Exodus 1:1--15:21
Reuben <07205> [Reuben.]
Issachar <03485> [Issachar.]
Benjamin <01144> [Benjamin.]
<03409> [loins. Heb. thigh.]
seventy <07657> [seventy.]
[A.M. 2369. B.C. 1635.]
fruitful <06509> [fruitful.]
new king <02319 04428> [a new king.]
Probably Rameses Miamum, or his son Amenophis, who succeeded him about this period; and by his not knowing Joseph is meant his not acknowledging his obligation to him.
people ...... people <05971> [the people.]
Come <03051> [Come on.]
wisely <02449> [wisely.]
oppress <06031> [to afflict.]
hard labor <05450> [burdens.]
Rameses <07486> [Raamses.]
oppressed <06031> [But the more, etc. Heb. and as they afflicted them, so they multiplied, etc.]
loathed <06973> [grieved.]
lives <02416> [their lives.]
[in mortar.]
rigorous <06531> [was with rigour.]
observe .... delivery <07200 070> [and see them.]
Or, rather, "and ye see them by the stone-troughs;" for so {ovnayim,} from {aven,} a stone, seems to signify (compare ch. 7:19), in which they washed the new-born infants. See this subject fully illustrated in Fragments to Calmet, Nos. 312, 313.
kill <04191> [then ye shall.]
feared God <03372 0430> [feared God.]
Why .... done <04069 06213> [Why have.]
God <0430> [God.]
people <05971> [the people.]
made households <06213 01004> [made them.]
sons <01121> [A.M. 2431. B.C. 1573. Every son.]
household <01004> [A.M. 2432. B.C. 1572. of the house.]
saw <07200> [A.M. 2433. B.C. 1571. she saw.]
longer able <03201 05750> [could not.]
basket <08392> [an ark.]
papyrus <01573> [bulrushes.]
{Gom‚,} is the papyrus, so famous in all antiquity. It grows on the banks of the Nile, and in marshy grounds; the stalk rises to the height of six or seven cubits above the water, is triangular, and terminates in a crown of small filaments, resembling hair. This reed was of the greatest use to the Egyptians; the pith serving them for food, and the woody part to build vessels with; which vessels frequently appear on various monuments of Egyptian antiquity. That boats were made of this reed is also attested by Pliny and others.
bitumen <02564> [with slime.]
daughter <01323> [daughter.]
Nile ......... river <02975> [herself.]
As the word herself is not in the original, Dr. A. Clarke is of opinion that it was for the purpose of washing, not her person, but her clothes, that Pharaoh's daughter came to the river; which was an employment not beneath even king's daughters in those primitive times.
saw <07200> [when she.]
compassion <02550> [she had compassion.]
<03212> [Go.]
mother <0517> [mother.]
son <01121> [and he.]
Moses <04872> [Moses. Drawn out. Because.]
Moses <04872> [A.M. 2473. B.C. 1531. Moses.]
hard labor <05450> [burdens.]
looked <06437> [he looked.]
attacked <05221> [slew.]
If the Egyptian killed the Hebrew, Moses only acted agreeably to the divine law (Ge 9:6) in thus slaying the Egyptian; nor did he violate the law of Egypt; for, according to Diodorus Siculus (1. 1. 17), "he who saw a man killed, or violently assaulted on the highway, and did not rescue him, if he could, was punished with death." Moses, therefore, in this transaction, acted as a brave and good man; especially as at this time there was little probability of obtaining justice on an Egyptian murderer.
said <0559> [and he said.]
made <07760> [Who.]
ruler <08269> [a prince. Heb. a man, a prince.]
Moses <04872> [Moses.]
fled <01272> [fled.]
Midian <04080> [Midian.]
settled ......... settled <03427> [sat down.]
priest <03548> [the priest. or, prince.]
came <0935> [they came.]
shepherds <07462> [shepherds.]
watered <08248> [watered.]
[Jethro. or, Jether.]
[Raguel.]
Egyptian <04713> [an Egyptian.]
actually drew <01802> [and also.]
Call ....... eat <07121 0398> [call him.]
agreed <02974> [content.]
Zipporah <06855> [Zipporah.]
Gershom <01647> [Gershom. i.e., a stranger here.]
said <0559> [for he said.]
<01992> [A.M. cir. 2504. B.C. cir. 1500. in process.]
king <04428> [the king.]
groaned <0584> [sighed.]
desperate cry <07775> [cry.]
God heard .... God <08085 0430> [God heard.]
remembered <02142> [remembered.]
saw <07200> [looked.]
God ...... God <0430> [God.]
For {elohim,} God, Houbigant reads {aleyhem,} unto them; which is countenanced by the LXX., Vulgate, Chaldee, Coptic, and Arabic, and appears to have been the original reading.
understood <03045> [had respect. Heb. knew.]
<01961> [A.M. 2513. B.C. 1491. kept.]
father-in-law <02859> [his father.]
mountain <02022> [the mountain.]
Horeb <02722> [Horeb.]
angel <04397> [angel.]
bush ...... bush ... ablaze <01197 05572> [bush burned.]
within <08432> [unto him.]
Moses ... Moses <04872> [Moses.]
approach <07126> [Draw not.]
<05394> [put off.]
God ...... God ..... God ...... God ................ God <0430> [I am.]
father <01> [thy father.]
Though the word {avicha,} "thy father," is here used in the singular, yet St. Stephen, quoting this passage (Ac. 7:32), uses the plural, [Lo Theos ton patron sou,] "the God of thy fathers;" and that this is the meaning, the following words prove. This reading is confirmed by the Samaritan and Coptic.
hid <05641> [hid.]
seen <07200> [I have.]
because <06440> [by reason.]
know <03045> [I know.]
down <03381> [I am.]
deliver <05337> [deliver.]
good <02896> [unto a good.]
Canaanites <03669> [Canaanites.]
cry <06818> [the cry.]
seen <07200> [and I have.]
sign <0226> [Certainly.]
sign <0226> [token.]
serve <05647> [ye shall.]
name <08034> [What is his name.]
sent <07971> [I AM hath.]
Lord <03068> [The Lord.]
name forever <05769 08034> [this is my name for ever.]
