Joshua 5:13--12:24
looked <05375> [he lifted.]
man <0376> [a man.]
sword <02719> [his sword.]
enemies <06862> [Art thou for us.]
commander <08269> [but as captain. or, Prince.]
bowed ..... face <05307 06440> [fell on his.]
say <01696> [What saith.]
<0113> [my lord.]
<05394> [Loose.]
Joshua ................ Joshua <03091> [And Joshua.]
Many persons have been puzzled to know what was intended by this extraordinary appearance of the angel to Joshua, because they supposed that the whole business ends with the chapter; whereas it is continued in the succeeding one, the first verse of which is a mere parenthesis, simply relating to the state of Jericho at the time when Joshua was favoured with this encouraging vision; by which he was shewn that their help came from God alone, and that it was not by human might or power, but by the Lord of hosts they were to obtain the victory.
shut tightly <05462> [was straitly. Heb. did shut up, and was shut up.]
because <06440> [because.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
See <07200 05414> [See, I have.]
king <04428> [the king.]
around <05437> [ye shall.]
horns ...................... horns <07782> [trumpets of rams'.]
The words {shopheroth hyyovelim,} should rather be rendered jubilee, trumpets, i.e., such as were used on the jubilee, which were probably made of horn or silver: for the entrance of the Israelites into Canaan was indeed a jubilee to them (See Note on Le 25:11): instead of the dreadful trumpet of war, they were ordered to sound the trumpet of joy, as already conquerors.
seven .... seven ................. seven times <07651 06471> [seven times.]
<04900> [make a long.]
army ............... warriors <05971> [the people.]
wall <02346> [and the wall.]
The words {wenaphelah chomath hair tachteyha,} are literally, "and the wall of the city shall fall down under itself;" which appears simply to mean, that the wall shall fall down from its very foundation; which was probably the case in every part, though large breaches in different places might have been amply sufficient first to admit the armed men, after whom the host might enter to destroy the city. There is no ground for the supposition that the walls sunk into the earth.
<08478> [flat. Heb. under it.]
Pick up ... ark ......... carry ......... ark <0727 05375> [Take up the ark.]
armed <02502> [that is armed.]
before ... Lord ................ Lord <06440 03068> [before the Lord.]
guard <0622> [and the rereward. Heb. gathering. host.]
raise ... voices <06963 08085> [any noise with your voice. Heb. your voice to be heard.]
day <03117> [until the day.]
early ..... Joshua <03091 07925> [Joshua rose.]
priests <03548> [the priests.]
marched along ....... marched ......... followed <01980> [went on.]
<05927> [about the dawning.]
On .... day ................... time <03117> [only on that day.]
cry <07321> [Shout.]
<02764> [accursed. or, devoted.]
Rahab <07343> [only Rahab.]
hid <02244> [because.]
But <07535> [in any wise.]
setting apart <02763> [lest ye make.]
make .... camp <04264 07760> [make the camp.]
disaster <05916> [and trouble it.]
silver <03701> [all the silver.]
<06944> [consecrated. Heb. holiness.]
treasury <0214> [the treasury.]
wall <02346> [the wall.]
collapsed <05307> [flat. Heb. under it.]
annihilated <02763> [And they.]
The Canaanites were ripe for destruction; and God was pleased, instead of destroying them by a pestilence, a famine, or an earthquake, to employ the Israelites as the executioners of his vengeance. Had an angel been commissioned to slay them, who would have charged him with iniquity or cruelty? In all public calamities infants are involved; and tens of thousands of infants die in great agony every year. Now, either God is not the agent in these calamities, (which opinion, though often implied in men's reasonings on these subjects, is not far from atheism;) or they must consist with the most perfect justice and goodness.
annihilated <02763> [utterly.]
Joshua <03091> [Joshua.]
promised <07650> [as ye sware unto her.]
brought out Rahab ............. brought out <07343 03318> [out Rahab.]
family <04940> [kindred. Heb. families. left them.]
burned <08313> [burnt.]
silver <03701> [only the silver.]
