06086 07848> [shittim wood.]
length <0753> [The length.]
Each of these boards, taking the cubit at nearly twenty-two inches, was about eighteen feet long, and two feet nine inches broad. As these boards are said to be standing up (ver. 20,) their length was consequently the height of the tabernacle; and as the two sides were composed of twenty of these, standing up (ver. 23, 25,) and the west end of six, with two boards to project at the corners, (ver. 27, 28,) the tabernacle must therefore, have been thirty cubits, or fifty-five feet long, and about ten cubits, or eighteen feet broad. These boards were fastened at the bottom by two tenons in each board, which fitted into two mortices in the foundation, at the top by links or hasps, and on the sides by five wooden bars, which ran through rings or staples in each of the boards. The boards and bars were all overlaid with gold; and their rings for the staves, and their hasps at top, were of the same metal. The foundation on which they stood consisted of about ninety-six solid blocks of silver, two under each board, about eighteen inches long, and of a suitable thickness; and each weighing a talent, or about a hundred weight. Four blocks of silver formed the bases of the columns which supported the curtain that divided the inside of the tabernacle into two rooms.
west <03220> [westward.]
doubled <08382> [coupled. Heb. twined.]
frames ..... bases ... bases two bases ... each frame <0134 0259 07175 08147> [under every board two sockets. Heb. two sockets, two sockets, under one board.]
tabernacle .......... tabernacle <04908> [the tabernacle.]
curtain ... blue <08504 06532> [vail of blue.]
{Parachoth,} from {parach,} to separate, divide, make a distinction between somewhat, the inner vail, which divided the tabernacle into two, and separated, and made a distinction between the Holy place and the Holy of Holies. This vail was made of the same rich materials as the inner covering of the tabernacle, and curiously embroidered with cherubim and other ornaments. Though it does not appear from Scripture at what distance from either end of the tabernacle this vail was hung, yet is reasonably conjectured, that it divided it in the same proportion in which the temple, built after this model, was divided; that is, two-thirds of the whole length were allotted to the first room, and one-third to the second; so that the room beyond the vail, the Holy of Holies, was exactly square, being ten cubits each way, and the first room, the sanctuary, was twice as long as it was broad.
hanging <04539> [an hanging.]
This vail was a fine embroidered curtain, of the same materials and of the same workmanship as the inner vail and inner covering of the tabernacle. The text does not say how low it hung. Philo makes it touch the ground; but Josephus will have it to come down but half way, so that the people might have a view of the inside of the tabernacle; but then he says there was another curtain over that, which came to the ground, to keep it from the weather, and was drawn aside on the sabbath and other festivals.
embroiderer <07551> [of needlework. Heb. the work of a needle worker, or embroider.]
bands ... gold <02091 02838> [fillets with gold.]
poles <0905> [staves.]
gold <02091> [with gold.]
end ........ end <07098> [on the end. or, out of, etc. on the other end. or, out of, etc.]
cherubim ... spreading ............. cherubim <03742 06566> [cherubims spread.]
atonement lid ............. atonement lid <03727> [to the mercy seatward.]
Nothing but the ark of the covenant, with the mercy-seat, was put within the most holy place; but without the vail this "table of {shittim} wood" was fixed, of the same height as the ark, but neither so long nor so broad. It was made of the same materials as the ark, and with a golden cornice; but it had also another cornice below the edge, and one at the bottom, with a border between the two of a hand breadth; though some think one border only was below the edge, and that this was towards the bottom, to keep the feet or legs more closely united. The table also had rings and staves for the convenience of removing it. To it were annexed several vessels; as dishes, in which some think the shewbread was placed; or, according to others, the flour of which it was made, or the oil used for various purposes; spoons, which were employed about the incense offered on the golden altar, or carried within the vail in a censer on the day of atonement. Some have supposed the word to denote vials, as we read of vials full of odours and incense (Rev 5:3): covers, which seem to have been put over both the loaves and the incense, yet some suppose they were vessels used in drink-offerings; but that is more reasonably considered as the use of the bowls.
plates <07086> [dishes.]
pouring out <02004 05258> [cover withal. or, pour out withal.]
lampstand ... pure ...... lampstand <04501 02889> [the candlestick of.]
almond <08246> [almonds.]
one <0259> [were.]
hammered <04749> [beaten work.]
made <06213> [he made.]
incense <07004> [incense.]
perfumer <07543> [the apothecary.]
altar <04196> [the altar.]