The name here referred to is that which immediately precedes, [yhwh,] <\\See definition 03068\\>,] {Yehowah,} which we translate "Lord", the name by which God had been known from the creation of the world, (Ge 2:2,) and by which he is known to the present day. [yhwh,] {Yehowah,} from [hwh,] {hawah,} to be, subsist, signifies "He who is", or "subsists", i.e., eminently and in a manner superior to all other beings; and is essentially the same with [ahwh,] {eheyeh,} "I AM", in the preceding verse.
memorial <02143> [my memorial.]
elders <02205> [elders.]
attended carefully <06485> [visited.]
up <05927> [I will bring.]
land ............. land <0776> [unto the land.]
listen <08085> [and they.]
go <0935> [and thou.]
Lord ............................. Lord <03068> [The Lord.]
met <07136> [met.]
three <07969> [three days'.]
sacrifice <02076> [that we may.]
let <05414> [will not.]
force <02389 03027> [no, not by a mighty hand. or, but by a strong hand.]
extend ...................... release <07971> [stretch.]
strike <05221> [smite.]
[See chapters]
extend .................. after ..... release <0310 07971> [after that.]
woman <0802> [But.]
ask <07592> [borrow.]
Or, rather ask or demand, as the word [shÆ’'al <\\See definition 07592\\>] properly signifies; and is so rendered by the LXX., Vulgate, and Geneva and Barker's Bible: the other ancient versions are the same as the Hebrew.
thus you <05337> [spoil.]
<04714> [the Egyptians. or, Egypt.]
staff <04294> [a rod.]
snake <05175> [it became.]
Put out ............ put out <07971> [put forth.]
Put out ............ put out <07971> [And he put.]
believe <0539> [That they.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
leprous ... snow <07950 06879> [leprous as snow.]
back .......... back ................. restored <07725> [it was turned.]
believe ............. believe <0539> [if they.]
believe ............. believe <0539> [that they.]
water .............. water <04325> [the water.]
blood <01818> [shall become. Heb. shall be, and shall be. blood.]
eloquent <01697> [eloquent. Heb. a man of words.]
past <08032> [heretofore. Heb since yesterday, nor since the third day. slow of speech.]
send ........ send <07971> [send.]
send ........ send <07971> [wilt send. or, shouldest.]
angry <0639> [anger.]
<03318> [cometh.]
put <07760> [and put.]
mouth ........... mouth ..... mouth <06310> [and I.]
teach <03384> [will teach.]
Jethro .......................... Jethro <03500 03503> [Jethro. Heb. Jether.]
<03212> [Let me go.]
see <07200> [and see.]
peace <03212 07965> [Go in peace.]
In the LXX. and Coptic, the following addition is made to this verse: [Meta de tas Lemeras tas pollas ekeinas eteleut‚sen ho basileus Aigyptou,] "After these many days, the king of Egypt died." This was probably an ancient side-note, which crept into the text, as it appeared to throw light on the next verse.
Midian <04080> [Midian.]
A country in Arabia Petr‘a, on the eastern coast of the Red Sea, near Mount Sinai. This place is still called by the Arabs the Land of Midian, or of Jethro. Abulfeda, speaking of Midian, says, "Madyan is a city, in ruins, on the shore of the Red Sea, on the opposite side to Tabuc, from which it is distant about six days' journey. At Midian may be seen the famous well at which Moses watered the flocks of Shoƒib, (Jethro.) This city was the capital of the tribe of Midian in the days of the Israelites."
men <0582> [for all.]
staff ... God <04294 0430> [the rod of God.]
wonders <04159> [wonders.]
harden <02388> [I will harden.]
Israel <03478> [Israel.]
place where they stopped for the night <04411> [the inn.]
The account in this and the two following verses, although rather obscure, seems to imply, that on their way to the land of Egypt, an angel appeared to Moses, and sought to kill his son, on account of his father's non-observance of the Lord's positive command to Abraham, that every man child of the Jewish nation, or born in his house in servitude, should be circumcised on the eighth day; and the Zipporah, at the command of Moses, immediately fulfilled the injunction, and thus averted the wrath of God, denounced against the disobedient: "The uncircumcised man child, whose flesh of his foreskin is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his people." .# Ge 17:14
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
sought <01245> [sought.]
[a sharp stone. or, knife.]
touched ..... feet <05060 07272> [cast it. Heb made it touch. a bloody.]
wilderness <03212 04057> [Go into.]
mountain <02022> [the mount.]
kiss <05401> [kissed him.]
told Aaron <05046 0175> [told Aaron.]
signs <0226> [and all.]
Aaron <0175> [And Aaron.]
did ... signs <06213 0226> [did the.]
believed <0539> [believed.]
attended <06485> [visited.]
seen <07200> [looked.]
bowed down <06915> [bowed.]
said <0559> [and told.]
pilgrim <02287> [a feast.]
Lord ............... Lord <03068> [Who.]
Lord ............. know ... Lord <03045 03068> [I know not.]
Israel ............. Israel <03478> [neither.]
God ........................... God <0430> [The God.]
strike <06293> [lest he.]
Moses <04872> [wherefore.]
refrain <06544> [let.]
{Taphreeoo,} from {pard,} to loose, disengage; and which we render let, from the Anglo-Saxon {lettan,} to hinder. Ye hinder the people from their work: "Get you unto your burdens." "Let religion alone and mind your work." The language not only of tyranny, but of thoughtless irreligion.
labor <05450> [burdens.]
masters <05065> [taskmasters.]
{Nogesim,} literally, exactors, oppressors. These taskmasters were Egyptians, (ch. 1:11,) but the officers were Hebrews. See ver. 14.
foremen <07860> [officers.]
{Shoterim,} from the Arabic {saytara,} to overlook, superintend, seems to denote, as {musaytar} in Arabic also does, overseers, superintendents. They may have been somewhat like the chiefs of trades, who are found in every city in the East; where every trade has a head, who is entrusted with authority over them, and is in some measure answerable for them to Government. Compare ch. 2:14.
straw ............... straw <08401> [straw.]