Rahab <07343> [Rahab.]
lives <03427> [she dwelleth.]
day <03117> [unto.]
hid <02244> [because.]
solemn <07650> [adjured.]
This is to be regarded as a prediction, that he who rebuilded this city should lose all his children in the interim between the laying of the foundation to the completion of the walls.
declaration <0779> [Cursed.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
famous <08089> [his fame.]
disobeyed <04603> [committed.]
Achan <05912> [for Achan.]
[Achar, Zimri. took.]
furious <0639> [the anger.]
Ai ............................. Ai <05857> [to Ai.]
[Hai.]
[Aija. Beth-aven.]
Go up .......... went up <05927> [Go up.]
three <07969> [about two. Heb. about 2,000 men, or about 3,000 men. labour.]
fled <05127> [fled.]
chased <07291> [for they.]
steep slope <04174> [the going down. or, Morad. wherefore.]
tore <07167> [rent.]
lay ... down <05307> [fell.]
evening <06153> [until the eventide.]
threw dirt <06083 05927> [put dust.]
Rending the clothes, beating the breast, tearing the hair, throwing dust upon the head, and falling prostrate, were usual signs of deep affliction and distress among the ancient Israelites. In illustration of this custom, see 1 Sa 4:12, when the messenger brought tidings to Eli of the discomfiture of the armies of Israel by the Philistines; again, in the case of Tamar, 2 Sa 13:19, and in Ne 9:1, when a whole nation, "assembled with fasting, and with sackcloth, and earth upon them." See also the case of Mordecai, Es 4:1, and Job 2:12, where his friends abased themselves to comfort him; refer also to Eze 27:30. Jon 3:6. Mic 1:10. In each of these instances it is worthy of remark, that putting dust on the head generally follows rending of the clothes, and was the usual mode of evincing poignant sorrow.
bring .... across <05674> [wherefore.]
hand ... over <05414> [to deliver.]
<03863> [would to.]
<03427> [and dwelt.]
say <0559> [what shall.]
[back. Heb. necks.]
When <08085> [shall hear.]
turn <05437> [environ.]
do <06213> [what wilt thou.]
lying <05307> [wherefore.]
lying <05307> [liest. Heb. fallest.]
Israel <03478> [Israel.]
violated <05674> [transgressed.]
riches <02764> [the accursed.]
stolen <01589> [stolen.]
<03584> [dissembled.]
possessions <03627> [among.]
Israelites <01121> [the children.]
annihilation .............. contaminated <02764> [they were.]
longer <03254> [neither.]
consecrate ......... consecrate <06942> [sanctify.]
contaminated ................... contaminating <02764> [an accursed.]
remove <05493> [take away.]
tribal .... tribe <07626> [the tribe.]
caught <03920> [he that is.]
violated ...... did <05674 06213> [he hath.]
did <06213> [wrought.]
disgraceful thing <05039> [folly. or, wickedness.]
early <07925> [rose up.]
approach <07126> [and brought.]
[Zarah.]
<03920> [was taken.]
son <01121> [My son.]
<07760> [give.]
give <05414> [make.]
Tell ..... did <05046 06213> [tell me.]
It is true <0546> [Indeed.]
saw <07200> [I saw.]
robe ... Babylon <08152 0155> [Babylonish garment.]
{Addereth shinÆ’r,} "a splendid or costly robe of Shinar," the plain in which Babylon stood. Bochart and Calmet have shewn at large, that Babylonish robes were very splendid, and in high reputation. Calmet says, they are generally allowed to have been of various colours, though some suppose they were woven thus; others, that they were embroidered with the needle; and others, that they were painted. Silius Italicus seems to think they were woven. Martial supposes them to have been embroidered with the needle; and Pliny and Apuleius speak of them as painted.
bar <03956> [wedge. Heb. tongue. I coveted.]
took ..... hidden <03947 02934> [took them.]
hidden <02934> [they are hid.]
placed <03332> [laid them out. Heb. poured.]
took Achan <05912 03947> [took Achan.]
son ............... sons <01121> [his sons.]