This altar consisted of four boards of {shittim} (acacia) wood, covered with brass, and hollow in the middle; but it is supposed to have been filled up with earth when used, for it is expressly said (ch. 20:24) that the altar is to be of earth. As it was five cubits long and five cubits broad, and three cubits high, if the cubit be reckoned at 21 inches, it must have been eight feet nine inches square, and about five feet three inches in height.
seven feet six inches .... seven feet six inches ..... square .... height ... four feet six <0520 07969 06967 07251> [foursquare; and three cubits the height thereof.]
made <06213> [he made.]
bronze <05178> [brass.]
made ....................... made <06213> [he made.]
meat hooks <04207> [flesh-hooks.]
grating <04345> [the grate.]
carry .... made <05375 06213> [to bear it withal.]
basin <03595> [the laver.]
mirrors <04759> [looking glasses. or, brazen glasses.]
The word {maroth,} from {raah,} to see, denotes reflectors, or mirrors, of any kind. That these could not have been looking glasses, as in our translation, is sufficiently evident, not only from the glass not being then in use, but also from the impossibility of making the brazen laver of such materials. The first mirrors known among men, were the clear fountain and unruffled lake. The first artificial ones were made of polished brass, afterwards of steel, and when luxury increased, of silver; but at a very early period, they were made of a mixed metal, particularly of tin and copper, the best of which, as Pliny informs us, were formerly manufactured at Brundusium. When the Egyptians went to their temples, according to St. Cyril, they always carried their mirrors with them. The Israelitish women probably did the same; and Dr. Shaw says, that looking-glasses are still part of the dress of Moorish women, who carry them constantly hung at their breasts.
women ... served <06633> [assembling. Heb. assembling by troops.]
It is supposed that these women kept watch during the night. Among the ancients, women were generally employed as door-keepers. See 1 Sa 2:22.
courtyard .......... courtyard <02691> [the court.]
hangings <07050> [hangings.]
embroiderer <07551> [needlework.]
pegs <03489> [the pins.]
tabernacle ... tabernacle .... testimony <05715 04908> [tabernacle of testimony.]
The word tabernacle is used in many different senses, and signifies, I. A tent or pavilion, .# Nu 24:5 Mt 17:4 II. A house or dwelling, .# Job 11:4 22:23 III. A kind of tent, which is designated, to speak after the manner of the men, the palace of the Most High, the dwelling of the God of Israel, .# 26:1 Heb 9:2,3 IV. Christ's human nature, of which the Jewish tabernacle was a type, wherein God dwells really, substantially, and personally, .# Heb 8:2 9:11 V. The true church militant, .# Ps 15:1 VI. Our natural body, in which the soul lodges as in a tabernacle, .# 2Co 5:1 2Pe 1:13 VII. The token of God's gracious presence, .# Re 21:3
direction <03027> [by the hand.]
Ithamar <0385> [Ithamar.]
Bezalel <01212> [Bezaleel.]
The supernatural qualifications of Bezaleel and Aholiab proved their divine appointment; yet they had an express nomination to their work: they were also miraculously qualified to instruct their assistants, as well as to superintend them. Christ alone builds the Temple of the Lord, and bears the glory; but ministers and private Christians, under his direction and by his grace, may be fellow-workers together with him. They who, in mean employments, are diligent and humbly contented, are equally acceptable with those who are engaged in more splendid services. The women who spun the goats' hair were wise-hearted, as well as the persons who presided over the work of the tabernacle, or as Aaron, who burnt incense there, because they did it heartily unto the Lord. Our wisdom and duty consist in giving God the glory and use of our talents, be they more or less; neither abusing nor burying them, but occupying with them until our Lord shall come; being satisfied that it is better to be a door-keeper in his service, than the most mighty and renowned of the ungodly.--Scott.
Lord <03068> [all that the Lord.]
Oholiab <0171> [Aholiab.]
designer <02803> [a cunning.]
gold ................. gold <02091> [All the gold.]
If we follow the estimation of the learned Dean Prideaux, the value of the twenty-nine talents, and 730 shekels of gold, will be 198,347Å“. 12s. 6d. The value of the silver contributed by 603,550 Israelites, at half a shekel, or 1s. 6d. per man, will amount to 45,266Å“. 5s. The value of the 70 talents, 2,400 shekels of brass, will be 513Å“. 17s. The gold weighed 4,245 pounds; the silver, 14,603 pounds; and the brass, 10,277 pounds, troy weight. The total value of all the gold, silver, and brass, will consequently amount to 244,127Å“. 14s. 6d.; and the total weight of these three metals will amount to 29,124 pounds troy, which reduced to avoirdupois weight, is equal to fourteen tons, 226 pounds!--It may, perhaps, seem difficult to imagine how the Israelites should be possessed of so much wealth in the desert; but it should be remembered, that their ancestors were opulent men before they came into Egypt; that they were further enriched by the spoils of the Egyptians and Amalekites; and that it is probable, they traded with the neighbouring nations who bordered on the wilderness. There appear to be three reasons why so much riches should have been employed in the construction of the tabernacle, etc. 1. To impress the people's minds with the glory and dignity of the Divine Majesty, and the importance of his service. 2. To take out of their hands the occasion of covetousness. 3. To prevent pride and vain glory, by leading them to give up to the divine service even the ornaments of their persons.
wave offering <08573> [offering.]
shekels ...... shekel <08255> [the shekel.]
beka <01235> [bekah.]
person <01538> [every man. Heb. a poll.]