The straw was mixed with clay, in order to make the bricks. This is expressly affirmed by Philo, (vit. Mos.) who was himself a native of Alexandria, in Egypt. He says, describing the oppression of the Israelites, that some were obliged to work in clay, and others to gather straw for the formation of bricks, [plinthou gar achyra desmos,] because straw is the binding of the brick. Philo's account is confirmed by Dr. Shaw, who says that "some of the Egyptian pyramids are made of brick, the composition whereof is only a mixture of clay, mud, and straw, slightly blended and kneaded together, and afterwards baked in the sun. The straw, which keeps the bricks together, and still preserves its original colour, seems to be a proof that these bricks were never burnt or made in kilns." The same materials are now used for building in Egypt. Mr. Baumgarten says, "The houses are for the most part of bricks that are only hardened by the heat of the sun, and mixed with straw to make them firm."
same quota <04971> [tale.]
Tale denotes number, from the Anglo-Saxon {t‘llan,} to number, count, etc.
<07760> [ye shall lay.]
work harder <05656 03513 0582> [Let there more work be laid upon the men. Heb. Let the work be heavy upon the men. vain words.]
slave masters <05065> [taskmasters.]
<01697> [not ought.]
stubble <07179> [stubble.]
each day <01697 03117> [daily tasks. Heb. a matter of a day in his day.]
given <05414> [yet shall ye deliver.]
trouble ..... told <07451 0559> [evil case.]
Lord <03068> [The Lord.]
stink <07381> [our savour.]
stink <0887> [to be abhorred. Heb. to stink.]
returned <07725> [returned.]
send <07971> [why is it.]
name <08034> [in thy name.]
certainly ... rescued <05337> [neither hast thou delivered. Heb. delivering, thou hast not delivered.]
see <07200> [Now shalt.]
compelled ............. strong <02389> [with a strong.]
drive <01644> [drive them.]
Lord <03068> [I am the Lord. or, Jehovah.]
God Almighty <07706 0410> [God Almighty.]
{El shadday,} God Almighty; for {shadday} is evidently of affinity with the Arabic {shadid,} strong, mighty, and {shiddat,} strength, might; so the LXX. in Job render it [panto krator,] Vulgate, in Pentateuch, {Omnipotens,} and Syriac, in Job, {chasino.}
name <08034> [but by my name.]
If Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, did not know the name Jehovah, then Moses must have used it in Genesis by prolepsis, or anticipation. Mr. Locke and others read it interrogatively, for the negative particle, {lo,} not, has frequently this power in Hebrew: "I appeared unto Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, and by my name Jehovah was I not also made known unto them?"
Lord <03068> [JEHOVAH.]
[JAH.]
established <06965> [established.]
land ....... living <0776 04033> [the land of their.]
groaning <05009> [the groaning.]
remembered <02142> [I have remembered.]
Lord <03068> [I am the Lord.]
bring ... out <03318> [I will bring.]
redeem <01350> [redeem.]
take <03947> [will take.]
God ............ God <0430> [I will be.]
enslavement <05450> [from under.]
swore <05375> [swear. Heb. lift up my hand.]
The ancient mode of appealing to God was by lifting up the right hand, and was considered as a form of swearing. Hence {yamin,} in Hebrew the right hand, is in Arabic an oath, and as a verb, to take an oath. A similar custom prevailed among the heathens. See Virg. ’n. 1. xii. v. 196.
give ............ give <05414> [to give.]
Lord <03068> [I am.]
listen <08085> [hearkened.]
discouragement <07115> [anguish. Heb. shortness. or, straitness.]
Israelites <01121> [children.]
difficulty <06189> [am.]
The italics shew that this word has been supplied by our translators; hence it may be inferred by some that Moses was uncircumcised. The difficulty is in some measure cleared away, by using the word uncircumcised in the sense of unsuitable or incapacitated, see ver. 30, which agrees with ch. 4:10 where Moses complains of want of eloquence; but by substituting is for am in this place, the connection with the former part of the verse is preserved; "For if the chosen seed, the circumcised sons of Jacob, refuse to hear me," as though Moses had said, "how can I expect to make uncircumcised Pharaoh pay attention to me?"
heads <07218> [the heads.]
sons <01121> [The sons.]
heads ......................... clans <07218 04940> [these be.]
sons ............. son <01121> [sons.]
[Nemuel. Jarib. Zerah.]
sons <01121> [sons.]
Kohath <06955> [Kohath.]
137 <03967> [an hundred.]
[Shimei.]
[Laadan. Shimei.]
sons <01121> [sons.]
[Izehar.]
length ....... years <08141> [and the years.]
Amram ................. Amram's <06019> [Amram.]
length ....... years <08141> [and the years.]
The Samaritan, LXX., Syriac, and one Hebrew MS. add, "And Miriam their sister;" which some of the best critics suppose to have been originally in the text.
Korah <07141> [Korah.]
Elisheba <0472> [Elisheba.]
Amminadab <05992> [Amminadab.]
Nadab <05070> [Nadab.]
Korah <07141> [Korah.]
Elkanah <0511> [Elkanah.]
Phinehas <06372> [Phinehas.]
heads <07218> [the heads.]
Aaron <0175> [That Aaron.]
Bring <03318> [Bring.]
regiments <06635> [armies.]
speaking <01696> [spake.]
bring <03318> [to bring.]
Lord <03068> [I am the.]
said ........ Tell .......... telling <01696> [speak.]
difficulty <06189> [uncircumcised.]
See <07200> [See.]
God <0430> [a god.]
harden <07185> [And I.]
multiply <07235> [multiply.]
will <05414> [that I.]
regiments <06635> [armies.]
great <01419> [by great.]
<04714> [Egyptians.]
extend <05186> [I stretch.]
<05414> [Shew.]
Take <03947> [Take.]
snake <08577> [a serpent.]
Lord <03068> [as the Lord.]
snake <08577> [it became.]
wise men <02450> [wise men.]
sorcerers <03784> [sorcerers.]
{Mechashshaphim,} probably from the Arabic {kashapha,} to discover, reveal, signifies diviners, or those who pretended to reveal futurity, to discover things lost, or to find hidden treasures.
did <06213> [they also.]
secret arts <03858> [enchantments.]