Valley <06010> [the valley.]
Why .... brought disaster ....... bring disaster <04100 05916> [Why hast.]
Israel <03478> [all Israel.]
burned <08313> [burned.]
erected <06965> [raised.]
Lord's <03068> [So the Lord.]
Valley <06010> [The valley.]
Disaster <05911> [Achor. that is, Trouble.]
afraid .... panic <03372 02865> [Fear not.]
Take .... army ...................... people <03947 05971> [take all.]
It would seem, from this verse, that all that were capable of bearing arms were to march out of the camp on this occasion: 30,000 formed an ambuscade in one place; and 5,000 were placed in another, who all gained their positions in the night. With the rest of the army, Joshua appeared the next morning before Ai, which the men of that city would naturally suppose was the whole of the Israelitish force and, consequently, be the more emboldened to come out and attack them. Some, however, think that 30,000 men were the whole that were employed on this occasion, 5,000 of whom were placed in ambush on the west of the city, between Bethel and Ai (ver. 12,) and, with the rest, Joshua appeared before the city in the morning. The king, seeing but about 25,000 coming against him, though he had but 12,000 persons in the whole city (ver. 25), determined to risk a battle, issued out, and was defeated by stratagem.
See I ... handing <07200 05414> [see, I have.]
Do ... Ai ....... did <05857 06213> [do to Ai.]
[See on ch.]
plunder <07998> [only the spoil.]
Set ... ambush <07760 0693> [lay thee.]
night <03915> [by night.]
ambush <0693> [lie in wait.]
very far <07368 03966> [go not.]
like <07223> [as at.]
retreat <05127> [that we will.]
lured <05423> [drawn. Heb. pulled.]
retreating from us ...... retreat <05127> [They flee.]
Lord <03068> [for the Lord.]
city set <05892 03341> [set the city.]
See ...... orders <07200 06680> [See, I have.]
Bethel <01008> [between.]
[Hai.]
spent <03885> [lodged.]
Bright and early <07925> [rose up.]
five thousand <0505 02568> [five thousand.]
Ai <05857> [of the city. or, of Ai.]
rear <06119> [liers in wait. Heb. lying in wait.]
west <03220> [on the west.]
Ai saw <07200 05857> [Ai saw it.]
realize .... hiding <03045 0693> [he wist not.]
way <01870> [by the way.]
ordered ... chase .... chased <02199 07291> [called together.]
lured away <05423> [drawn away.]
men <0376> [a man.]
Bethel <01008> [Bethel.]
Bethel is not mentioned in the Greek version, and some, with Houbigant and Pilkington, think it was not originally in the Hebrew; because, had the men of Bethel pursued, as well as those of Ai, it would have been said that they left the cities, and not the city, open. The principal strength of Bethel might have been previously taken into Ai, as the strongest place to make a stand in; Bethel being but about three miles westward from Ai.
out ..................... held <05186> [Stretch.]
curved ...................... curved <03591> [the spear.]
The word {keedon} is rendered {clypeum,} a shield or buckler, by the Vulgate but the LXX. translate it [gaison,] which Suidas says, signifies a kind of weapon, [hoion doratos,] like a spear. It may denote a short spear, javelin, or lance; for it is evident that it signifies neither the larger spear nor the shield, because it is distinguished from both.
Joshua may have had a flag or ensign at the end of the spear, which might be seen at a considerable distance when extended, which was the sign agreed upon by him and the ambush.
smoke <06227> [the smoke.]
into <03027> [and they had.]
into <03027> [power. Heb. hand.]
leaving ... survivors <07604 08300> [let none.]
Ai ................. returned ... Ai <07725 05857> [returned unto Ai.]
This must refer to the women, children, and old persons left behind; for it seems that all the effective men had sallied out when they imagined the Israelites had fled. (ver. 16.)
Joshua <03091> [Joshua.]