603,550 <03967 08337> [six hundred.]
bases ....... bases ........ bases ......... base <0134> [and the sockets.]
made bands <02836> [and filleted them.]
bases <0134> [the sockets.]
blue <08504> [the blue.]
garments .......... garments <0899> [cloths.]
made ........ sanctuary ... made holy <06944 06213> [holy place.]
sanctuary .... holy <06944> [the holy.]
work .... artistic designer <04639 02803> [cunning work.]
waistband <02805> [curious.]
Lord <03068> [as the Lord.]
onyx stones <07718 068> [onyx stones.]
The meaning of the word {shoham} is not easily determined. It has been variously rendered a beryl, emerald, prasius, sapphire, sardius, ruby, carnelian, onyx, and sardonyx. It may signify both the onyx and sardonyx. The latter stone is a mixture of the chalcedony and carnelian, sometimes in strata, and at other times blended together, and is found striped with white and red strata, or layers. It is generally allowed that there is no real difference, except in hardness, between the carnelian, chalcedony, agate, sardonyx, and onyx. The onyx is of a darkish horny colour, resembling the nail or hoof, from which circumstance it has its name [(onyx).] It has often a plate of a blueish white or red in it, and when on one or both sides of this white there appears a plate of a reddish colour, the jewellers call the stone a sardonyx.
filigree <04865> [ouches.]
{Mishbetzoth,} strait places, sockets, to insert the stones in, from {shavatz,} to straiten, enclose.
memorial <02146> [a memorial.]
rows ..... row ............ row <02905> [the first row.]
ruby <0124> [sardius. or, ruby.]
emerald <03095> [a diamond.]
The word {yahalom} may mean the diamond, from {halam,} to beat, smite, because of its extreme hardness, by which it will beat to pieces the other stones. It is a fine pellucid substance never debased with any admixture of other matter; susceptible of elegant tinges from metal-line particles; giving fire with steel; not fermenting with acid menstrua; scarcely calcinable by any degree of fire; and of one simple and permanent appearance in all lights. It is the hardest and most valuable of all gems; when pure, perfectly clear and pellucid as the clearest water, and eminently distinguished from all other substances by its vivid splendour, and the brightness of its reflections.
jacinth <03958> [a ligure.]
{Leshem,} the ligure, the same as the jacinth, or hyacinth, a precious stone of a deep red, with a considerable tinge of yellow. Theophrastus and Pliny say it resembles the carbuncle, of a brightness sparkling like fire.
agate <07618> [an agate.]
{Shevo,} the agate, a semi-pellucid compound gem, formed of different simple minerals, as chalcedony, cornelian, jasper. horn-stone, quartz, amethyst, opal, etc.; joined irregularly or in layers. It is of a white, reddish, yellowish, or greenish ground; and so variously figured in its substance as to represent plants, trees, animals, and other objects.
amethyst <0306> [an amethyst.]
{Achlamah,} an amethyst, a transparent gem, composed of a strong blue and deep red; and according as either prevails, affording different tinges of purple, sometimes approaching to violet, and sometimes even fading to a pale rose colour.
chrysolite <08658> [a beryl.]
Tarshish, a pellucid gem, of a sea or blueish green colour.
jasper <03471> [a jasper.]
{Yaspeh,} the jasper, a hard stone, of which there are not less than fifteen varieties of colour, as green, red, yellow, brown, black, etc.
braided chains <08333 01383> [chains at the ends.]
gold ...... gold rings ....... rings <02091 02885> [gold rings.]
two ..... two chains ...... two <05688 08147> [two wreathen.]
ephod <0646> [ephod.]
juncture <04225> [coupling.]
Lord <03068> [as the Lord.]
made <06213> [they made.]
pomegranates <07416> [pomegranates.]
bells ........ bells <06472> [bells.]
pomegranates .......... pomegranates <07416> [the pomegranates.]
pomegranate ...... pomegranate <07416> [pomegranate.]
hem <07757> [hem.]
tunics <03801> [coats.]
fine linen <08336> [fine.]
The word {Shesh} seems rather to mean cotton, than either fine linen or silk; called also {butz,} and by the Greeks, [byssos,] and Romans, {byssus.}
turban <04701> [a mitre.]
fine linen ..... fine linen .... undergarments ... fine ... linen <08336 0906> [linen.]
undergarments <04370> [breeches.]