By the word {lahatim,} from {lahat,} to burn, may be meant such incantations as required lustral fires, fumigations, etc.
Aaron's <0175> [but Aaron's.]
Pharaoh's <06547> [Pharaoh's.]
refuses <03985> [he refuseth.]
out <03318> [he goeth.]
staff <04294> [the rod.]
Lord <03068> [The Lord.]
people <05971> [Let my.]
serve <05647> [serve.]
know <03045> [thou shalt.]
turned <02015> [and they.]
Fish <01710> [the fish.]
<04714> [Egyptians.]
"The water of Egypt," says Abb‚ Mascrier, "is so delicious, that one would not wish the heat to be less, or to be delivered from the sensation of thirst. The Turks find it so exquisite, that they excite themselves to drink of it by eating salt." "A person," adds Mr. Harmer, "who never before heard of the deliciousness of the Nile water, and of the large quantities which on that account are drunk of it, will, I am sure, find an energy in those words of Moses to Pharaoh, the Egyptians shall loathe to drink of the water of the river, which he never did before."
[shall loathe.]
stretch <05186> [stretch.]
reservoirs <04723> [their pools. Heb. gathering of their waters.]
raised <07311> [he lifted.]
water ................... water <04325> [all the waters.]
As the Nile was held sacred by the Egyptians, as well as the animals it contained, to which they annually sacrificed a girl, or as others say, both a boy and girl, God might have designed this plague as a punishment for such idolatry and cruelty; and to shew them the baseness of those elements which they reverenced, and the insufficiency of the gods in which they trusted. All the punishments brought upon them bore a strict analogy to their crimes.
The first miracle of Christ turned water into wine, the first plague upon Egypt turned all their water into blood.
magicians <02748> [magicians.]
Pharaoh's <06547> [and Pharaoh's.]
Lord <03068> [as the.]
pay <07896> [neither.]
could <03201> [for they.]
Go ........... Release <0935 07971> [Go.]
people <05971> [Let my.]
refuse <03986> [refuse.]
frogs <06854> [frogs.]
The Hebrew {tzephardˆim} is evidently the same with the Arabic {zafda,} Chaldaic {oordeƒnaya,} and Syriac {oordeai,} all of which denote frogs, as almost all interpreters, both ancient and modern, agree to render it; Bochart conceives, from {tzifa,} a bank, and {radƒ,} mud, because of delighting in muddy and marshy places.
kneading troughs <04863> [kneading troughs. or, dough.]
frogs <06854> [and the frogs.]
Whether the frog among the Egyptians was an object of reverence or abhorrence is uncertain. It might have been both at the same time, as many objects are known to have been among particular nations; for proof of which see the very learned Jacob Bryant, on the Plagues of Egypt, pp. 31-34.
Pray <06279> [Intreat.]
people ....... people <05971> [and I will.]
honor .... when <06286 04970> [Glory over me. or, Have this honour over me.]
when <04970> [when. or, against when. to destroy. Heb. to cut of.]
Tomorrow <04279> [To-morrow. or, against to-morrow.]
Lord <03068> [there is none.]
land <0776> [and the.]
saw <07200> [saw.]
hardened <03513> [he hardened.]
Extend <05186> [Stretch.]
gnats <03654> [lice.]
The word {kinnim} is rendered by the LXX. [skiphes, skipes,] or [skn‚phes,] and by the Vulgate {sciniphes,} Gnats; and Mr. Harmer supposes he has found out the true meaning in the word {tarrentes,} a species of worm. Bochart, however, seems to have proved that lice, and not gnats, are meant; because, 1. they sprang from the dust, and not from the waters; 2. they were on both man and beast, which cannot be said of gnats; 3. their name is derived from {koon,} to make firm, fix, establish, which cannot agree with gnats, flies, etc., which are ever changing place, and almost constantly on the wing; 4. the term {kinnah} is used by the Talmudists to express the louse. This insect must have been a very dreadful and afflicting plague to the Egyptians, and especially to the priests, who were obliged to shave all their hair off, and to wear a single linen tunic, to prevent vermin harbouring about them.
gnats ... people ............ gnats <0120 03654> [lice in man.]
magicians <02748> [the magicians.]
could <03201> [they could.]
finger <0676> [This is.]
Pharaoh ......... Pharaoh's <06547> [and Pharaoh's.]
out <03318> [lo.]
people <05971> [Let my.]
swarms of flies ......................... flies <06157> [swarms. or, a mixture of noisome beasts, etc.]
The word {arov} is rendered [kunomwea,] kunomuia,] the dog-fly, by the LXX. (who are followed by the learned Bochart,) which must have been particularly hateful to the Egyptians, because they held dogs in the highest veneration, under which form they worshipped Anubis.
mark <06395> [sever.]
know <03045> [know.]
midst <07130> [midst.]
division <06304> [a division. Heb. a redemption.]
tomorrow <04279> [to-morrow. or, by to-morrow.]
came <0935> [there.]
land ..... land <0776> [the land.]
How intolerable a plague of flies can prove, is evident from the fact that whole districts have been laid waste by them. The inhabitants have been forced to quit their cities, not being able to stand against the flies and gnats with which they were pestered. Hence different people had deities whose office it was to defend them against flies. Among these may be reckoned Baalzebub, the fly-god of Ekron; Hercules, {muscarum abactor,} Hercules the expeller of flies; and hence Jupiter had the titles of [apomuios, muiagros, muiochoros,] because he was supposed to expel flies, and especially clear his temples of these insects. See Bryant.
ruined <07843> [corrupted. or destroyed.]
right <03559> [It is not.]
sacrifices ................... sacrifices <02076> [we shall.]
abomination ............ abomination <08441> [the abomination. i.e.,]
The animals which they worshipped; for an account of which, see note on ch. 9:3.
three-day <07969> [three days'.]
telling <0559> [as he shall.]
release <07971> [I will.]
pray <06279> [intreat.]
tomorrow <04279> [to-morrow.]
falsely <02048> [deal.]
[entreated.]
hand <03027> [the hand.]
plague <01698> [murrain.]