Joshua seems to have been not only the general but the standard-bearer of the army, (ver. 18,) and continued in this employment, by holding up or extending his spear, during the whole of the battle; and did not slacken from the pursuit till the forces of Ai were utterly discomfited. Some commentators, however, understand this action in a figurative sense, like the holding up of Moses' hands, as if it implied that Joshua continued in prayer for the success of his troops, nor ceased till the armies of Ai were annihilated, and the city taken and destroyed.
holding <07725 03027> [drew not.]
cattle <0929> [the cattle.]
orders <06680> [he commanded.]
mound <08510> [an heap.]
day <03117> [unto this day.]
king <04428> [the king.]
The kings of Canaan lay under the same curse as their subjects and probably were more deeply criminal. The reserving of the king of Ai for a solemn execution, would tend to strike terror into the other kings, contribute to the success of Israel, and give their proceedings the stamp of a judicial process, and of executing the vengeance of God upon his enemies.
sunset <08121> [as soon.]
large pile <01530 01419> [a great heap.]
built ... altar <01129 04196> [built an altar.]
Mount Ebal <02022 05858> [in mount Ebal.]
Moses himself had twice given express orders for this solemnity; once De 11:29, 30, in which he pointed out the very place where it was to be performed; and again, at the 27th chapter, there is a renewal of the instructions to Joshua, with special reference to minute particulars. It was a federal transaction: the covenant was now renewed between God and Israel upon their taking possession of the land of promise, that they might be encouraged in the conquest of it, and might know upon what terms they held it, and come under fresh obligations to obedience.
described <03789> [as it is.]
it <04196> [altar.]
offered <05927> [and they offered.]
people <03478> [all Israel.]
priests <03548> [priests.]
resident foreigners <01616> [stranger.]
Moses <04872> [Moses.]
read <07121> [he read.]
blessings <01293> [blessings.]
commandment <01697> [was not.]
women <0802> [women.]
resident foreigners <01616> [strangers.]
lived <01980> [were. Heb. walked. conversant.]
The word conversant, from the Latin {conversor,} is here used in the classical sense of having intercourse with.
kings <04428> [all the kings.]
side <05676> [on this.]
Mediterranean <01419> [of the great.]
Lebanon <03844> [Lebanon.]
Hittites <02850> [Hittite.]
formed <06908> [gathered.]
<06310> [accord. Heb. mouth.]
Gibeon <01391> [Gibeon.]
Jericho <03405> [Jericho.]
did ... clever <06195 06213> [work wilily.]
provisions <06737> [ambassadors.]
The word {tzir,} an ambassador, properly denotes a hinge; because an ambassador is a person upon whom the business turns as upon a hinge. So the Latin {Cardinalis,} from {cardo,} a hinge, was the title of the prime minister of the emperor Theodosius, though now applied only to the Pope's electors and counsellors.
wineskins <04997 03196> [wine bottles.]
These bottles being made of skin, were consequently liable to be rent, and capable of being mended; which is done, according to Chardin, by putting in a piece, or by gathering up the wounded piece in the manner of a purse; and sometimes by inserting a flat piece of wood.
worn-out ... sandals ........ worn-out <05275 01087> [old shoes.]
patched <02921> [clouted.]
The word clouted signifies here patched, from the Anglo-Saxon {clut,} a clout or rag; and not nailed from the French {clou,} a nail.
camp <04264> [the camp.]
come <0935> [We be.]
Make ... treaty <03772 01285> [make ye.]
{Kirthoo lanoo berith,} "cut or divide with us a covenant," or rather the covenant sacrifice offered on these occasions. (See Note on De 29:12.)
Hivites <02340> [Hivites.]
make <03772> [how shall.]
very <03966> [From a.]
reputation <08034> [because.]
heard <08085> [we have.]
two ... kings ......... King ...... King <04428 08147> [two kings.]
Ashtaroth <06252> [Ashtaroth.]
leaders <02205> [our elders.]
Take <03947> [Take.]