{Michnasim,} from {kanas,} to wrap round.
sash <073> [a girdle.]
{Avnet,} a belt or girdle, of the same kind as the eastern sash, which confines the loose garments about the waist; and in which their long skirts are tucked up when at work or on a journey.
plate <06731> [the plate.]
holy ................... Holiness <06944> [HOLINESS.]
work <05656> [all the.]
Lord <03068> [according.]
tent <0168> [the tent.]
atonement lid <03727> [the mercy seat.]
Presence <06440> [the shewbread.]
lamps .... lamps <05216> [even with.]
fragrant incense <07004 05561> [sweet incense. Heb. the incense of sweet spice.]
garments ......... garments ........ garments <0899> [cloths.]
sanctuary ... holy <06944> [the holy.]
Lord <03068> [according.]
did <06213> [made.]
inspected <07200> [did look.]
blessed <01288> [blessed them.]
month <02320 0259> [the first month.]
tabernacle <04908> [tabernacle.]
table <07979> [the table.]
things that belong on <06187> [the things that, etc. Heb. the order thereof.]
lampstand <04501> [the candlestick.]
altar <04196> [the altar.]
put <07760> [put.]
courtyard ............. courtyard <02691> [the court.]
anointing oil <04888 08081> [the anointing oil.]
sanctify <06942> [sanctify.]
[most holy. Heb. holiness of holiness.]
anoint .... sanctify <04886 06942> [anoint him.]
continue <05769> [everlasting.]
Lord <03068> [according.]
first day .... first month <02320 07223> [the first month.]
set .................... set <06965> [reared.]
put ........... attached <05414> [and fastened.]
tent ........... tent <0168> [the tent.]
testimony <05715> [the testimony.]
atonement lid <03727> [mercy.]
brought <0935> [he brought.]
shielded <05526> [and covered.]
put <05414> [he put.]
north <06828> [northward.]
altar <04196> [the altar.]
offered <05927> [offered.]
wash <07364> [washed.]
Lord <03068> [as the Lord.]
set .... courtyard ................. courtyard <02691 06965> [up the court.]
tabernacle <04908> [the tabernacle.]
The tabernacle might either be called a house or a tent, because it had wooden walls and partitions like a house, and curtains and hangings like a tent; but as it externally resembled a common oblong tent, and the wooden walls were without a roof, and properly only supports for the many curtains and hangings spread over them, it is more properly called a tent. Even the ordinary tents of the Arabs have at least two main divisions; the innermost for the women, and hence called sacred, i.e., cut off, inaccessible. In the tent of an {emir} the innermost space is accessible to himself only, or those whom he particularly honours; into the outer tent others may come. The furniture is costly, the floor covered with a rich carpet, and has a stand with a censer and coals, on which incense is strewed. Hence we have the simple idea after which this magnificent royal tent of Jehovah, the King and God of the Hebrews, was made.
curtain <04539> [hanging.]
Moses <04872> [So Moses.]
cloud <06051> [a cloud.]
cloud <06051> [when.]
lifted <05265> [went onward. Heb. journeyed.]
cloud <06051> [the cloud.]
fire <0784> [fire.]
CONCLUDING REMARKS. Moses was undoubtedly the author of this Book, which forms a continuation of the preceding, and was evidently written after the promulgation of the law: it embraces the history of about 145 years. Moses, having in the Book of Genesis described the creation of the world, the origin of nations, and the peopling of the earth, details in the Book of Exodus the commencement and nature of the Jewish Church and Polity, which has very properly been termed a Theocracy, (Theokratia, from [Theos <\\See definition 2316\\>,] God, and [krate¢ <\\See definition 2902\\>,] to rule,) in which Jehovah appears not merely as their Creator and God, but as their King. Hence this and the following books of Moses are not purely historical; but contain not only laws for the regulation of their moral conduct and the rites and ceremonies of their religious worship, but judicial and political laws relating to government and civl life. The stupendous facts connected with these events, may be clearly perceived by consulting the marginal references; and many of the circumstances are confirmed by the testimony of heathen writers. Numenius, a Pythagorean philosopher, mentioned by Eusebius, speaks of the opposition of the magicians, whom he calls Jannes and Jambres, to the miracles of Moses. Though the names of these magicians are not preserved in the Sacred Text, yet tradition had preserved them in the Jewish records, from which St. Paul (2 Ti 3:8.) undoubtedly quotes. Add to this that many of the notions of the heathen respecting the appearance of the Deity, and their religious institutions and laws, were borrowed from this book; and many of their fables were nothing more than distorted traditions of those events which are here plainly related by Moses.