We may observe a particular scope and meaning in this calamity, if we consider it in regard to the Egyptians, which would not have existed in respect to any other people. They held in idolatrous reverence almost every animal, but some they held in particular veneration; as the ox, cow, and ram. Among these, {Apis} and {Mnevis} are well known; the former being a sacred bull, worshipped at Memphis, as the latter was at Heliopolis. A cow or heifer had the like honours at Momemphis; and the same practice seems to have been adopted in most of the Egyptian {nomes.} By the infliction of this judgment, the Egyptian deities sank before the God of the Hebrews. See Bryant, pp. 87-93.
appointed time <04150> [a set time.]
heart <03820> [the heart.]
Take handfuls <03947 02651> [Take to.]
This was a significant command; not only referring to the fiery furnace, which was a type of the slavery of the Israelites, but to a cruel rite common among the Egyptians. They had several cities styled Typhonian, in which at particular seasons they sacrificed men, who were burnt alive; and the ashes of the victim were scattered upwards in the air, with the view, probably, that where any atom of dust was carried, a blessing was entailed. The like, therefore, was done by Moses, though with a different intention, and more certain effect. See Bryant, pp. 93-106.
boils <07822> [a boil.]
boils <07822> [a boil.]
Hardness of heart is a figurative expression, denoting that insensibility of mind upon which neither judgments nor mercies make any abiding impressions; but the conscience being stupefied, the obdurate rebel persists in determined disobedience.
send .... plagues <07971 04046> [send all.]
know <03045> [that thou.]
stretched out <07971> [stretch.]
struck <05221> [that.]
destroyed <03582> [cut off.]
for ... purpose <05668> [deed.]
stand <05975> [raised thee up. Heb. made thee stand. for to.]
name <08034> [that my.]
tomorrow <04279> [to-morrow.]
rain <04305> [I will cause.]
This must have been a circumstance of all others the most incredible to an Egyptian; for in Egypt there fell no rain, the want of which was supplied by dews, and the overflowing of the Nile. The Egyptians must, therefore, have perceived themselves particularly aimed at in these fearful events, especially as they were very superstitious. There seems likewise a propriety in their being punished by fire and water, as they were guilty of the grossest idolatry towards these elements. Scarcely any thing could have distressed the Egyptians more than the destruction of the flax, as the whole nation wore linen garments. The ruin of their barley was equally fatal, both to their trade and to their private advantage. See Bryant, pp. 108-117.
gather <05756> [and gather.]
hail <01259> [the hail.]
take ... word ..... seriously <07760 01697> [regarded not. Heb. set not his heart unto.]
Lord sent ............. Lord <05414 03068> [the Lord sent.]
hail ............ hail <01259> [and hail.]
not ......... land <03808 0776> [none like.]
struck ................... struck .... grows <05221 06212> [smote every.]
sinned <02398> [I have.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
Pray <06279> [Intreat.]
mighty thunderings <06963 0430> [mighty thunderings. Heb. voices of God.]
stay <05975> [ye shall.]
spread <06566> [spread.]
earth <0776> [that the earth.]
flax ................. flax <06594> [flax.]
The word {pishteh,} flax, Mr. Parkhurst thinks may be derived from {pashat,} to strip, because the substance which we call flax is properly the filaments of the bark or rind of the vegetable, stripped off the stalks. From time immemorial, Egypt was celebrated for the production and manufacture of flax; and hence the linen and fine linen of Egypt, so often spoken of in scripture and ancient authors.
barley ......... barley <08184> [the barley.]
The Hebrew {se¢rah,} barley, in Arabic {shair,} and {shairat,} is so called from its rough, bristly beard, with which the ears are covered and defended; from {saƒr,} to stand on end as the hair of the head: hence {seƒr,} the hair of the head. So its Latin name {hordeum} is from {horreo,} to stand on end as the hair. Dr. Pococke has observed that there is a double seed time and harvest in Egypt; rice, India wheat, and a grain called the corn of Damascus, are sown and reaped at a very different time from wheat, barley, and flax. The first are sown in March, before the overflowing of the Nile, and reaped about October; whereas the wheat and barley are sown in November and December, as soon as the Nile has gone off, and reaped before May.
later crops <0648> [not grown up. Heb. hidden, or dark.]
spread out <06566> [spread.]
the <06963> [and the thunders.]
saw <07200> [saw.]
hardened <03513> [and hardened.]
hardened <03513> [I have hardened.]
display <07896> [that I.]
tell how ......... about <05608> [And that.]
know <03045> [that ye.]
How <04970> [How long.]
humble <06031> [humble.]
[tomorrow.]
locusts <0697> [locusts.]
The word {arbeh,} Locust, is derived from {ravah,} to multiply, be numerous, etc., because they are more prolific than any other insect, and because of the immense swarms of them by which different countries, especially the East, are infested. The locust, in entomology, belongs to a genus of insects known among naturalists by the name of Grylli; which includes three species, crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts. The common great brown locust is about three inches in length; has two antenn‘ about an inch long, and two pair of wings. The head and horns are brown; the mouth and inside of the larger legs bluish; the upper side of the body and upper wings brown, the former spotted with black, and the latter with dusky spots. The back is defended by a shield of a greenish hue: the under wings are of a light brown, tinctured with green, and nearly transparent. It has a large open mouth, in the two jaws of which it has four teeth, which traverse each other like scissors, being calculated, from their mechanism, to gripe or cut. The general appearance of the insect is that of the grasshopper. The Egyptians had gods in whom they trusted to deliver them from these terrible invaders; but by this judgment they were taught that it was impossible to stand before Moses, the servant of Jehovah.
surface <05869> [face. Heb. eye.]
remainder <03499> [the residue.]
fill <04390> [fill.]
fathers .... grandfathers <01> [which.]
turned <06437> [And he.]
menace <04170> [How long.]
menace <04170> [snare.]
Egypt <04714> [that Egypt.]
So <07725> [brought.]
Go .......... going <01980> [who. Heb. who, and who, etc.]
<03212> [We will go.]
sheep <06629> [our flocks.]
feast <02282> [a feast.]
release <07971> [be so.]
Watch ... Trouble <07200 07451> [look to it.]
want <01245> [for that.]
driven out <01644> [And they.]