<03027> [with you. Heb. in your hand.]
subjects <05650> [We are your.]
bread <03899> [our bread.]
men examined ..... provisions <03947 06718 0582> [the men took of their victuals. or, they received the men by reason of their victuals. asked not.]
made ... peace <06213 07965> [made peace.]
leaders <05387> [and the.]
found out <08085> [that they heard.]
Gibeon <01391> [Gibeon.]
Kiriath Jearim <07157> [Kirjath-jearim.]
sworn an oath <07650> [had sworn.]
swore an oath <07650> [We have.]
curse <07110> [lest wrath.]
live ..... woodcutters <02421 02404> [let them.]
leaders .................... leaders <05387> [as the princes.]
trick <07411> [Wherefore.]
<03966> [We are.]
live <03427> [ye dwell.]
condemned <0779> [cursed.]
This may refer to the original curse pronounced against the descendants of Canaan: both of them seem to have implied nothing else than perpetual slavery. The Gibeonites were brought, no doubt, under tribute; performed the meanest offices for the Israelites; being in the same condition as the servile class of Hindoos, called the {Chetrees;} had their national importance annihilated, and yet were never permitted to incorporate themselves with the Israelites.
[See on]
perpetual <03772> [none of you be freed. Heb. not be cut off from you. hewers.]
In the East, collecting wood for fuel, and carrying water, are the peculiar employment of females. The Arab women of Barbary, and the daughters of the Turcomans, are thus employed. Hence Mr. Harmer concludes, that the bitterness of the doom of the Gibeonites does not seem to have consisted in the labouriousness of the service enjoined them, but its disgracing them from the characteristic employment of men, that of bearing arms, and condemning them and their posterity for ever to the employment of females.
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
terrified <03966> [we were sore.]
<05869> [as it seemeth.]
day made .............................. day <05414 03117> [made them. Heb. gave, or delivered to be.]
[Nethinim. in the place.]
[Adoni-zedec.]
did <06213> [as he had.]
people <03427> [how the.]
terrified <03372> [they feared.]
Gibeon <01391> [Gibeon.]
Gibeon was situated on an eminence, as its name imports, 40 furlongs north from Jerusalem, according to Josephus.
city ...... royal cities <05892 04467> [the royal cities. Heb. cities of the kingdom.]
King .... Jerusalem ...... King ..... King ..... King ...... King <04428 03389> [king of Jerusalem.]
Hebron <02275> [Hebron.]
Hebron was situated on an eminence, 20 miles south of Jerusalem, and the same distance north of Beersheba. It is now called El Khalil, "the well-beloved," the usual epithet which the Turks and Arabs apply to Abraham, whose sepulchral cave they still shew; over which St. Helena built a magnificent church. Its original site was on an eminence, at the southern foot of which the present village is pleasantly situated, on which are the remains of an ancient castle, its sole defence.
Lachish <03923> [Lachish.]
aid <05826> [and help.]
attack <05221> [we may.]
camp <04264> [to the camp.]
abandon <07503> [Slack.]
subjects <05650> [from thy.]
hill country <02022> [mountains.]
night <03915> [all night.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
Gibeon <01391> [at Gibeon.]
Beth Horon <01032> [Beth-horon.]
Azekah <05825> [Azekah.]
Makkedah <04719> [Makkedah.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
sun <08121> [Sun.]
Joshua doubtless acted, on this occasion, by an immediate impulse upon his mind from the Spirit of God. The terms here employed to record the miracle, agree with the accustomed manner in which the the motions of the earth and sun are described in our own day. The sun apparently moves, but really is stationary; while the diurnal movement of the earth on its axis is by us unnoticed, and would not have been known except by astronomical science. The sun appeared to the Israelites over Gibeon, and the moon over the valley of Ajalon, and there they stayed in their course for "a whole day." Many vain enquiries have been made concerning the way in which this miracle was wrought, and many difficulties and objections have been urged against understanding it literally. But the fact is authenticated by the Divine testimony; and the manner in which it was accomplished lies entirely out of our province, because beyond our comprehension.
still <01826> [stand thou. Heb. be silent.]