Extend <05186> [Stretch.]
eat .... grows <0398 06212> [eat every.]
east wind ................ east wind <07307 06921> [east wind.]
locusts ........................... locusts <0697> [the locusts.]
was very severe <03966 03515> [very grievous.]
before <06440> [before.]
covered <03680> [For they.]
ate <0398> [did eat.]
summoned Moses <07121 04872> [called for. Heb. hastened to call. I have.]
forgive <05375> [forgive.]
pray <06279> [and intreat.]
death <04194> [this death.]
out <03318> [went.]
prayed <06279> [and intreated.]
very <03966> [a mighty.]
blew <08628> [cast. Heb. fastened. the Red sea.]
Extend <05186> [Stretch.]
darkness ........ darkness <02822> [darkness.]
As the Egyptians not only worshipped the light and sun, but also paid the same veneration to night and darkness, nothing could be more terrible than this punishment of palpable and coercive darkness, such as their luminary Osiris could not dispel. See Bryant, pp. 141-160.
darkness ........ darkness ....... felt <02822 04959> [even darkness which may be felt. Heb. that one may feel darkness.]
absolute darkness <02822 0653> [thick darkness.]
Israelites <01121> [but all.]
flocks <06629> [flocks.]
families <02945> [little ones.]
<03027> [us. Heb. into our hands. sacrifices.]
livestock <04735> [cattle.]
know <03045> [and we.]
Watch <03212 08104> [Get thee.]
when <03117> [for in that.]
see <07200> [I will see.]
bring <0935> [Yet will.]
after <0310> [afterwards.]
drive ..... from <01644> [thrust you.]
request <07592> [borrow.]
items <03627> [jewels.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
Moses <04872> [Moses.]
midnight <03915> [About.]
<03318> [will I go.]
firstborn ........... firstborn son ........... firstborn son ............... firstborn <01060> [the firstborn.]
<0310> [behind.]
dog <03611> [dog.]
distinguishes <06395> [a difference.]
servants .................. people <05650 05971> [And all.]
follow .... after <07272 0310> [follow thee. Heb. is at they feet.]
great anger <0639 02750> [a great anger. Heb. heat of anger.]
Pharaoh <06547> [Pharaoh.]
wonders <04159> [wonders.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
[A.M. 2513. B.C. 1491. An. Exod. Isr. 1. Abib or Nisan.]
Tell .... community <01696 05712> [Speak ye.]
tenth <06218> [in the tenth.]
each ... take <03947 0376> [take to.]
lamb ......... lamb <07716> [lamb. or, kid.]
The word {seh} means the young of both sheep and goats, and may be indifferently rendered either lamb or kid. It is evident from ver. 5 that the Hebrews might take either; but they generally preferred a lamb, from being of a more gentle nature.
household <01004> [an house.]
The Israelites were divided into twelve tribes, these tribes into families, the families into houses, and the houses into particular persons.
perfect <08549> [be without.]
male ... year old <02145 01121 08141> [a male of the first year. Heb. son of a year.]
fourteenth <0702> [fourteenth.]
whole <03605> [the whole.]
around sundown <06153 0996> [in the evening. Heb. between the two evenings.]
The Jews divided the day into morning and evening: till the sun passed the meridian, all was morning or forenoon; after that, all was evening or afternoon. Their first evening began just after twelve o'clock, and continued till sunset; their second evening began at sunset, and continued till night, i.e., during the whole time of twilight; between twelve o'clock, therefore, and the termination of twilight, the passover was to be offered. See Parallel Passages.
eat ... meat ....... eat <0398 01320> [eat the.]
roasted <06748> [roast.]
bread made without yeast <04682> [unleavened.]
bitter herbs <04844> [with bitter.]
roast ..... fire <06748 0784> [but roast with fire.]
travel <04975> [loins.]
sandals <05275> [shoes.]
Lord's <03068> [it is the.]
pass through <05674> [pass.]
attack <05221> [will smite.]
gods <0430> [against.]
gods <0430> [gods. or, princes.]
Lord <03068> [I am the Lord.]
blood .................... blood <01818> [the blood.]
see <07200> [and when.]
destroy ..... attack <04889 05221> [to destroy you. Heb. for a destruction.]
memorial <02146> [memorial.]
celebrate ..... festival ....... celebrate <02282 02287> [a feast.]
ordinance <02708> [by an ordinance.]
seven <07651> [Seven.]
<05315> [that soul.]
first day ............ day <03117 07223> [first day.]
work <04399> [no manner.]
[man Heb. soul.]
very <06106> [in this selfsame.]
ordinance <02708> [an ordinance.]
seven <07651> [Seven.]
<05315> [even that.]
foreigner <01616> [whether.]
elders <02205> [elders.]
<03947> [and take.]
lamb <06629> [lamb. or, kid.]
Passover animals <06453> [the passover.]
That is, the lamb which was called the {paschal,} or passover lamb; the animal sacrificed obtaining the name of the institution. St. Paul copies the expression in 1 Co 5:7.
branch <092> [a bunch.]
hyssop <0231> [hyssop.]
The word {aizov,} which has been variously rendered, most probably denotes Hyssop; whence are derived the Chaldee {aizova,} Syriac {zupha,} Arabic {zupha,} Ethiopic {azab,} and {hushopa,} Greek [`ussopos,] hussopos <\\See definition 5301\\>,] Latin {hyssopus,} German {usop,} and our hyssop, a name retained, with little variation, in all the western languages. It is a plant of the gymnospermia (naked seeded) order, belonging to the didynamia class. It has bushy stalks, growing a foot and a half high; small spear-shaped, close-sitting, and opposite leaves, with several smaller ones rising from the same joint; and all the stalks and branches terminated by erect whorled spikes of flowers, of different colours in the varieties of the plant. The leaves have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. Its detersive, cleansing, and medicinal qualities were probably the reason why it was so particularly recommended in Scripture.
apply <05060> [strike.]
<0376> [and none.]
pass <05674> [will pass through.]
will ... permit <05414> [and will not.]
enter <0935> [when.]
said <01696> [according.]
children <01121> [your children.]
sacrifice <02077> [It is the sacrifice.]
households <06915> [bowed.]
midnight <02677> [at midnight.]