Aijalon <0357> [Ajalon.]
[Aijalon.]
nation <01471> [until.]
Upright <03477> [Jasher. or, the upright.]
sun ............................. sun <08121> [So the sun.]
day <03117> [there was.]
Lord ....... Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
Lord ....... Lord <03068> [for the Lord.]
hid <02244> [and hid.]
cave <04631> [in a cave.]
This information brought to Joshua, is an evidence that there were those of the country, who knew the holes and fastnesses of it, that were in his interests. And the care Joshua took to secure them there, as it is an instance of his policy and presence of mind, even in the heat of action; so, in the success of their project, it shews how they who think to hide themselves from God, not only deceive, but destroy themselves. Their refuge of lies will but bind them over to God's judgment.
delay Chase <05975 07291> [stay ye.]
catch <02179> [smite. Heb. cut off the tail.]
allow .... retreat ........... handing ... over <05414 0935> [suffer them.]
<03615> [had made.]
fortified cities <05892 04013> [fenced cities.]
camp <04264> [to the camp.]
threaten <02782> [none.]
[See on ver.]
put ... feet ............. put ... feet <07760 07272> [put your feet.]
afraid .... panic <03372 02865> [Fear not.]
strong <02388> [be strong.]
Lord <03068> [thus shall.]
Joshua <03091> [Joshua.]
hung ......... hanging <08518> [hanged.]
take ... down <03381> [they took.]
remain ..... day <03117 06106> [until this very day.]
Makkedah <04719> [Makkedah.]
Situated, according to Eusebius, 8 miles east from Eleutheropolis. It was afterwards assigned to the tribe of Judah.
lived <05315> [them.]
did ........ done <06213> [and he did.]
Libnah <03841> [Libnah.]
This city was situated in the south of Judah, and in the district of Eleutheropolis, according to Eusebius and Jerome. It is probably the Libnah in the neighbourhood of which the Israelites encamped.
[as he did.]
Lachish <03923> [Lachish.]
Lachish was also situated in the south of Judah, seven miles south from Eleutheropolis, according to Eusebius and Jerome. It appears to have been anciently a very strong place; for though the people were panic struck, and the Israelites flushed with success, yet Joshua could not reduce it till the second day; and the king of Assyria afterwards was obliged to raise the siege.
Libnah <03841> [to Libnah.]
Gezer <01507> [Gezer.]
Gezer was situated on the confines of Ephraim and Manasseh, between Beth-horon and the sea; and is evidently the village of Gazara mentioned by Eusebius, four miles (north) from Nicopolis or Emmaus.
Eglon <05700> [Eglon.]
This town appears to have been no great distance from Lachish, with which it is mentioned, ch. 15:39, as one of the cities given to Judah.
day ............... day <03117> [on that day.]
annihilated <02763> [utterly.]
Hebron <02275> [Hebron.]
king <04428> [the king.]
From ver. 23, we learn that the king of Hebron was one of the five whom Joshua slew and hanged on five trees at Makkedah. This slaying of the king of Hebron, therefore, must either refer to what had already been done, or the Hebronites had set up another, whom Joshua now slew when he took the city.
done <06213> [according.]
Debir <01688> [Debir.]
Debir was situated in the south of the tribe of Judah, near Hebron. The expression of Joshua's returning to Debir, probably denotes, that having carried his conquests in the southern parts as far as Gaza, (ver. 41,) which was in the south-west angle of Canaan, he then marched back to besiege Debir.
who ....... survivors <07604 08300> [he left none.]
land <0776> [all the country.]
annihilated <02763> [utterly.]
Lord <03068> [as the Lord.]
Kadesh Barnea <06947> [Kadesh-barnea.]
Gaza <05804> [Gaza.]
region <0776> [all the country.]
The country of Goshen, mentioned here, seems to have been in the south of Judah; and to have taken its name from the city of Goshen, situated in the same tribe.