Lord attacked <03068 05221> [the Lord smote.]
The infliction of this judgment on the Egyptians was most equitable; because, after their nation had been preserved by one of the Israelitish family, they had, contrary to all right, and in defiance of original stipulation, enslaved the people to whom they had been so much indebted, had murdered their offspring, and made their bondage intolerable. See Bryant, p. 160.
[the first-born of Pharaoh.]
prison <01004> [dungeon. Heb. house of the pit.]
great cry <01419 06818> [and there was a great cry.]
No people were more remarkable and frantic in their mournings than the Egyptians. When a relative died, every one left the house, and the women, with their hair loose, and their bosoms bare, ran wild about the street. The men also, with their apparel equally disordered, kept them company; all shrieking, howling, and beating themselves. What a scene of horror and distress must now have presented itself, when there was not a family in Egypt where there was not one dead!
summoned <07121> [called.]
Get <06965> [Rise up.]
Israelites <01121> [the children.]
flocks <06629> [your flocks.]
bless <01288> [bless me.]
urging <02388> [urgent.]
dead <04191> [We be all.]
kneading troughs <04863> [kneading troughs. or, dough.]
Probably like the kneading-troughs of the Arabs; comparatively small wooden bowls, which also serve them for dishes. Their being bound up in their clothes may mean no more than their being wrapped up in their {hykes,} or long, loose, garments. See Shaw's Travels, p. 224, 4to. edit.
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
them ........ plundered <05337> [they spoiled.]
Israelites <01121> [the children.]
Rameses <07486> [Rameses.]
600,000 <03967 08337> [six hundred.]
mixed multitude <06154 07227> [And a mixed multitude. Heb. a great mixture.]
thrust out <01644> [thrust.]
The Samaritan Pentateuch reads, "Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, and of their fathers in the land of Canaan and in the land of Egypt, was 430 years." The Alexandrine copy of the LXX. has the same reading; and the same statement is made by the apostle Paul, in Ga 3:17, who reckons from the promise made to Abraham to the giving of the law. That these three witnesses have the truth, the chronology itself proves; for it is evident that the descendants of Israel did not dwell 430 years in Egypt; while it is equally evident, that the period from Abraham's entry into Canaan to the Exodus, is exactly that number. Thus, from Abraham's entrance into the promised land to the birth of Isaac, was 25 years; Isaac was 60 at the birth of Jacob; Jacob was 130 at his going into Egypt; where he and his children continued 215 years more; making in the whole 430 years. See Kennicott's Dissertation on the Hebrew Text.
length of time <04186> [sojourning.]
430 <03967 0702> [four hundred.]
very <06106> [selfsame.]
regiments <06635> [hosts.]
night ... vigil .................. night ........ vigil <08107 03915> [a night to be much observed. Heb. a night of observations. observed.]
foreigner <01121> [There shall.]
circumcised <04135> [circumcised.]
one house ............ house <01004 0259> [one house.]
break <07665> [neither.]
community <05712> [All the.]
observe <06213> [keep it. Heb. do it.]
foreigner <01616> [a stranger.]
males <02145> [let all.]
born <0249> [shall be.]
Lord <03068> [as the Lord.]
[by their armies.]
apart <06942> [Sanctify.]
The word {kadash} is to consecrate, separate, and set apart a person or thing from all common or secular purposes to some religious use; and exactly answers to the Greek [hagiazo,] from [a,] privative, and [g‚,] the earth; because everything offered or consecrated to God was separated from all earthly uses.
Remember <02142> [Remember.]
place <01004> [out of the.]
enslaved <05650> [bondage. Heb. servants. strength.]
yeast <02557> [there.]
Abib <024> [Abib.]
brings <0935> [shall bring.]
swore <07650> [sware.]
land .................... land <0776> [a land.]
keep <05647> [thou shalt keep.]
sign <0226> [a sign.]
This expression, says Michaelis, alludes to the custom of the Orientals, of burning in their right hand all kinds of marks with the ashes of henna, which gives an indelible colour; and this is done even to this day. They were likewise accustomed to write all kinds of sayings, and frequently superstitious words, on slips or pieces of linen, which they wore as ornaments on their foreheads.
mouth <06310> [may be.]
hand ....................... mighty hand <03027 02389> [strong hand.]
swore <07650> [as he sware.]
over <05674> [thou shalt.]
over <05674> [set apart. Heb. cause to pass over. openeth.]
donkey <02543> [of an ass.]
lamb <07716> [lamb. or, kid.]
redeem .......... redeem ................ redeem <06299> [shalt thou.]
son <01121> [thy son.]
future <04279> [in time to come. Heb. tomorrow.]
mighty <02392> [By strength.]
Lord killed ............................ Lord <02026 03068> [the Lord slew.]
sacrificing <02076> [therefore I.]
sign <0226> [a token.]
frontlets <02903> [frontlets.]
mighty <02392> [for by.]
people ......................... people change <05162 05971> [the people repent.]
return <07725> [return.]
brought ... people around <05437 05971> [led the.]
prepared for battle <02571> [harnessed. or, by five in a rank.]
made .... solemnly <07650> [for he had.]
God <0430> [God.]
remove <04185> [He took.]
pillar ........ pillar ... fire <0784 05982> [pillar of fire.]
Lord spoke <01696 03068> [the Lord spake.]
turn <07725> [that they.]
Pi-hahiroth <06367> [Pi-hahiroth.]
{Pi-hachiroth,} "the mouth of Chiroth," as it is rendered by the LXX. Dr. Shaw is of opinion, that Chiroth denotes the valley which extends from the wilderness of Etham to the Red Sea. "This valley," he observes, "ends at the sea in a small bay made by the eastern extremities of the mountains (of Gewoubee and Attackah, between which the valley lies) which I have been describing, and is called Tiah-Beni-Israel, i.e., the road of the Israelites, by a tradition that is still kept up by the Arabs, of their having passed through it; so it is also called Baideah, from the new and unheard of miracle that was wrought near it, by dividing the Red sea, and destroying therein Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen."
Migdol <04024> [Migdol.]
The word {Migdol} signifies a tower, and hence some have supposed that it was a fortress which served to defend the bay. But the LXX. render it [Magd¢los,] Magdolus, which is mentioned by Herodotus, Hecat‘us, and others, and is expressly said by Stephanus (de Urb.) to be [polis Aigyptou,] "a city of Egypt." This Bochart conjectures to have been the same as Migdol. See the Parallel Passages.
[Heb. Baal-zephon.]
This may have been the name of a town or city in which Baal was worshipped; and probably called {zephon,} from being situated on the north point of the Red sea, near the present Suez.
Pharaoh <06547> [Pharaoh.]
wandering <0943> [They are entangled.]
harden <02388> [harden.]
honor <03513> [I will be.]
<04714> [that the Egyptians.]
heart <03824> [and the heart.]
done <06213> [Why have we.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
defiantly <07311 03027> [with an high hand.]
<04714> [the Egyptians.]
camping <02583> [encamping.]
were terrified <03372 03966> [sore afraid.]
cried out <06817> [cried out.]
graves <06913> [Because.]
<02063> [wherefore.]
what <01697> [Is not this.]
alone <02308> [Let us alone.]
better <02896> [For it had.]
fear Stand <03372 03320> [Fear ye not.]
see ... salvation ................. see ....... see <07200 03444> [see the.]
see ............. today ....... see today ...... see <04714 07200 03117 05704> [for the Egyptians whom ye have seen to-day. or, for whereas ye have seen the Egyptians to-day, etc. ye shall see.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
still <02790> [hold.]
lift up <07311> [lift.]
sea ................ sea <03220> [the sea.]
This sea was what is called in Scripture {yam suph,} "the sea of weeds;" so called, according to Mr. Bruce, from the vast quantity of coral which grows in it. In the LXX. it is called [thalassa erythra,] and by the Latins {Rubrum mare,} and we from them the Red Sea; so called it is supposed, from {Edom} (red) or Esau, whose territories extend to its coasts. It separates Arabia from Egypt and Ethiopia, and is computed to be 150 leagues in length from Suez to the straits of Babelmandel. The upper part is divided into two gulfs, that to the East called the Elanitic, from the city Elana at the northern extremity, and that to the west, the Heroopolitic, from the city of Heroopolis. The former is called by the Arabians Bahr el Akaba, the sea of Akaba; and the latter Bahr el Kolzum, the sea of destruction, or Clysm‘; which was that which the Israelites passed.
Israelites <01121> [and the.]
harden <02388> [I, behold.]
harden .................. honored <02388 03513> [I will.]
honored <03513> [and I will.]
[See on ver.]
angel <04397> [the angel.]
pillar <05982> [and the pillar.]
stretched <05186> [stretched.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
Israelites <01121> [the children.]
water <04325> [and the waters.]
This verse demonstrates that this event was wholly miraculous, and cannot be ascribed, as some have supposed, to an extraordinary ebb, which happened just then to be produced by a strong east wind: for this would not have caused the waters, contrary to every law of fluids, to stand as a wall on the right hand and the left.
wall <02346> [a wall.]
morning <01242> [that in the.]
looked ...... army .............. army <08259 04264> [looked unto.]
pillar <05982> [through.]
panic <02000> [and troubled.]
<05493> [took off.]
difficulty <05090 03517> [that they drave them heavily. or, and made them to go heavily. Let us flee.]
Lord <03068> [for the Lord.]
Extend <05186> [Stretch out.]
waters <04325> [the waters.]
sea .... sea ............................... sea <03220> [and the sea.]
Lord <03068> [Lord.]
overthrew <05287> [overthrew. Heb. shook off.]
water <04325> [the waters.]
survived <07604> [remained.]
walked <01980> [walked.]
wall <02346> [a wall.]
Lord <03068> [the Lord.]
saw <07200> [saw.]
power <03027> [work. Heb. hand. feared.]
believed <0539> [believed.]
sang ........... sing <07891> [Then.]
triumphed gloriously <01342> [for.]
strength <05797> [strength.]
song <02176> [song.]
salvation <03444> [my salvation.]
God <0410> [my God.]
praise <05115> [an habitation.]
father's God <01 0430> [my father's God.]
exalt <07311> [exalt him.]
a <0376> [a man.]
name <08034> [name.]
chosen <04005> [chosen.]
depths <08415> [depths.]
down <03381> [they.]
right hand ......... right hand <03225> [right hand.]
shattered <07492> [dashed.]
abundance <07230> [the greatness.]
rise up <06965> [them that.]
consumed <0398> [consumed.]
blast <07307> [blast.]
waters <05140> [the floods.]
chase <07291> [I will pursue.]
them .......... destroy <03423> [destroy. or, repossess.]
blew <05398> [blow.]
sea <03220> [the sea.]
sank <06749> [they sank.]
Lord <03068> [like unto thee.]
gods <0410> [gods. or, mighty ones. glorious.]
fearful <03372> [fearful.]
stretched <05186> [stretchedst.]
loyal love .......... redeemed .... guide <02617 01350 05095> [Thou.]
lead <05148> [led.]
guide <05095> [guided.]
holy <06944> [holy.]
hear <08085> [hear.]
Philistia <06429> [of Palestina.]
chiefs <0441> [dukes.]
Moab <04124> [Moab.]
inhabitants <03427> [all the.]
shake <04127> [melt.]
dread <06343> [dread.]
still <01826> [still.]
whom .... bought <02098 07069> [which thou.]
plant <05193> [plant.]
mountain <02022> [mountain.]
horses <05483> [horse.]
back <07725> [brought.]
prophetess <05031> [prophetess.]
sister <0269> [sister.]
hand-drum .............. hand-drums <08596> [a timbrel.]
{Toph,} in Arabic called {duff} or {diff,} and in Spanish {adduffa,} is the {tabret} used in the East; being a thin, broad, wooden hoop, with parchment extended over one side of it, to which small pieces of brass, tin, etc., are attached, which make a jingling noise: it is held up with one hand and beaten upon with the other, and is precisely the same as the tambourine.
women <0802> [all the.]
response <06030> [answered.]
Sing .... Lord <07891 03068> [Sing ye.]