Gibeon <01391> [Gibeon.]
Lord <03068> [because.]
camp <04264> [unto the camp.]
Jabin <02985> [Jabin.]
coalition <07971> [he sent.]
Madon <04068> [Madon.]
The LXX. read [Mar¢n,] which, if legitimate, Calmet thinks may be the same as Maronia or Marath, in Phoenicia, to the north of mount Lebanon, ch. 12:19, 20; 19:15, 25.
Shimron <08110> [Shimron.]
Supposed to be the same with Symira, in Coele-Syria, joined to Maron or Marath by Pliny and Pomponius Mela.
Acshaph <0407> [Achshaph.]
Supposed by some to be the same as Achzib or Ecdippa; from which, however, it is distinguished in ch. 19:25, 29. It was in the northern part of the tribe of Asher.
northern <06828> [on the north.]
Kinnereth <03672> [Chinneroth.]
Jerome and others suppose this city to be same as was afterwards called Tiberias, now Tabaria, situated on the western shore of the lake of the same name.
[See on]
[Chinnereth.]
[Gennesaret. Dor.]
Jebusites <02983> [the Jebusite.]
Hivites <02340> [Hivite.]
Hermon <02768> [Hermon.]
area <0776> [land.]
sand <02344> [as the sand.]
kings <04428> [all these.]
gathered <03259> [met together. Heb. assembled by appointment. waters.]
This is what Josephus calls the lake Semechon, now called Bahr-el-Houl‚ (Lake Julius) between the head of the Jordan and the lake of Tiberias. According to Josephus it was seven miles long; and according to modern authorities, it is not above two miles broad, except at the north end, where it may be four.
afraid <03372> [Be not.]
[tomorrow.]
hamstring <06131> [hough.]
horses <05483> [horses.]
by surprise <06597> [suddenly.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
[great Zidon. or, Zidon-rabbah.]
Misrephoth <04956> [Misrephoth-maim. or, salt pits. Heb. burning of waters.]
hamstrung <06131> [he houghed.]
Hazor ........... Hazor <02674> [Hazor.]
breathed remained <05397 03498> [any left to breathe. Heb. any breath.]
royal cities ..... kings <05892 04428> [all the.]
Moses <04872> [as Moses.]
mounds <08510> [in their. Heb. on their heap.]
The Vulgate, Syriac, Onkelos and Waterland render {Æ’l tillom,} "on their hills." As the cities of the plain might be easily attacked and carried, Joshua destroyed them; but as those on mountains, hills, or other eminences, might be retained by him with little trouble, prudence would dictate their preservation.
goods <07998> [the spoil.]
live <07604> [neither.]
Lord's .......................... Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
Moses ............................... Moses <04872> [so did Moses.]
Joshua ... Joshua did <03091 06213> [and so did Joshua.]
did ... ignore ..... commands <05493 01697> [he left nothing. Heb. removed nothing.]
land ........... land <0776> [all that land.]
hill country ............... hill country <02022> [hills.]
land ........... land <0776> [the land.]
hill country ............... hill country <02022> [the mountain.]
Mount Halak ................ Mount <02510 02022> [the mount Halak. or, the smooth mountain. that goeth.]
Seir <08165> [Seir.]
kings <04428> [all their.]
quite ... time <07227 03117> [a long time.]
Caleb was forty years old when sent from Kadesh-barnea to spy the land, and he was eighty-five at the conclusion of this war. (ch. 14:10.) Almost thirty-nine years of this time were spent before Israel passed Jordan; which leaves between six and seven for the term of Joshua's wars.
Hivites <02340> [the Hivites.]
Lord <03068> [it was.]
Lord <03068> [as the Lord.]
Anakites <06062> [the Anakims.]
Joshua ........................ Joshua annihilated <03091 02763> [Joshua destroyed.]
Gaza <05804> [only in Gaza.]
Ashdod <0795> [Ashdod.]
Lord <03068> [according to all.]
portions <04256> [according to their.]
land .................. land <0776> [And the land.]
side <05676> [on the other.]
Valley <05158> [from the.]
[unto the mount.]
Sihon <05511> [Sihon.]
Jabbok <02999> [Jabbok.]
Sea ... Kinnereth .... Sea ....... Sea <03672 03220> [sea of Chinneroth.]
This inland sea, or rather lake, which drives its several names, the Lake of Tiberias, Sea of Galilee, Lake of Gennesareth, from the territory which forms its western and south-western border, is computed to be between seventeen and eighteen miles in length, and from five to six in breadth. The waters of this lake, which are sweet and agreeable, lie in a deep basin, surrounded with lofty hills, except at the north and south, where it is a plain country or level. There is a current through the whole lake even to the shore; and the Jordan through it is discernible by the smoothness of the surface in that part. Its appearance from the north- western extremity is said by Mr. Buckingham to be exceedingly grand; but the barren aspect of the mountains on each side, and the total absence of wood, give a cast of dullness to the picture.
Sea ...... Sea ....... Sea <03220> [Sea of Tiberias. the sea.]
Beth Jeshimoth <01020> [Beth-jeshimoth.]
southward <08486> [the south. or, Teman. Ashdoth-pisgah. or, the springs of]
Pisgah, or, the hill.
territory <01366> [the coast.]
remaining <03499> [the remnant.]
lived <03427> [dwelt.]
Hermon <02768> [Hermon.]
Salecah <05548> [Salcah.]
border ............... border <01366> [unto the.]
Moses ........... Moses <04872> [did Moses.]
assigned ... land <05414 03425> [gave it.]
side <05676> [on this side.]
Baal Gad <01171> [Baal-gad.]
Seir <08165> [Seir.]
Joshua ........................... Joshua <05414 03091> [Joshua gave.]
hill country <02022> [the mountains.]
Hittites <02850> [the Hittites.]
Jericho <03405> [Jericho.]
Ai <05857> [Ai.]
Jerusalem <03389> [Jerusalem.]
Hebron <02275> [Hebron.]
Jarmuth <03412> [Jarmuth.]
Placed by Eusebius and Jerome four miles from Eleutheropolis, near Eshtaol; but, in Jermus, which is probably the same, they state it to be ten miles from Eleutheropolis, towards Jerusalem; which is supposed to be nearer the truth.
Lachish <03923> [Lachish.]
Eusebius and Jerome say it was a village in their time, seven miles south from Eleutheropolis.
Eglon <05700> [Eglon.]
Gezer <01507> [Gezer.]
Gezer appears to have situated in the tribe of Ephraim, near Beth-horon, between it and the sea. Eusebius and Jerome place it four miles north of Nicopolis or Emmaus.
Debir <01688> [Debir.]
Geder <01445> [Geder.]
Hormah <02767> [Hormah.]
Arad <06166> [Arad.]
Eusebius places this city in the neighbourhood of Kadesh, four miles from Malathis, and twenty from Hebron.
Libnah <03841> [Libnah.]
Eusebius and Jerome inform us, that Libnah was a town or village in their time, lying in the district of Eleutheropolis.
Adullam <05725> [Adullam.]
Makkedah <04719> [Makkedah.]
Bethel <01008> [Beth-el.]
Tappuah <08599> [Tappuah.]
Hepher <02660> [Hepher.]
Aphek <0663> [Aphek.]
Lasharon <08289> [Lasharon. or, Sharon.]
Madon <04068> [Madon.]
Hazor <02674> [Hazor.]
Meron <08112> [Shimron-meron.]
Acshaph <0407> [Achshaph.]
Taanach <08590> [Taanach.]
Megiddo <04023> [Megiddo.]
Kedesh <06943> [Kedesh.]
Jokneam <03362> [Jokneam.]
Carmel <03760> [Carmel.]
Dor .... Dor <01756> [Dor.]
Goyim <01471> [the nations.]
Gilgal <01537> [Gilgal.]
Tirzah <08656> [Tirzah.]
